Organizations, activists, and scholars hope that conversations between outpartisans (supporters of opposing political parties) can reduce affective polarization (dislike of outpartisans) and bolster democratic accountability (e.g., support for democratic norms). We argue that such conversations can reduce affective polarization but that these effects are likely to be conditional on topic, being especially

Hürthle cell carcinomas (HCCs) display two exceptional genotypes: near-homoplasmic mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (gLOH). To understand the phenotypic consequences of these genetic alterations, we analyzed genomic, metabolomic, and immunophenotypic data of HCC and other thyroid cancers. Both mtDNA mutations and profound depletion of citrate pools are common

Transcranial magnetic stimulation traces the functional and structural connections that modulate amygdala activity, enabling advanced brain stimulation treatments for numerous psychiatric disorders.

Small-pore zeolites are gaining increasing attention owing to their superior catalytic performance. Despite being critical for the catalytic activity and lifetime, postsynthetic tuning of bulk Si/Al ratios of small-pore zeolites has not been achieved with well-preserved crystallinity because of the limited mass transfer of aluminum species through narrow micropores. Here, we demonstrate a postsynthetic

Although immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, many immunogenic tumors remain refractory to treatment. This can be largely attributed to an immunologically “cold” tumor microenvironment characterized by an accumulation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells and exclusion of activated T cells. Here, we demonstrate that genetic ablation or therapeutic inhibition of the myeloid-specific hematopoietic

The amygdala processes valenced stimuli, influences emotion, and exhibits aberrant activity across anxiety disorders, depression, and PTSD. Interventions modulating amygdala activity hold promise as transdiagnostic psychiatric treatments. In 45 healthy participants, we investigated whether transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) elicits indirect changes in amygdala activity when applied to ventrolateral

Trophic position is a fundamental characteristic of animals, yet it is unknown in many extinct species. In this study, we ground-truth the 15 N/ 14 N ratio of enameloid-bound organic matter (δ 15 N EB ) as a trophic level proxy by comparison to dentin collagen δ 15 N and apply this method to the fossil record to reconstruct the trophic level of the megatooth sharks (genus Otodus ). These sharks evolved

Perovskite materials with tunable electronic and structural characteristics can realize various physical properties including electrical/ionic conduction, ferroelectricity, and luminescence. Integrating and coupling these properties in a single perovskite material offer new possibilities for fundamental research and applications. In particular, coupling ferroelectricity and luminescence would enable

Laser-assisted fabrication of conductive materials on flexible substrates has attracted intense interests because of its simplicity, easy customization, and broad applications. However, it remains challenging to achieve laser scribing of conductive materials on tissue-like soft elastomers, which can serve as the basis to construct bioelectronics and soft actuators. Here, we report laser scribing of

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a profibrotic cytokine essential for the differentiation of fibroblasts into collagen-secreting, actin alpha 2, smooth muscle–positive (ACTA2 + ) myofibroblasts, driving processes underlying the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Here, we developed an inhalable and mucus-penetrative nanoparticle (NP) system incorporating siRNA against IL11 (si IL11 @PPGC

RNA binding proteins mediate posttranscriptional RNA metabolism and play regulatory roles in many developmental processes in eukaryotes. Despite their known effects on the floral transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants, the underlying mechanisms remain largely obscure. Here, we show that a hitherto unknown RNA binding protein, hnRNP R-LIKE PROTEIN (HRLP), inhibits cotranscriptional

Theoretical physics predicts optimal information processing in living systems near transitions (or pseudo-critical points) in their collective dynamics. However, focusing on potential benefits of proximity to a critical point, such as maximal sensitivity to perturbations and fast dissemination of information, commonly disregards possible costs of criticality in the noisy, dynamic environmental contexts

Multiplexing is essential for technologies that require processing of a large amount of information in real time. Here, we present an artificial synaptic multiplexing unit capable of realizing parallel multi-input control system. Ion gel was used as a dielectric layer of the artificial synaptic multiplexing unit because of its ionic property, allowing multigating for parallel input. A closed-loop control

Munc18-1 forms a template to organize assembly of the neuronal SNARE complex that triggers neurotransmitter release, binding first to a closed conformation of syntaxin-1 where its amino-terminal region interacts with the SNARE motif, and later binding to synaptobrevin. However, the mechanism of SNARE complex assembly remains unclear. Here, we report two cryo-EM structures of Munc18-1 bound to cross-linked

Mechanistic study and precision treatment of primary liver cancer (PLC) are hindered by marked heterogeneity, which is challenging to recapitulate in any given liver cancer mouse model. Here, we report the generation of 25 mouse models of PLC by in situ genome editing of hepatocytes recapitulating 25 single or combinations of human cancer driver genes. These mouse tumors represent major histopathological

Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic agent that has been the first-line standard of care for the aggressive brain cancer glioblastoma (GBM) since 2005. Although initially beneficial, TMZ resistance is universal and second-line interventions are an unmet clinical need. Here, we took advantage of the known mechanism of action of TMZ to target guanines (G) and investigated G-rich G-quadruplex (G4)

Languages tend to encode events from the perspective of agents, placing them first and in simpler forms than patients. This agent bias is mirrored by cognition: Agents are more quickly recognized than patients and generally attract more attention. This leads to the hypothesis that key aspects of language structure are fundamentally rooted in a cognition that decomposes events into agents, actions,

The rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) in bioapatite from deep-sea sediments are potential proxies for reconstructing paleoenvironmental conditions. However, the REY enrichment mechanism and the reliability of this tracer remain elusive because of the lack of key information from ambient pore water. Here, we report high-resolution geochemical data for pore water, bottom water, and bioapatite from

Living materials are worked as an inside collaborative system that could naturally respond to changing environmental conditions. The regulation of bioelectronic processes in living materials could be effective for collecting biological signals and detecting biomarkers. Here, we constructed a living material with conjugated polymers poly[3-(3′- N , N , N -triethylamino-1′-propyloxy)-4-methyl-2,5-thiophene

Intermetallic catalysts are of immense interest, but how heterometals diffuse and related interface structure remain unclear when there exists a strong metal-support interaction. Here, we developed a kinetic diffusion–controlled method and synthesized intermetallic Pt 2 Mo nanocrystals with twin boundaries on mesoporous carbon (Pt 2 Mo/C). The formation of small-sized twinned intermetallic nanocrystals

Extinct megatooth sharks were globally distributed and contributed to ocean food chains that were potentially one to two steps longer than any food chain today.

Biological synapses store multiple memories on top of each other in a palimpsest fashion and at different time scales. Palimpsest consolidation is facilitated by the interaction of hidden biochemical processes governing synaptic efficacy during varying lifetimes. This arrangement allows idle memories to be temporarily overwritten without being forgotten, while previously unseen memories are used in

Intelligent magnetic soft robots capable of programmable structural changes and multifunctionality modalities depend on material architectures and methods for controlling magnetization profiles. While some efforts have been made, there are still key challenges in achieving programmable magnetization profile and creating heterogeneous architectures. Here, we directly embed programmed magnetization patterns

Phagoptosis is a frequently occurring nonautonomous cell death pathway in which phagocytes eliminate viable cells. While it is thought that phosphatidylserine (PS) “eat-me” signals on target cells initiate the process, the precise sequence of events is largely unknown. Here, we show that in Drosophila testes, progenitor germ cells are spontaneously removed by neighboring cyst cells through phagoptosis

We combine novel laboratory experiments and exospheric modeling to reveal that “dynamic” Ly-α photolysis of Plutonian methane generates a photolytic refractory distribution on Charon that increases with latitude, consistent with poleward darkening observed in the New Horizons images. The flux ratio of the condensing methane to the interplanetary medium Ly-α photons, φ, controls the distribution and

The success and continued expansion of research on metal-oxo clusters owe largely to their structural richness and wide range of functions. However, while most of them known to date are negatively charged polyoxometalates, there is only a handful of cationic ones, much less functional ones. Here, we show an all-inorganic hydroxyiodide [H 10.7 Sb 32.1 O 44 ][H 2.1 Sb 2.1 I 8 O 6 ][Sb 0.76 I 6 ] 2 ·25H

Understanding how the nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) in the hydrogen bond (H-bond) network influence the photoexcited charge transfer at semiconductor/molecule interface is a challenging problem. By combining two kinds of emerging molecular dynamics methods at the ab initio level, the path integral–based molecular dynamics and time-dependent nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, and choosing CH 3 OH/TiO

Understanding the mechanisms controlling forest carbon storage is crucial to support “nature-based” solutions for climate change mitigation. We used a dataset of 892 Atlantic Forest inventories to assess the direct and indirect effects of environmental conditions, human impacts, tree community proprieties, and sampling methods on tree above-ground carbon stocks. We showed that the widely accepted drivers

India experienced a massive surge in SARS-CoV-2 infections and deaths during April to June 2021 despite having controlled the epidemic relatively well during 2020. Using counterfactual predictions from epidemiological disease transmission models, we produce evidence in support of how strengthening public health interventions early would have helped control transmission in the country and significantly

Adipocytes are key regulators of human metabolism, and their dysfunction in insulin signaling is central to metabolic diseases including type II diabetes mellitus (T2D). However, the progression of insulin resistance into T2D is still poorly understood. This limited understanding is due, in part, to the dearth of suitable models of insulin signaling in human adipocytes. Traditionally, adipocyte models

Rabies infection is nearly 100% lethal if untreated and kills more than 50,000 people annually, many of them children. Existing rabies vaccines target the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) but generate short-lived immune responses, likely because the protein is heterogeneous under physiological conditions. Here, we report the 3.39 Å cryo–electron microscopy structure of trimeric, prefusion RABV-G

Recent advances in high-speed acoustic holography have enabled levitation-based volumetric displays with tactile and audio sensations. However, current approaches do not compute sound scattering of objects’ surfaces; thus, any physical object inside can distort the sound field. Here, we present a fast computational technique that allows high-speed multipoint levitation even with arbitrary sound-scattering

Inspired by the light-gated ion channels in cell membranes that play important roles in many biological activities, herein, we developed an artificial light-gated ion channel membrane out of conjugated microporous polymers. Through bottom-up design of the monomer molecular structure and by the electropolymerization method, the membrane pore size and thickness were precisely controlled on the molecular

Vesicle fusion at preestablished plasma membrane release sites releases transmitters and hormones to mediate fundamental functions like neuronal network activities and fight-or-flight responses. This half-a-century-old concept—fusion at well-established release sites in excitable cells—needs to be modified to include the sequential compound fusion reported here—vesicle fusion at previously fused Ω-shaped

A physically unclonable function (PUF) is a creditable and lightweight solution to the mistrust in billions of Internet of Things devices. Because of this remarkable importance, PUF need to be immune to multifarious attack means. Making the PUF concealable is considered an effective countermeasure but it is not feasible for existing PUF designs. The bottleneck is finding a reproducible randomness source

Amphotericin B, an antifungal drug with a long history of use, forms fungicidal ion-permeable channels across cell membranes. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we experimentally elucidated the three-dimensional structure of the molecular assemblies formed by this drug in membranes in the presence of the fungal sterol ergosterol. A stable assembly

The female ovary contains a finite number of oocytes, and their release at ovulation becomes sporadic and disordered with aging and with obesity, leading to loss of fertility. Understanding the molecular defects underpinning this pathology is essential as age of childbearing and obesity rates increase globally. We identify that fibrosis within the ovarian stromal compartment is an underlying mechanism

BACE-1 is required for generating β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we report that microglial BACE-1 regulates the transition of homeostatic to stage 1 disease-associated microglia (DAM-1) signature. BACE-1 deficiency elevated levels of transcription factors including Jun , Jund , Btg2 , Erg1 , Junb , Fos , and Fosb in the transition signature, which transition from more homeostatic

An electron is usually considered to have only one form of kinetic energy, but could it have more, for its spin and charge, by exciting other electrons? In one dimension (1D), the physics of interacting electrons is captured well at low energies by the Tomonaga-Luttinger model, yet little has been observed experimentally beyond this linear regime. Here, we report on measurements of many-body modes

The plate tectonic theory requires a rigid lithosphere floating over a weak asthenosphere, separated by the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, which has been sometimes interpreted as the Gutenberg discontinuity. Using a deep seismic reflection technique, we report the presence of two continuous reflections covering 27 Ma to 58 Ma oceanic lithosphere in the Atlantic Ocean. We find that the upper reflection

Coiled-coil (CC) dimers are versatile, customizable building modules for the design of diverse protein architectures unknown in nature. Incorporation of dynamic self-assembly, regulated by a selected chemical signal, represents an important challenge in the construction of functional polypeptide nanostructures. Here, we engineered metal binding sites to render an orthogonal set of CC heterodimers Zn(II)-responsive

Recently, stationary wireless power transfer (WPT) has been widely adopted in commercial devices. However, the current WPT configuration is limited in its operational area and susceptible to operating condition changes, impeding its applications for dynamic environments. To overcome the limitations, we propose a WPT system with laterally aligned neutral elements in parity-time (PT) symmetry, which

The subsynaptic organization of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors into nanoclusters that are aligned with presynaptic release sites is essential for the high fidelity of synaptic transmission. However, the mechanisms controlling the nanoscale organization of neurotransmitter receptors in vivo remain incompletely understood. Here, we deconstructed the role of neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3), a postsynaptic

A foundational assumption of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) inequality research is that members of the most well represented demographic group—white able-bodied heterosexual men (WAHM)—are uniquely privileged in STEM. But is this really the case? Using survey data of U.S. STEM professionals ( N = 25,324), this study examines whether WAHM experience better treatment and rewards in

Rotation of micro/nano-objects is important for micro/nanorobotics, three-dimensional imaging, and lab-on-a-chip systems. Optical rotation techniques are especially attractive because of their fuel-free and remote operation. However, current techniques require laser beams with designed intensity profile and polarization or objects with sophisticated shapes or optical birefringence. These requirements

In humans, the Huntingtin yeast partner K (HYPK) binds to the ribosome-associated N α -acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex that acetylates ~40% of the proteome in humans and Arabidopsis thaliana . However, the relevance of Hs HYPK for determining the human N-acetylome is unclear. Here, we identify the At HYPK protein as the first in vivo regulator of NatA activity in plants . At HYPK physically interacts

In response to various types of infection, naïve CD4 + T cells differentiate into diverse helper T cell subsets; however, the epigenetic programs that regulate differentiation in response to viral infection remain poorly understood. Demethylation of CpG dinucleotides by Tet methylcytosine dioxygenases is a key component of epigenetic programing that promotes specific gene expression, cellular differentiation

Grass inflorescence development is diverse and complex and involves sophisticated but poorly understood interactions of genes regulating branch determinacy and leaf growth. Here, we use a combination of transcript profiling and genetic and phylogenetic analyses to investigate tasselsheath1 ( tsh1 ) and tsh4 , two maize genes that simultaneously suppress inflorescence leaf growth and promote branching

Eggs contain about 200,000 mitochondria that generate adenosine triphosphate and metabolites essential for oocyte development. Mitochondria also integrate metabolism and transcription via metabolites that regulate epigenetic modifiers, but there is no direct evidence linking oocyte mitochondrial function to the maternal epigenome and subsequent embryo development. Here, we have disrupted oocyte mitochondrial

Traceless physical cues are desirable for remote control of the in situ production and real-time dosing of biopharmaceuticals in cell-based therapies. However, current optogenetic, magnetogenetic, or electrogenetic devices require sophisticated electronics, complex artificial intelligence–assisted software, and external energy supplies for power and control. Here, we describe a self-sufficient subcutaneous

In recent years, the area affected by forest degradation in the Brazilian Amazon has frequently been higher than deforestation. From August 2006 to July 2019, the degraded area totaled 194,058 km 2 , representing almost two times the 99,630 km 2 deforested in the same period. The impacts of degradation include biodiversity loss and changes in the carbon stocks, affecting the CO 2 balance and future

Chiral discrimination, a problem of vital importance, has recently become an emerging frontier in ultrafast physics, with remarkable progress achieved in multiphoton and strong-field regimes. Rydberg excitations, unavoidable in the strong-field regime and intentional for few-photon processes, arise in all these approaches. Here, we show how to harness this ubiquitous feature by introducing a new phenomenon

Bacteria organize in a variety of collective states, from swarming—rapid surface exploration, to biofilms—highly dense immobile communities attributed to stress resistance. It has been suggested that biofilm and swarming are oppositely controlled, making this transition particularly interesting for understanding the ability of bacterial colonies to adapt to challenging environments. Here, the swarm

Miniaturization has evolved repeatedly in frogs in the moist leaf litter environments of rainforests worldwide. Miniaturized frogs are among the world’s smallest vertebrates and exhibit an array of enigmatic features. One area where miniaturization has predictable consequences is the vestibular system, which acts as a gyroscope, providing sensory information about movement and orientation. We investigated

The Hi-C technique has been shown to be a promising method to detect structural variations (SVs) in human genomes. However, algorithms that can use Hi-C data for a full-range SV detection have been severely lacking. Current methods can only identify interchromosomal translocations and long-range intrachromosomal SVs (>1 Mb) at less-than-optimal resolution. Therefore, we develop EagleC, a framework

The parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes African sleeping sickness that is fatal to patients if untreated. Parasite differentiation from a replicative slender form into a quiescent stumpy form promotes host survival and parasite transmission. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate cell differentiation in other eukaryotes. To determine whether lncRNAs are also involved in parasite differentiation

Steroid nuclear receptor coactivator 2 (SRC2) is a member of a family of transcription coactivators. While SRC1 inhibits the differentiation of regulatory T cells (T regs ) critical for establishing immune tolerance, we show here that SRC2 stimulates T reg differentiation. SRC2 is dispensable for the development of thymic T regs , whereas naive CD4 + T cells from mice deficient of SRC2 specific in

The world’s coral reefs are experiencing increasing volatility in coral cover, largely because of anthropogenic environmental change, highlighting the need to understand how such volatility will influence the structure and dynamics of reef assemblages. These changes may influence not only richness or evenness but also the temporal stability of species’ relative abundances (temporal beta-diversity)

The current-induced spin-orbit torque switching of ferromagnets has had huge impact in spintronics. However, short spin-diffusion lengths limit the thickness of switchable ferromagnetic layers, thereby limiting their thermal stability. Here, we report a previously unobserved seeded spin-orbit torque (SSOT) by which current can set the magnetic states of even thick layers of the chiral kagome antiferromagnet

Wavelength and polarization are two fundamental properties of light within which information can be encoded and (de)multiplexed. While wavelength-selective systems have widely proliferated, polarization-addressable active photonics has not seen notable progress, primarily because tunable and polarization-selective nanostructures have been elusive. Here, we introduce hybridized-active-dielectric (HAD)