The expansion of the neocortex, a hallmark of mammalian evolution1,2, was accompanied by an increase in cerebellar neuron numbers3. However, little is known about the evolution of the cellular programs underlying cerebellum development in mammals. In this study, we generated single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data for ~400,000 cells to trace cerebellum development from early neurogenesis to adulthood in

It was recently shown that bacteria employ, apart from CRISPR-Cas and restriction systems, a considerable diversity of phage resistance systems1–4, but it is largely unknown how phages cope with this multilayered bacterial immunity. Here, we analyzed groups of closely related Bacillus phages that showed differential sensitivity to bacterial defense systems, and discovered four distinct families of

Bacteria encode hundreds of diverse defense systems that protect from viral infection and inhibit phage propagation1–5. Gabija is one of the most prevalent anti-phage defense systems, occurring in >15% of all sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes1,6,7, but the molecular basis of how Gabija defends cells from viral infection remains poorly understood. Here we use X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM

WASP-107b is a warm ( ~ 740 K) transiting planet with a Neptune-like mass of ~ 30.5 M⊕ and Jupiter-like radius of ~ 0.94 RJ 1,2 whose extended atmosphere is eroding 3. Previous observations showed evidence for water vapour and a thick high-altitude condensate layer in WASP-107b’s atmosphere 4,5. Recently, photochemically produced sulphur dioxide (SO2) was detected in the atmosphere of a hot ( ~ 1,200

Recent years have seen revived interest in computer-assisted organic synthesis1,2. The use of reaction-network and neural-network algorithms which can plan multi-step synthetic pathways have revolutionized this field1,3-7, including examples leading to advanced natural products6,7. Such methods typically operate on full, literature-derived “substrate(s)-to-product” reaction rules and cannot be easily

AlphaFold2 (AF2) 1 has revolutionized structural biology by accurately predicting single structures of proteins. However, a protein’s biological function often depends on multiple conformational substates2, and disease-causing point mutations often cause population changes within these substates3,4. We demonstrate that clustering a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) by sequence similarity enables AF2