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Current global efforts are insufficient to limit warming to 1.5°C Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 H. Damon Matthews, Seth Wynes
Human activities have caused global temperatures to increase by 1.25°C, and the current emissions trajectory suggests that we will exceed 1.5°C in less than 10 years. Though the growth rate of global carbon dioxide emissions has slowed and many countries have strengthened their emissions targets, current midcentury net zero goals are insufficient to limit global warming to 1.5°C above preindustrial
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Pathogenicity, transmissibility, and fitness of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in Syrian hamsters Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Shuofeng Yuan, Zi-Wei Ye, Ronghui Liang, Kaiming Tang, Anna Jinxia Zhang, Gang Lu, Chon Phin Ong, Vincent Kwok Man Poon, Chris Chung-Sing Chan, Bobo Wing-Yee Mok, Zhenzhi Qin, Yubin Xie, Allen Wing-Ho Chu, Wan-Mui Chan, Jonathan Daniel Ip, Haoran Sun, Jessica Oi-Ling Tsang, Terrence Tsz-Tai Yuen, Kenn Ka-Heng Chik, Chris Chun-Yiu Chan, Jian-Piao Cai, Cuiting Luo, Lu Lu, Cyril Chik-Yan Yip, Hin Chu
The in vivo pathogenicity, transmissibility, and fitness of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant are unclear. We compared these virological attributes of this new variant of concern with those of the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant in a Syrian hamster model of COVID-19. Omicron-infected hamsters lost significantly less body weight and exhibited reduced clinical scores, respiratory tract viral burdens
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A centimeter-long bacterium with DNA contained in metabolically active, membrane-bound organelles Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Jean-Marie Volland, Silvina Gonzalez-Rizzo, Olivier Gros, Tomáš Tyml, Natalia Ivanova, Frederik Schulz, Danielle Goudeau, Nathalie H. Elisabeth, Nandita Nath, Daniel Udwary, Rex R. Malmstrom, Chantal Guidi-Rontani, Susanne Bolte-Kluge, Karen M. Davies, Maïtena R. Jean, Jean-Louis Mansot, Nigel J. Mouncey, Esther R. Angert, Tanja Woyke, Shailesh V. Date
Cells of most bacterial species are around 2 micrometers in length, with some of the largest specimens reaching 750 micrometers. Using fluorescence, x-ray, and electron microscopy in conjunction with genome sequencing, we characterized Candidatus ( Ca. ) Thiomargarita magnifica, a bacterium that has an average cell length greater than 9000 micrometers and is visible to the naked eye. These cells grow
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Getting ahead of climate change for ecological adaptation and resilience Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Jonathan W. Moore, Daniel E. Schindler
Changing the course of Earth’s climate is increasingly urgent, but there is also a concurrent need for proactive stewardship of the adaptive capacity of the rapidly changing biosphere. Adaptation ultimately underpins the resilience of Earth’s complex systems; species, communities, and ecosystems shift and evolve over time. Yet oncoming changes will seriously challenge current natural resource management
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Global ocean lipidomes show a universal relationship between temperature and lipid unsaturation Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Henry C. Holm, Helen F. Fredricks, Shavonna M. Bent, Daniel P. Lowenstein, Justin E. Ossolinski, Kevin W. Becker, Winifred M. Johnson, Kharis Schrage, Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy
Global-scale surveys of plankton communities using “omics” techniques have revolutionized our understanding of the ocean. Lipidomics has demonstrated the potential to add further essential insights on ocean ecosystem function but has yet to be applied on a global scale. We analyzed 930 lipid samples across the global ocean using a uniform high-resolution accurate-mass mass spectrometry analytical workflow
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Response to Comment on “The early origin of a birdlike inner ear and the evolution of dinosaurian movement and vocalization” Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Michael Hanson, Eva A. Hoffman, Mark A. Norell, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar
David et al . claim that vestibular shape does not reflect function and that we did not use phylogenetic inference methods in our primary analyses. We show that their claims are countered by comparative and direct experimental evidence from across Vertebrata and that their models are empirically unverified. We did use phylogenetic methods to test our hypotheses. Moreover, their phylogenetic correction
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The matter of a clean energy future Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 James Morton Turner
A clean energy transition will create jobs, promote energy independence, improve public health, and, ultimately, mitigate climate change. But getting to this new future will require more than just phasing out fossil fuels. The production of a wide range of energy-relevant materials—lithium, cobalt, and nickel for batteries; rare earth elements for wind turbines and electric motors; silicon for solar
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Small-molecule activation of OGG1 increases oxidative DNA damage repair by gaining a new function Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Maurice Michel, Carlos Benítez-Buelga, Patricia A. Calvo, Bishoy M. F. Hanna, Oliver Mortusewicz, Geoffrey Masuyer, Jonathan Davies, Olov Wallner, Kumar Sanjiv, Julian J. Albers, Sergio Castañeda-Zegarra, Ann-Sofie Jemth, Torkild Visnes, Ana Sastre-Perona, Akhilesh N. Danda, Evert J. Homan, Karthick Marimuthu, Zhao Zhenjun, Celestine N. Chi, Antonio Sarno, Elisée Wiita, Catharina von Nicolai, Anna
Oxidative DNA damage is recognized by 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), which excises 8-oxoG, leaving a substrate for apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and initiating repair. Here, we describe a small molecule (TH10785) that interacts with the phenylalanine-319 and glycine-42 amino acids of OGG1, increases the enzyme activity 10-fold, and generates a previously undescribed β,δ-lyase enzymatic
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Comment on “The early origin of a birdlike inner ear and the evolution of dinosaurian movement and vocalization” Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Romain David, Mario Bronzati, Roger B. J. Benson
Hanson et al . (Research Articles, 7 May 2021, p. 601) claim that the shape of the vestibular apparatus reflects the evolution of reptilian locomotion. Using biomechanics, we demonstrate that semicircular canal shape is a dubious predictor of semicircular duct function. Additionally, we show that the inference methods used by Hanson et al . largely overestimate relationships between semicircular canal
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Climate change and the urgency to transform food systems Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Monika Zurek, Aniek Hebinck, Odirilwe Selomane
Without rapid changes to agriculture and food systems, the goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change will not be met. Food systems are one of the most important contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but they also need to be adapted to cope with climate change impacts. Although many options exist to reduce GHG emissions in the food system, efforts to develop implementable transformation
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Slow and negligible senescence among testudines challenges evolutionary theories of senescence Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Rita da Silva, Dalia A. Conde, Annette Baudisch, Fernando Colchero
Is senescence inevitable and universal for all living organisms, as evolutionary theories predict? Although evidence generally supports this hypothesis, it has been proposed that certain species, such as turtles and tortoises, may exhibit slow or even negligible senescence—i.e., avoiding the increasing risk of death from gradual deterioration with age. In an extensive comparative study of turtles and
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Efficient and stable perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells through contact displacement by MgF x Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Jiang Liu, Michele De Bastiani, Erkan Aydin, George T. Harrison, Yajun Gao, Rakesh R. Pradhan, Mathan K. Eswaran, Mukunda Mandal, Wenbo Yan, Akmaral Seitkhan, Maxime Babics, Anand S. Subbiah, Esma Ugur, Fuzong Xu, Lujia Xu, Mingcong Wang, Atteq ur Rehman, Arsalan Razzaq, Jingxuan Kang, Randi Azmi, Ahmed Ali Said, Furkan H. Isikgor, Thomas G. Allen, Denis Andrienko, Udo Schwingenschlögl, Frédéric Laquai
The performance of perovskite solar cells with inverted polarity ( p-i-n ) is still limited by recombination at their electron extraction interface, which also lowers the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of p-i-n perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. A ~1 nm thick MgF x interlayer at the perovskite/C 60 interface through thermal evaporation favorably adjusts the surface energy of the perovskite layer
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Connectomic comparison of mouse and human cortex Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Sahil Loomba, Jakob Straehle, Vijayan Gangadharan, Natalie Heike, Abdelrahman Khalifa, Alessandro Motta, Niansheng Ju, Meike Sievers, Jens Gempt, Hanno S. Meyer, Moritz Helmstaedter
The human cerebral cortex houses 1,000 times more neurons than the cerebral cortex of a mouse, but the possible differences in synaptic circuits between these species are still poorly understood. We used 3-dimensional electron microscopy of mouse, macaque and human cortical samples to study their cell type composition and synaptic circuit architecture. The 2.5-fold increase in interneurons in humans
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Diverse aging rates in ectothermic tetrapods provide insights for the evolution of aging and longevity Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Beth A. Reinke, Hugo Cayuela, Fredric J. Janzen, Jean-François Lemaître, Jean-Michel Gaillard, A. Michelle Lawing, John B. Iverson, Ditte G. Christiansen, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Gregorio Sánchez-Montes, Jorge Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, Francis L. Rose, Nicola Nelson, Susan Keall, Alain J. Crivelli, Theodoros Nazirides, Annegret Grimm-Seyfarth, Klaus Henle, Emiliano Mori, Gaëtan Guiller, Rebecca Homan, Anthony
Comparative studies of mortality in the wild are necessary to understand the evolution of aging; yet, ectothermic tetrapods are underrepresented in this comparative landscape, despite their suitability for testing evolutionary hypotheses. We present a study of aging rates and longevity across wild tetrapod ectotherms, using data from 107 populations (77 species) of nonavian reptiles and amphibians
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Harnessing the potential of nature-based solutions for mitigating and adapting to climate change Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Nathalie Seddon
Although many governments, financial institutions, and corporations are embracing nature-based solutions as part of their sustainability and net-zero carbon strategies, some nations, Indigenous peoples, local community groups, and grassroots organizations have rejected this term. This pushback is fueled by (i) critical uncertainties about when, where, how, and for whom nature-based solutions are effective
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Rapid changes to global river suspended sediment flux by humans Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Evan N. Dethier, Carl E. Renshaw, Francis J. Magilligan
Rivers support indispensable ecological functions and human health and infrastructure. Yet limited river sampling hinders our understanding of consequential changes to river systems. Satellite-based estimates of suspended sediment concentration and flux for 414 major rivers reveal widespread global change that is directly attributable to human activity in the past half-century. Sediment trapping by
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8000-year doubling of Midwestern forest biomass driven by population- and biome-scale processes Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 A. M. Raiho, C. J. Paciorek, A. Dawson, S. T. Jackson, D. J. Mladenoff, J. W. Williams, J. S. McLachlan
Changes in woody biomass over centuries to millennia are poorly known, leaving unclear the magnitude of terrestrial carbon fluxes before industrial-era disturbance. Here, we statistically reconstructed changes in woody biomass across the upper Midwestern region of the United States over the past 10,000 years using a Bayesian model calibrated to preindustrial forest biomass estimates and fossil pollen
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Nickel-catalyzed hydrogenative coupling of nitriles and amines for general amine synthesis Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Vishwas G. Chandrashekhar, Wolfgang Baumann, Matthias Beller, Rajenahally V. Jagadeesh
Efficient and general methods for the synthesis of amines remain in high demand in the chemical industry. Among the many known processes, catalytic hydrogenation is a cost-effective and industrially proven reaction and currently used to produce a wide array of such compounds. We report a homogeneous nickel catalyst for hydrogenative cross coupling of a range of aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic
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Tumor necrosis factor induces pathogenic mitochondrial ROS in tuberculosis through reverse electron transport Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Francisco J. Roca, Laura J. Whitworth, Hiran A. Prag, Michael P. Murphy, Lalita Ramakrishnan
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a critical host resistance factor against tuberculosis. However, excess TNF produces susceptibility by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), which initiate a signaling cascade to cause pathogenic necrosis of mycobacterium-infected macrophages. In zebrafish, we identified the mechanism of TNF-induced mROS in tuberculosis. Excess TNF in mycobacterium-infected
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Krypton in the Chassigny meteorite shows Mars accreted chondritic volatiles before nebular gases Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Sandrine Péron, Sujoy Mukhopadhyay
Volatile chemical elements are thought to have been delivered to Solar System terrestrial planets late in their formation, by accretion of chondritic meteorites. Mars can provide information on inner Solar System volatile delivery during the earliest planet formation stages. We measured krypton isotopes in the Martian meteorite Chassigny, representative of the planet’s interior. We find chondritic
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Meteorin-like promotes heart repair through endothelial KIT receptor tyrosine kinase Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Marc R. Reboll, Stefanie Klede, Manuel H. Taft, Chen-Leng Cai, Loren J. Field, Kory J. Lavine, Andrew L. Koenig, Jenni Fleischauer, Johann Meyer, Axel Schambach, Hans W. Niessen, Maike Kosanke, Joop van den Heuvel, Andreas Pich, Johann Bauersachs, Xuekun Wu, Linqun Zheng, Yong Wang, Mortimer Korf-Klingebiel, Felix Polten, Kai C. Wollert
Effective tissue repair after myocardial infarction entails a vigorous angiogenic response, guided by incompletely defined immune cell–endothelial cell interactions. We identify the monocyte- and macrophage-derived cytokine METRNL (meteorin-like) as a driver of postinfarction angiogenesis and high-affinity ligand for the stem cell factor receptor KIT (KIT receptor tyrosine kinase). METRNL mediated
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Design and printing of proprioceptive three-dimensional architected robotic metamaterials Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Huachen Cui, Desheng Yao, Ryan Hensleigh, Haotian Lu, Ariel Calderon, Zhenpeng Xu, Sheyda Davaria, Zhen Wang, Patrick Mercier, Pablo Tarazaga, Xiaoyu (Rayne) Zheng
Advances in additive manufacturing techniques have enabled the creation of stimuli-responsive materials with designed three-dimensional (3D) architectures. Unlike biological systems in which functions such as sensing, actuation, and control are closely integrated, few architected materials have comparable system complexity. We report a design and manufacturing route to create a class of robotic metamaterials
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Spin-charge separation in a one-dimensional Fermi gas with tunable interactions Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Ruwan Senaratne, Danyel Cavazos-Cavazos, Sheng Wang, Feng He, Ya-Ting Chang, Aashish Kafle, Han Pu, Xi-Wen Guan, Randall G. Hulet
Ultracold atoms confined to periodic potentials have proven to be a powerful tool for quantum simulation of complex many-body systems. We confine fermions to one dimension to realize the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid model, which describes the highly collective nature of their low-energy excitations. We use Bragg spectroscopy to directly excite either the spin or charge waves for various strengths of repulsive
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Chronic oiling in global oceans Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Yanzhu Dong, Yongxue Liu, Chuanmin Hu, Ian R. MacDonald, Yingcheng Lu
Ocean oil slicks can be attributed to natural seepages or to anthropogenic discharges. To date, the global picture of their distribution and relative natural and anthropogenic contributions remains unclear. Here, by analyzing 563,705 Sentinel-1 images from 2014–2019, we provide the first global map of oil slicks and a detailed inventory of static-and-persistent sources (natural seeps, platforms, and
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A chemoenzymatic strategy for site-selective functionalization of native peptides and proteins Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Anna Fryszkowska, Chihui An, Oscar Alvizo, Goutami Banerjee, Keith A. Canada, Yang Cao, Duane DeMong, Paul N. Devine, Da Duan, David M. Elgart, Iman Farasat, Donald R. Gauthier, Erin N. Guidry, Xiujuan Jia, Jongrock Kong, Nikki Kruse, Katrina W. Lexa, Alexey A. Makarov, Benjamin F. Mann, Erika M. Milczek, Vesna Mitchell, Jovana Nazor, Claudia Neri, Robert K. Orr, Peter Orth, Eric M. Phillips, James
The emergence of new therapeutic modalities requires complementary tools for their efficient syntheses. Availability of methodologies for site-selective modification of biomolecules remains a long-standing challenge, given the inherent complexity and the presence of repeating residues that bear functional groups with similar reactivity profiles. We describe a bioconjugation strategy for modification
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G7: Balance security and collaboration Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Harry G. Broadman, Chaouki Abdallah
Increased government scrutiny of cross-border university research relationships, tightened export controls on technologies, and strengthened national regimes regulating technology-related foreign direct investment are now priorities for most democracies. These policy changes are motivated by the common goal of shoring up economic and national security. But the approaches are neither uniform nor harmonized
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Droughts and societal change: The environmental context for the emergence of Islam in late Antique Arabia Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Dominik Fleitmann, John Haldon, Raymond S. Bradley, Stephen J. Burns, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Christoph C. Raible, Matthew Jacobson, Albert Matter
In Arabia, the first half of the sixth century CE was marked by the demise of Himyar, the dominant power in Arabia until 525 CE. Important social and political changes followed, which promoted the disintegration of the major Arabian polities. Here, we present hydroclimate records from around Southern Arabia, including a new high-resolution stalagmite record from northern Oman. These records clearly
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Spatial centrosome proteome of human neural cells uncovers disease-relevant heterogeneity Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Adam C. O’Neill, Fatma Uzbas, Giulia Antognolli, Florencia Merino, Kalina Draganova, Alex Jäck, Sirui Zhang, Giorgia Pedini, Julia P. Schessner, Kimberly Cramer, Aloys Schepers, Fabian Metzger, Miriam Esgleas, Pawel Smialowski, Renzo Guerrini, Sven Falk, Regina Feederle, Saskia Freytag, Zefeng Wang, Melanie Bahlo, Ralf Jungmann, Claudia Bagni, Georg H. H. Borner, Stephen P. Robertson, Stefanie M. Hauck
The centrosome provides an intracellular anchor for the cytoskeleton, regulating cell division, cell migration, and cilia formation. We used spatial proteomics to elucidate protein interaction networks at the centrosome of human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived neural stem cells (NSCs) and neurons. Centrosome-associated proteins were largely cell type–specific, with protein hubs involved in RNA
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A genetic module at one locus in rice protects chloroplasts to enhance thermotolerance Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Hai Zhang, Ji-Fu Zhou, Yi Kan, Jun-Xiang Shan, Wang-Wei Ye, Nai-Qian Dong, Tao Guo, You-Huang Xiang, Yi-Bing Yang, Ya-Chao Li, Huai-Yu Zhao, Hong-Xiao Yu, Zi-Qi Lu, Shuang-Qin Guo, Jie-Jie Lei, Ben Liao, Xiao-Rui Mu, Ying-Jie Cao, Jia-Jun Yu, Youshun Lin, Hong-Xuan Lin
How the plasma membrane senses external heat-stress signals to communicate with chloroplasts to orchestrate thermotolerance remains elusive. We identified a quantitative trait locus, Thermo-tolerance 3 ( TT3 ), consisting of two genes, TT3.1 and TT3.2 , that interact together to enhance rice thermotolerance and reduce grain-yield losses caused by heat stress. Upon heat stress, plasma membrane–localized
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Interleukin-17 governs hypoxic adaptation of injured epithelium Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Piotr Konieczny, Yue Xing, Ikjot Sidhu, Ipsita Subudhi, Kody P. Mansfield, Brandon Hsieh, Douglas E. Biancur, Samantha B. Larsen, Michael Cammer, Dongqing Li, Ning Xu Landén, Cynthia Loomis, Adriana Heguy, Anastasia N. Tikhonova, Aristotelis Tsirigos, Shruti Naik
Mammalian cells autonomously activate hypoxia-inducible transcription factors to ensure survival in low-oxygen environments. We report that injury-induced hypoxia is insufficient to trigger hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) in damaged epithelium. Instead, multimodal single-cell and spatial transcriptomics analyses and functional studies reveal that RORγt + γδ T cell–derived interleukin (IL)-17A
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Structural basis of nucleosome retention during transcription elongation Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Martin Filipovski, Jelly H. M. Soffers, Seychelle M. Vos, Lucas Farnung
In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase (Pol) II transcribes chromatin and must move past nucleosomes, often resulting in nucleosome displacement. How Pol II unwraps the DNA from nucleosomes to allow transcription and how DNA rewraps to retain nucleosomes has been unclear. Here, we report the 3.0-angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structure of a mammalian Pol II-DSIF-SPT6-PAF1c-TFIIS-nucleosome complex stalled
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Structure of the mammalian ribosome as it decodes the selenocysteine UGA codon Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Tarek Hilal, Benjamin Y. Killam, Milica Grozdanović, Malgorzata Dobosz-Bartoszek, Justus Loerke, Jörg Bürger, Thorsten Mielke, Paul R. Copeland, Miljan Simonović, Christian M. T. Spahn
The elongation of eukaryotic selenoproteins relies on a poorly understood process of interpreting in-frame UGA stop codons as selenocysteine (Sec). We used cryo-electron microscopy to visualize Sec UGA recoding in mammals. A complex between the noncoding Sec-insertion sequence (SECIS), SECIS-binding protein 2 (SBP2), and 40 S ribosomal subunit enables Sec-specific elongation factor eEFSec to deliver
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Glacial ice supports a distinct and undocumented polar bear subpopulation persisting in late 21st-century sea-ice conditions Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Kristin L. Laidre, Megan A. Supple, Erik W. Born, Eric V. Regehr, Øystein Wiig, Fernando Ugarte, Jon Aars, Rune Dietz, Christian Sonne, Peter Hegelund, Carl Isaksen, Geir B. Akse, Benjamin Cohen, Harry L. Stern, Twila Moon, Christopher Vollmers, Russ Corbett-Detig, David Paetkau, Beth Shapiro
Polar bears are susceptible to climate warming because of their dependence on sea ice, which is declining rapidly. We present the first evidence for a genetically distinct and functionally isolated group of polar bears in Southeast Greenland. These bears occupy sea-ice conditions resembling those projected for the High Arctic in the late 21st century, with an annual ice-free period that is >100 days
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Accelerated aging of all-inorganic, interface-stabilized perovskite solar cells Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Xiaoming Zhao, Tianran Liu, Quinn C. Burlingame, Tianjun Liu, Rudolph Holley, Guangming Cheng, Nan Yao, Feng Gao, Yueh-Lin Loo
To understand degradation routes and improve the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), accelerated aging tests are needed. Here, we use elevated temperatures (up to 110 Celsius) to quantify the accelerated degradation of encapsulated CsPbI 3 PSCs under constant illumination. Incorporating a 2D Cs 2 PbI 2 Cl 2 capping layer between the perovskite active layer and hole-transport layer stabilizes
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A photonic integrated circuit–based erbium-doped amplifier Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Yang Liu, Zheru Qiu, Xinru Ji, Anton Lukashchuk, Jijun He, Johann Riemensberger, Martin Hafermann, Rui Ning Wang, Junqiu Liu, Carsten Ronning, Tobias J. Kippenberg
Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers revolutionized long-haul optical communications and laser technology. Erbium ions could provide a basis for efficient optical amplification in photonic integrated circuits but their use remains impractical as a result of insufficient output power. We demonstrate a photonic integrated circuit–based erbium amplifier reaching 145 milliwatts of output power and more than 30
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Immune boosting by B.1.1.529 (Omicron) depends on previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-14 Catherine J Reynolds,Corinna Pade,Joseph M Gibbons,Ashley D Otter,Kai-Min Lin,Diana Muñoz Sandoval,Franziska P Pieper,David K Butler,Siyi Liu,George Joy,Nasim Forooghi,Thomas A Treibel,Charlotte Manisty,James C Moon,,,Amanda Semper,Tim Brooks,Áine McKnight,Daniel M Altmann,Rosemary J Boyton,Hakam Abbass,Aderonke Abiodun,Mashael Alfarih,Zoe Alldis,Daniel M Altmann,Oliver E Amin,Mervyn Andiapen,Jessica
The Omicron, or Pango lineage B.1.1.529, variant of SARS-CoV-2 carries multiple spike mutations with high transmissibility and partial neutralizing antibody (nAb) escape. Vaccinated individuals show protection from severe disease, often attributed to primed cellular immunity. We investigated T and B cell immunity against B.1.1.529 in triple mRNA vaccinated healthcare workers (HCW) with different SARS-CoV-2
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A future for Ukrainian science Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Jerzy Duszyński, Marcia McNutt, Anatoly Zagorodny
As the war in Ukraine enters its fourth month, Russian forces continue to destroy the nation’s scientific institutions and infrastructure, signaling Russia’s intent to obliterate the future for Ukraine. In Kharkiv, for instance, the renowned Institute of Physics and Technology and its newly built Neutron Source nuclear facility have been heavily damaged. Even the Plant Production Institute with its
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Samples returned from the asteroid Ryugu are similar to Ivuna-type carbonaceous meteorites Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Tetsuya Yokoyama, Kazuhide Nagashima, Izumi Nakai, Edward D. Young, Yoshinari Abe, Jérôme Aléon, Conel M. O’D. Alexander, Sachiko Amari, Yuri Amelin, Ken-ichi Bajo, Martin Bizzarro, Audrey Bouvier, Richard W. Carlson, Marc Chaussidon, Byeon-Gak Choi, Nicolas Dauphas, Andrew M. Davis, Tommaso Di Rocco, Wataru Fujiya, Ryota Fukai, Ikshu Gautam, Makiko K. Haba, Yuki Hibiya, Hiroshi Hidaka, Hisashi Homma
Carbonaceous meteorites are thought to be fragments of C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids. Samples of the C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu were retrieved by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We measure the mineralogy, bulk chemical and isotopic compositions of Ryugu samples. They are mainly composed of materials similar to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, particularly the CI (Ivuna-type) group. The samples consist
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Architecture of the linker-scaffold in the nuclear pore Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Stefan Petrovic, Dipanjan Samanta, Thibaud Perriches, Christopher J. Bley, Karsten Thierbach, Bonnie Brown, Si Nie, George W. Mobbs, Taylor A. Stevens, Xiaoyu Liu, Giovani Pinton Tomaleri, Lucas Schaus, André Hoelz
INTRODUCTION In eukaryotic cells, the selective bidirectional transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Embedded in nuclear envelope pores, the ~110-MDa human NPC is an ~1200-Å-wide and ~750-Å-tall assembly of ~1000 proteins, collectively termed nucleoporins. Because of the NPC’s eightfold rotational symmetry along the nucleocytoplasmic
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Structure of the cytoplasmic ring of the Xenopus laevis nuclear pore complex Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Xuechen Zhu, Gaoxingyu Huang, Chao Zeng, Xiechao Zhan, Ke Liang, Qikui Xu, Yanyu Zhao, Pan Wang, Qifan Wang, Qiang Zhou, Qinghua Tao, Minhao Liu, Jianlin Lei, Chuangye Yan, Yigong Shi
INTRODUCTION The nuclear pore complex (NPC) resides on the nuclear envelope (NE) and mediates nucleocytoplasmic cargo transport. As one of the largest cellular machineries, a vertebrate NPC consists of cytoplasmic filaments, a cytoplasmic ring (CR), an inner ring, a nuclear ring, a nuclear basket, and a luminal ring. Each NPC has eight repeating subunits. Structure determination of NPC is a prerequisite
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Robust variation in infant gut microbiome assembly across a spectrum of lifestyles Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Matthew R. Olm, Dylan Dahan, Matthew M. Carter, Bryan D. Merrill, Feiqiao B. Yu, Sunit Jain, Xiandong Meng, Surya Tripathi, Hannah Wastyk, Norma Neff, Susan Holmes, Erica D. Sonnenburg, Aashish R. Jha, Justin L. Sonnenburg
Infant microbiome assembly has been intensely studied in infants from industrialized nations, but little is known about this process in nonindustrialized populations. We deeply sequenced infant stool samples from the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania and analyzed them in a global meta-analysis. Infant microbiomes develop along lifestyle-associated trajectories, with more than 20% of genomes detected
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Observation of a continuous time crystal Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Phatthamon Kongkhambut, Jim Skulte, Ludwig Mathey, Jayson G. Cosme, Andreas Hemmerich, Hans Keßler
Time crystals are classified as discrete or continuous depending on whether they spontaneously break discrete or continuous time translation symmetry. While discrete time crystals have been extensively studied in periodically driven systems, the experimental realization of a continuous time crystal is still pending. We report the observation of a limit cycle phase in a continuously pumped dissipative
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Amplified emission and lasing in photonic time crystals Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Mark Lyubarov, Yaakov Lumer, Alex Dikopoltsev, Eran Lustig, Yonatan Sharabi, Mordechai Segev
Photonic time crystals – materials whose dielectric permittivity is modulated periodically in time – offer new concepts in light manipulation. We study theoretically the emission of light from a radiation source placed inside a photonic time crystal, and find that radiation corresponding to the momentum band gap is exponentially amplified, whether initiated by a macroscopic source, an atom, or by vacuum
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Doubly stereoconvergent crystallization enabled by asymmetric catalysis Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Pedro de Jesús Cruz, William R. Cassels, Chun-Hsing Chen, Jeffrey S. Johnson
Synthetic methods that enable simultaneous control over multiple stereogenic centers are desirable for the efficient preparation of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we report the discovery and development of a catalyst-mediated asymmetric Michael addition/crystallization–induced diastereomer transformation of broad scope. The sequence controls three stereogenic centers, two of which are stereochemically
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Quantum advantage in learning from experiments Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Hsin-Yuan Huang, Michael Broughton, Jordan Cotler, Sitan Chen, Jerry Li, Masoud Mohseni, Hartmut Neven, Ryan Babbush, Richard Kueng, John Preskill, Jarrod R. McClean
Quantum technology promises to revolutionize how we learn about the physical world. An experiment that processes quantum data with a quantum computer could have substantial advantages over conventional experiments in which quantum states are measured and outcomes are processed with a classical computer. We proved that quantum machines could learn from exponentially fewer experiments than the number
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Solving a puzzle with atomic qubits. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Monika Schleier-Smith
A quantum com puter makes light work of the maximum independent set problem.
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Chile's Indigenous groups seek fairer research. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Emiliano Rodríguez Mega
New constitution may help reset relationship between scientists and communities.
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Monkeypox vaccination plans take shape amid questions. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Kai Kupferschmidt
Favored shot is a seemingly safer smallpox vaccine, but researchers debate how best to use it.
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Diversity and ecological footprint of Global Ocean RNA viruses. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Guillermo Dominguez-Huerta,Ahmed A Zayed,James M Wainaina,Jiarong Guo,Funing Tian,Akbar Adjie Pratama,Benjamin Bolduc,Mohamed Mohssen,Olivier Zablocki,Eric Pelletier,Erwan Delage,Adriana Alberti,Jean-Marc Aury,Quentin Carradec,Corinne da Silva,Karine Labadie,Julie Poulain,,Chris Bowler,Damien Eveillard,Lionel Guidi,Eric Karsenti,Jens H Kuhn,Hiroyuki Ogata,Patrick Wincker,Alexander Culley,Samuel Chaffron
DNA viruses are increasingly recognized as influencing marine microbes and microbe-mediated biogeochemical cycling. However, little is known about global marine RNA virus diversity, ecology, and ecosystem roles. In this study, we uncover patterns and predictors of marine RNA virus community- and "species"-level diversity and contextualize their ecological impacts from pole to pole. Our analyses revealed
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Doubly stereoconvergent crystallization enabled by asymmetric catalysis. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Pedro de Jesús Cruz,William R Cassels,Chun-Hsing Chen,Jeffrey S Johnson
Synthetic methods that enable simultaneous control over multiple stereogenic centers are desirable for the efficient preparation of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we report the discovery and development of a catalyst-mediated asymmetric Michael addition/crystallization-induced diastereomer transformation of broad scope. The sequence controls three stereogenic centers, two of which are stereochemically
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New treaty must address ghost fishing gear. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Henrique Vitorino,Roberto Ferrazi,Guilherme Correia-Silva,Felipe Tinti,Adrian C Belizário,Fernando A Amaral,Felipe P Ottoni,Carolina V Silva,Tommaso Giarrizzo,Marlene S Arcifa,Valter M Azevedo-Santos
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Land management can contribute to net zero. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Ruth DeFries,Richie Ahuja,Julio Friedman,Doria R Gordon,Steven P Hamburg,Suzi Kerr,James Mwangi,Carlijn Nouwen,Nitin Pandit
The voluntary carbon market needs to embrace changes for the land sector.
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Immuno-epidemiology and the predictability of viral evolution. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Chadi M Saad-Roy,C Jessica E Metcalf,Bryan T Grenfell
Understanding viral evolution depends on a synthesis of evolutionary biology and immuno-epidemiology.
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Did black volcanic rock help spark early life? Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Robert F Service
Quenched lava may have helped form long RNA strands vital to primordial organisms.
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Samples returned from the asteroid Ryugu are similar to Ivuna-type carbonaceous meteorites. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Tetsuya Yokoyama,Kazuhide Nagashima,Izumi Nakai,Edward D Young,Yoshinari Abe,Jérôme Aléon,Conel M O'D Alexander,Sachiko Amari,Yuri Amelin,Ken-Ichi Bajo,Martin Bizzarro,Audrey Bouvier,Richard W Carlson,Marc Chaussidon,Byeon-Gak Choi,Nicolas Dauphas,Andrew M Davis,Tommaso Di Rocco,Wataru Fujiya,Ryota Fukai,Ikshu Gautam,Makiko K Haba,Yuki Hibiya,Hiroshi Hidaka,Hisashi Homma,Peter Hoppe,Gary R Huss,Kiyohiro
Carbonaceous meteorites are thought to be fragments of C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids. Samples of the C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu were retrieved by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We measure the mineralogy, bulk chemical and isotopic compositions of Ryugu samples. They are mainly composed of materials similar to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, particularly the CI (Ivuna-type) group. The samples consist
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Amplified emission and lasing in photonic time crystals. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Mark Lyubarov,Yaakov Lumer,Alex Dikopoltsev,Eran Lustig,Yonatan Sharabi,Mordechai Segev
Photonic time crystals - materials whose dielectric permittivity is modulated periodically in time - offer new concepts in light manipulation. We study theoretically the emission of light from a radiation source placed inside a photonic time crystal, and find that radiation corresponding to the momentum band gap is exponentially amplified, whether initiated by a macroscopic source, an atom, or by vacuum
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Observation of a continuous time crystal. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Phatthamon Kongkhambut,Jim Skulte,Ludwig Mathey,Jayson G Cosme,Andreas Hemmerich,Hans Keßler
Time crystals are classified as discrete or continuous depending on whether they spontaneously break discrete or continuous time translation symmetry. While discrete time crystals have been extensively studied in periodically driven systems, the experimental realization of a continuous time crystal is still pending. We report the observation of a limit cycle phase in a continuously pumped dissipative
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Summer reading 2022Upgrade: A Novel, Blake Crouch, Ballantine Books, 2022, 352 pp.The Rise and Reign of the Mammals: A New History, from the Shadow of the Dinosaurs to Us, Steve Brusatte, Mariner Books, 2022, 528 pp.Existential Physics: A Scientist's Guide to Life's Biggest Questions, Sabine Hossenfelder, Viking, 2022, 272 pp.Doctors and Distillers: The Remarkable Medicinal History of Beer, Wine, Spirits Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-02 Brittany Trang,Jerald Pinson,Lisa Aziz-Zadeh,Maddie Bender,Chelsea Martinez,Dan Blustein,Jessie Rack,Joe Hanson
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Big science projects face soaring costs, delays. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-02 Adrian Cho
Triple whammy of pandemic lockdowns, supply chain issues, and inflation hits many.
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Principles of emotional brain circuit maturation. Science (IF 47.728) Pub Date : 2022-06-02 Matthew T Birnie,Tallie Z Baram
Early-life environmental signals contribute to how the brain handles reward, stress, and fear.