Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common chronic inflammatory disease and is subdivided into eosinophilic and noneosinophilic forms. There are few reports investigating the nasal microbiome and its pathological functions in patients with CRS. Objective We sought to analyze factors contributing to variations of the nasal microbiome in CRS, and on the basis of these factors, to elucidate whether

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Background Despite their central role in peanut allergy, human monoclonal IgE antibodies have eluded characterization. Objective We sought to define the sequences, affinities, clonality, and functional properties of human monoclonal IgE antibodies in peanut allergy. Methods We applied our single-cell RNA-sequencing-based SEQ SIFTER™ discovery platform to a set of allergic individuals that varied by

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Background Little is known about nasal epithelial gene expression and total IgE in youth. Methods We conducted a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of total IgE in 469 Puerto Ricans aged 9-20 years who participated in the Epigenetic Variation and Childhood Asthma in Puerto Rico (EVA-PR) study, separately in all subjects and in those with asthma. We then attempted to replicate top findings

Abstract not available

Climate change poses an unequivocal threat to the respiratory health of current and future generations. Human activities—largely through the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs)—are driving rising global temperatures. Without a concerted effort to mitigate GHG emissions or adapt to the effects of a changing climate, each increment of warming increases the risk of climate hazards (e.g. heat waves, floods

Climate change has increased the frequency of extreme weather events and compounded natural disasters. Heat, wildfires, flooding and pollen are already threatening public health and disproportionately affecting individuals in susceptible situations and vulnerable locations. In this special issue of JACI, we address what is known and not known about the biologic as well as clinical upstream and downstream

Human epigenetic variation is associated with both environmental exposures and allergic diseases and can potentially serve as a biomarker connecting climate change with allergy and airway diseases. In this narrative review, we summarize recent human epigenetic studies examining exposure to temperature, precipitation, extreme weather events, and malnutrition to discuss findings as they relate to allergic

Background Many fungal species are associated with the pathogenesis of allergic disease, yet most epidemiologic studies on IgE-mediated fungal sensitization have only included a few species. Objective To investigate fungal allergen sensitization prevalence, risk factors and geographic variation in the United States. Methods From 2014-2019, 7,912,504 serum specific IgE (sIgE) test results for 17 fungal

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought new insights into the immunological intricacies of asthma. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of asthma in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the risk of severe infection. Type 2 inflammation had an overall protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection by various mechanisms summarized in this review. Asthma, intranasal, and inhaled corticosteroids decreased

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

While glycans are among the most abundant macromolecules on the cell with widespread functions, their role in immunity has historically been challenging to study. This is in part due to difficulties assimilating glycan analysis into routine approaches used to interrogate immune cell function. Despite this, recent developments have illuminated fundamental roles for glycans in host immunity. The growing

Abstract not available

Background Although most individuals effectively control herpesvirus infections, some suffer from severe and/or recurrent infections. A subset of these patients possess defects in NK cells, lymphocytes which recognize and lyse herpesvirus-infected cells; however, the genetic etiology is rarely diagnosed. PLCG2 encodes a signaling protein in NK cell and B cell signaling. Dominant- negative or gain-of-function

Background Urticaria is characterized by inappropriate mast cell degranulation that leads to the development of wheals and/or angioedema. Twin and family studies indicate that there is a substantial heritable component to urticaria risk. Objective To identify genomic loci at which common genetic variation influence urticaria susceptibility. Methods Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of urticaria

Background Newborn screening (NBS) programmes for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) facilitate early SCID diagnosis and promote early treatment with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. Infants with congenital athymia are also identified through NBS due to severe T-cell lymphopaenia. With the expanding introduction of NBS programmes, referrals of

Global warming has direct and indirect effects, as well as short- and long-term impacts on the respiratory and skin barriers. Extreme temperature directly affects the airway epithelial barrier by disrupting the structural proteins and by triggering airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. It enhances tidal volume and respiratory rate by affecting the thermoregulatory system, causing specific airway

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Background Electronic (e-)cigarette use continues to rise despite concerns of long-term effects, especially the risk of developing lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Neutrophils are central to the pathogenesis of COPD, with changes in phenotype and function implicated in tissue damage. Objective This study aimed to measure the impact of direct exposure to nicotine containing

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

The Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases (CEGIR) and The International Gastrointestinal Eosinophil Researchers (TIGERs) organized a day-long symposium at the 2022 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The symposium featured a review of recent discoveries in the basic biology and pathogenesis of eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) in addition

Background Impaired viral clearance in a subgroup of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients can lead to severe herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections named eczema herpeticum (EH). We recently identified a type 2 skewed viral immune response in EH patients. Clinical data suggest a reduced incidence of EH in AD patients treated with dupilumab, however, immunological investigations of this phenomenon are still

Background CGD is caused by defects in any of the 6 subunits forming the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex 2 (NOX2), leading to severely reduced or absent phagocyte-derived ROS production. Almost 50% of patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have IBD (CGD-IBD). While conventional IBD therapies can treat CGD-IBD, their benefits must be weighed against the

Abstract not available

Background Basal zone hyperplasia (BZH) and dilated intercellular spaces (DIS) are thought to contribute to the clinical manifestations of Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE); however, the molecular pathways that drive BZH remain largely unexplored. Objective To define the role of IL-13-induced transcriptional programs in esophageal epithelial proliferation in EoE. Methods We performed RNA sequencing, bioinformatics

Background There is no accepted grading system classifying the severity of immediate reactions to drugs. Objective The purpose of this article is to present a proposed grading system developed through the consensus of drug allergy experts from the US Drug Allergy Registry (USDAR) Consortium. Methods The USDAR investigators sought to develop a consensus severity grading system for immediate drug reactions

Type 2 inflammation is characterized by overexpression and heightened activity of type 2 cytokines, mediators and cells that drive neuroimmune activation and sensitization to previously sub-threshold stimuli. The consequences of altered neuroimmune activity differ with tissue type and disease and include: skin inflammation, sensitization to pruritogens, and itch amplification in atopic dermatitis and

Background Mastocytosis and monoclonal mast cell (MC) activation syndrome (MMAS) are heterogeneous conditions characterized by the accumulation of atypical MCs. Despite the recurrent involvement of KIT mutations, the pathophysiological origin of mastocytosis and MMAS is unclear. Although hereditary α-tryptasemia (HαT, related to TPSAB1 gene duplication) is abnormally frequent in these diseases, it

Abstract not available

Viral infections are the most common cause of upper respiratory infections; they frequently infect adults once or twice and children 6 to 8 times annually. In most cases, these infections are self-limiting and resolve. However, many patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) relay that their initiating event began with an upper respiratory infection that progressed in both symptom severity and duration

The human microbiome associated with the respiratory tract is diverse, heterogeneous, and dynamic. The diversity and complexity of the microbiome and the interactions between microorganisms, host cells, and the host immune system are complex and multifactorial. Furthermore, the lymphatics provide a direct highway, the gut-lung axis, for the gut microbiome to affect outcomes related to respiratory disease

Abstract not available

Background Preschool children with recurrent wheezing are heterogeneous, with differing responses to respiratory viral infections. Although neutrophils are crucial for host defense, their function has not been studied in this population. Objective We performed functional immunophenotyping on isolated blood neutrophils from 52 preschool children with recurrent wheezing (aeroallergen sensitization, n=16;

Background Cow milk (CM) allergy is the most prevalent food allergy in young children in the US and Great Britain. Current diagnostic tests are either unreliable (IgE, skin prick test), or resource-intensive with risks (food challenges). Objective Here we set out to determine if allergen-specific T cells in cow milk allergic (CMA) patients have a distinct quality and/or quantity that could potentially

Background Epinephrine is the first line treatment for severe allergic reactions, and rapid treatment is associated with lower rates of hospitalization and death. Current treatment options (epinephrine auto-injectors and manual intramuscular injection) are considered cumbersome and most patients/caregivers fail to use them, even during severe reactions. An intranasal epinephrine delivery device, neffy

Background IgA is the most abundant Immunoglobulin at the mucosal surface and its role in regulating mucosal immunity is not fully understood, but its presence is associated with protection from developing allergic disease. Objective Determine the role of IgA immune complexes for therapeutic application to mucosal allergic responses. Methods Apply TNP specific IgA immune complexes, using TNP coupled

Background Inborn errors of immunity are mostly monogenic. However, disease phenotype and outcome may be modified by the co-existence of a second gene defect. Objective To identify the genetic basis of the disease in a patient who suffered from bleeding episodes, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and recurrent pneumonia that resulted in death. Methods Genetic analysis was done using next generation