Protein phosphorylation regulates a variety of important cellular and physiological processes in plants. In-depth profiling of phosphoproteomes of plants has been more technically challenging than that of animals. This is largely due to the necessities to improve protein extraction efficiency from plant cells with dense cell wall, and to minimize sample loss resulting from the stringent sample clean-up

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The Lamiaceae family is renowned for its terpenoid-based medicinal components, but Leonurus stands out for its alkaloid-rich composition. Leonurine, the principal active compound found in Leonurus, has demonstrated promising effects in reducing blood lipids and treating strokes in addition to the traditional medicinal uses of the herb. However, the biosynthetic pathway of leonurine remains largely

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State transition is a fundamental light acclimation mechanism of photosynthetic organisms in response to the environmental light conditions. This process rebalances the excitation energy between photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) through regulated reversible binding of the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) to PSI. However, the structural reorganization of PSI-LHCI, the dynamic binding

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Paraquat (PQ) has been used as an herbicide worldwide because of its potent activity against weeds. However, it is highly toxic to humans. The very high fatality of PQ poisoning is due to its inherent toxicity and the lack of any effective treatment. Consequently, developing a non-toxic herbicide with comparable efficacy to PQ will contribute to global food security and help prevent PQ-related fatalities

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The diterpenoid paclitaxel (Taxol®) is a chemotherapy medication widely used as a first-line treatment against several types of solid cancers. The supply of paclitaxel from natural sources is limited. However, missing knowledge of the genes involved in several specific metabolic steps of paclitaxel biosynthesis has rendered it difficult to engineer the full pathway. Here, we used a combination of transcriptomics

Despite the progress made recently in crop genomics studies, the genomic changes brought by modern breeding selection are still poorly understood, thus hampering genomics-assisted breeding especially in the polyploid crops with compound genomes such as common wheat (Triticum aestivum). In this work, we constructed genome resources for the modern elite common wheat variety Aikang 58 (AK58). Comparisons

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Rice ratooning, fast outgrowth of dormant buds on stubble, is an important cropping practice to increase rice yield. However, low ratooning ability (RA) for most rice varieties directly restricts the application of this cost-efficient system, and the genetic basis of RA remains unknown. Here, the genetic architecture of RA was first dissected by a genome-wide association study in a natural rice population

Plants can synthesize a wide range of terpenoids in response to various environmental cues. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms governing terpenoid biosynthesis at the cellular level remain largely elusive. Herein, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to comprehensively characterize the transcriptome profile of cotton leaves and established a hierarchical transcriptional network

Hexadecameric form I Rubisco, consisting of eight large (RbcL) and eight small (RbcS) subunits, is the most abundant enzyme on earth. Extensive efforts to engineer an improved Rubisco to speed up its catalytic efficiency and ultimately to increase agricultural productivity have been undertaken. However, genetic manipulation of hexadecameric Rubisco has been hampered by its difficulty to fold and assemble

Brassinosteroid (BR) is a vital plant hormone that regulates plant growth and development. BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BZR1) is a key transcription factor of BR signaling, and the nucleocytoplasmic localization of BZR1 is crucial for BR signaling. However, the regulatory mechanisms of BZR1 nucleocytoplasmic distribution and thus the homeostasis of BR signaling remain largely unclear. Vacuole is the largest

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Histone H2A monoubiquitination is associated with transcriptional repression and needs to be removed by deubiquitinases to facilitate gene transcription in eukaryotes. However, the deubiquitinase responsible for genome-wide H2A deubiquitination in plants has yet to be identified. In this study, we found that the previously identified PWWP–EPCR–ARID–TRB (PEAT) complex components interact with both the

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Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most important diseases of rice. Utilization of blast-resistance genes is the most economical, effective, and environmentally friendly way to control the disease. However, genetic resources with broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) that is effective throughout the rice growth period are rare. In this work, using a genome-wide association

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Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for plant development and metabolism, and plants have evolved ingenious mechanisms to overcome phosphate (Pi) starvation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of shoot and root architecture by low phosphorus conditions and the coordinated utilization of Pi and nitrogen remain largely unclear. Here, we show that Nodulation Signaling Pathway

Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, the most abundant viruses of eukaryotes in nature, require the synthesis of negative-sense RNA (−RNA) using their genomic (positive-sense) RNA (+RNA) as a template for replication. Based on current evidence, viral proteins are translated via viral +RNAs, whereas −RNA is considered to be a viral replication intermediate without coding capacity. Here

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The discovery of novel flavonoids and elucidation of their biosynthesis are fundamental to understanding their roles in plants and their benefits for human and animal health. Here, we report a new pathway for polymerization of a group of novel oligomeric flavonoids in plants. We engineered red cells for discovering genes of interest involved in the flavonoid pathway and identified a gene encoding a

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Two-line hybrid breeding can fully utilize heterosis in crops. In thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines, low critical sterility-inducing temperature (CSIT) is vital to safeguard the production of two-line hybrid seeds in rice (Oryza sativa), but the molecular mechanism determining CSIT is unclear. Here, we report the cloning of CSIT1, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and show that CSIT1

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Photosynthetic efficiency is the primary determinant of crop yield, including vegetative biomass and grain yield. Manipulation of key transcription factors known to directly control photosynthetic machinery can be an effective strategy to improve photosynthetic traits. In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis gain-of-function mutant, cogwheel1-3D, that shows a significantly enlarged rosette and

Since the official release of the stand-alone bioinformatics toolkit TBtools in 2020, its superior functionality in data analysis has been demonstrated by its widespread adoption by many thousands of users and references in more than 5000 academic articles. Now, TBtools is a commonly used tool in biological laboratories. Over the past 3 years, thanks to invaluable feedback and suggestions from numerous

Global warming impacts crop production and threatens food security. Elevated temperatures are sensed by different cell components. Temperature increases are classified as either mild warm temperatures or excessively hot temperatures, which are perceived by distinct signaling pathways in plants. Warm temperatures induce thermomorphogenesis, while high-temperature stress triggers heat acclimation and

To ensure survival and promote growth, sessile plants have developed intricate internal signaling networks tailored in diverse cells and organs with both shared and specialized functions that respond to various internal and external cues. A fascinating question arises: how can a plant cell or organ diagnose the spatial and temporal information it is experiencing to know “where I am,” and then is able

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Root developmental plasticity is crucial for plants to adapt to a changing soil environment, where nutrients and abiotic stress factors are distributed heterogeneously. How plant roots sense and avoid heterogeneous abiotic stress in soil remains unclear. Here, we show that, in response to asymmetric stress of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, or lead) and salt, rice roots rapidly proliferate lateral roots

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Seeds establish dormancy to delay germination until the arrival of a favorable growing season. In this study, we identify a fate switch comprised of the MKK3–MPK7 kinase cascade and the ethylene response factor ERF4 that is responsible for the seed state transition from dormancy to germination. We show that dormancy-breaking factors activate the MKK3–MPK7 module, which affects the expression of some

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a staple food for about 40% of the world’s population. As the global population has grown and living standards improved, high yield and improved nutritional quality have become the main targets for wheat breeding. However, wheat production has been compromised by global warming through the more frequent occurrence of extreme temperature events, which have increased water

Improving grain quality is a primary objective in contemporary rice breeding. Japanese modern rice breeding has developed two different types of rice, eating and sake-brewing rice, with different grain characteristics, indicating the selection of variant gene alleles during the breeding process. Given the critical importance of promptly and efficiently identifying genes selected in past breeding for

Crop yield plays a critical role in global food security. For optimal plant growth and maximal crop yields, nutrients must be balanced. However, the potential significance of balanced nitrogen–iron (N–Fe) for improving crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has not previously been addressed. Here, we show that balanced N–Fe sufficiency significantly increases tiller number and boosts yield and

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Climate change poses daunting challenges to agricultural production and food security. Rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, and more frequent extreme events have already demonstrated their effects on local, regional, and global agricultural systems. Crop varieties that withstand climate-related stresses and are suitable for cultivation in innovative cropping systems will be crucial to maximize

The shoot meristem generates the entire shoot system and is precisely maintained throughout the life cycle under various environmental challenges. In this study, we identified a prion-like domain (PrD) in the key shoot meristem regulator SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), which distinguishes STM from other related KNOX1 proteins. We demonstrated that PrD stimulates STM to form nuclear condensates, which are

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Photosynthesis in crops and natural vegetation allows light energy to be converted into chemical energy and thus forms the foundation for almost all terrestrial trophic networks on Earth. The efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion plays a crucial role in determining the portion of incident solar radiation that can be used to generate plant biomass throughout a growth season. Consequently, alongside

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Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is an ancient crop with a world-wide distribution. Due to its excellent nutritional quality and high economic and ecological value, common buckwheat is becoming increasingly important throughout the world. The availability of a high-quality reference genome sequence and population genomic data will accelerate the breeding of common buckwheat, but the high heterozygosity

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Plant architecture and panicle architecture are two critical agronomic traits that greatly affect the yield of rice (Oryza sativa). PROSTRATE GROWTH 1 (PROG1) encodes a key C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor and has pleiotropic effects on the regulation of both plant and panicle architecture, thereby influencing the grain yield. However, the molecular mechanisms through which PROG1 controls

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