Objective To determine if pooled estimates of the prevalence of unexpected findings in patients with headache and normal neurologic examination support current expert opinion-based neuroimaging guidelines. Methods We searched PubMed and EMBASE for studies reporting neuroimaging findings in patients with headache and normal neurologic examination up to September 30, 2017. The overall and disease-specific

Objectives This study draws on advances in Doppler ultrasound bubble sizing to investigate whether high volumes of macro-bubbles entering the brain during cardiac surgery increase the risk of new cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), ischemic MR lesions, or post-operative cognitive decline (POCD). Methods Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound recordings were analysed to estimate numbers of emboli and macrobubbles

Objective While patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) typically present with predominant language impairment, behavioural symptoms, such as apathy, are often under-recognised. We aimed to systematically characterise apathy across the three recognised subtypes of PPA, plus atypical right-lateralised presentations of semantic dementia, and to evaluate the impact of apathy on carer burden and

Background The interaction between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and non-communicable diseases may increase the global burden of disease. We assessed the association of COVID-19 with ageing and non-communicable diseases. Methods We extracted data regarding non-communicable disease, particularly cardiovascular disease, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy

Background and Objective Stroke at a young age is a societal challenge with a rising incidence. Our aim was to investigate sex differences in risk factors, etiology, and diagnostic process of ischemic stroke in Chinese young adults. Methods We retrospectively recruited 411 consecutive patients with first-ever ischemic stroke who were 18 to 50 years of age (mean age, 38.2 ± 8.1 years, women 31.4%),

Background There is relatively limited information on the risk factors and outcome of new onset Poststroke Anxiety (PSA) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. We estimated incidence, cumulative incidence, risk factors and outcome of new onset anxiety in the first year of stroke among African stroke survivors. Methods We analyzed the dataset of a completed clinical trial comprising patients enrolled

Objective In this study, it is aimed to determine the risk factors associated with CRPS after stroke and the clinical parameters of the patients and the treatment agents used for CPRS Method 213 hemiplegic patients with CRPS diagnosed in Group 1 and 213 hemiplegic patients without CRPS in group 2 (control group) were included in the study designed retrospectively. Demographic data of the patients,

Ponatinib is a third-generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI), approved as first-line treatment for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) chronic phase. Here we describe a CML patient with a history of subsequent TIAs and an ischemic stroke during Ponatinib treatment. Patient was admitted for a 3-day history of sudden onset left hemiparesis due to an acute ischemic stroke. MRI showed bilaterally the almost

The consequences of individual actions are typically unknown until well after they are executed. This fact necessitates a mechanism that bridges delays between specific actions and reward outcomes. We looked for the presence of such a mechanism in the post-movement activity of neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF), a visuomotor area in prefrontal cortex. Monkeys performed an oculomotor gamble task

Children’s creativity is often investigated through adults’ subjective judging of novelty in a product, or by assessing the flexibility of children’s thinking. These approaches do not explicitly ask children to reflect on what they think is creative and often ignore children’s metacognitive understanding of creativity. We took two approaches to examining this development. First, using semi-structured

Humans are thought to use the approximate number system (ANS) to make quick approximations based on quantity even before learning to count. However, there has long been controversy regarding the salience of number versus other stimulus dimensions throughout development, including a recent proposal that number sense is derived from a sense of general magnitude. Here, we used a regression approach to

Objective Speech deficits are common in Parkinson’s disease, and behavioural findings suggest that the deficits may be due to impaired monitoring of self-produced speech. The neural mechanisms of speech deficits are not well understood. We examined a well-documented electrophysiological correlate of speech self-monitoring in patients with Parkinson’s disease and control participants. Methods We measured

Objective Advanced age is accompanied by a deterioration in memory performance that can profoundly influence activities of daily living. However, the neural processes responsible for age-related memory decline are not fully understood. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in combination with electroencephalography (EEG) to assess age-related changes in neuroplasticity in the human

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is widely associated with deficits in implicit emotion regulation. Recently, adaptive fMRI neurofeedback (A-NF) has been developed as a methodology that offers a unique probe of brain networks that mediate implicit emotion regulation and their impairment in PTSD. We designed an A-NF paradigm in which difficulty of an emotional conflict task (i.e., embedding trauma

Objectives The aim of this paper is to assess linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) on canines of adults from early modern Wroclaw cemeteries to compare δ13C and δ18O values in enamel formed before, during and after LEH formation, and to attempt to find a link between the selected indicators of the weaning process. Material and methods 15 permanent canines with visible LEH were selected for analysis. Age

Phoenixin (PNX) is a newly described peptide found in both neural and non-neural tissues. Until now, no attempts have been made to investigate the expression of PNX in the nervous system of animals other than laboratory rodents, in which an enzyme immunoassay revealed the highest quantity of the substance in the spinal cord. Since the domestic pig, due to its anatomical and histological resemblance

Objective . Brain-computer interfaces that activate exoskeletons based on decoded movement-related activity have been shown to be useful for stroke rehabilitation. With the advances in the development of exoskeletons it is possible to replicate a number of different functional movements that are relevant to rehabilitate after stroke. In this study, the aim is to detect and classify six different movement

Objective . The auditory brainstem response can be recorded non-invasively from scalp electrodes and serves as an important clinical measure of hearing function. We have recently shown how the brainstem response at the fundamental frequency of continuous, non-repetitive speech can be measured, and have used this measure to demonstrate that the response is modulated by selective attention. However,

Objective. We aimed at characterizing, in non-invasive human brain recordings, the large-scale, coordinated activation of distant brain regions thought to occur during conscious perception. This process is termed ignition in the Global Workspace Theory, and integration in Integrated Information Theory, which are two of the major theories of consciousness. Approach. Here, we provide evidence for this

Objective. The development of electrode arrays able to reliably record brain electrical activity is a critical issue in brain machine interface (BMI) technology. In the present study we undertook a comprehensive physico-chemical, physiological, histological and immunohistochemical characterization of new single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)-based electrode arrays grafted onto medium-density polyethylene

Objective . In this paper, we report on the development of an easy-to-fabricate three-dimensional Micro-Electrode Array (3D-MEA) specifically designed for brain-on-a-dish applications. Approach . The proposed device consists of pillar-shaped gold microelectrodes realized by electroplating directly on top of a standard MEA, making this approach highly versatile and convenient for batch fabrication.

Techniques that allow the manipulation of specific neural circuits have greatly increased in the past few years. DREADDs (Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) provide an elegant way to manipulate individual brain structures and/or neural circuits, including neuromodulatory pathways. Considerable efforts have been made to increase cell-type specificity of DREADD expression while

Background: In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuronal degeneration is associated with gliosis and infiltration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which participate in neuroinflammation. Defects at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) facilitate PBMCs migration towards the central nervous system (CNS) and in particular CD4+ T cells have been found in areas severely affected in AD. However, the role

Background The goal of valgus knee brace treatment is to reduce medial knee joint loading during walking, often indicated by external knee adduction moment (KAM) measures. However, existing healthy-subjects studies have been equivocal in demonstrating KAM reduction with valgus knee bracing. Research question What are the immediate effects of valgus bracing at different tension levels on KAM during

Background Despite extensive environmental standardization and the use of genetically and microbiologically defined mice of similar age and sex, individuals of the same mouse inbred strain commonly differ in quantitative traits. This is a major issue as it affects the quality of experimental results. Standard analysis practices summarize numerical data by means and associated measures of dispersion

Modulating cortical excitability based on a stimulus’ relevance to the task at hand is a component of sensory gating, and serves to protect higher cortical centers from being overwhelmed with irrelevant information (McIlroy et al., 2003; Kumar et al., 2005; Wasaka et al., 2005). This study examined relevancy-based modulation of cortical excitability, and corresponding behavioral responses, in the face

Background: A shift towards the dynamic measurement of physiologic resilience and improved technology incorporated into experimental paradigms in aging research is producing high-resolution data. Identifying the most appropriate analysis method for this type of data is a challenge. In this work, the functional principal component analysis (fPCA) was employed to demonstrate a data-driven approach to

People with Down syndrome often exhibit deficiencies in wayfinding activities, particularly route learning (e.g., Courbois et al., 2013; Davis et al., 2014; Farran et al., 2015). Evidence concerning more sophisticated survey learning has been sparse. In the research reported here, two experiments are reported that evaluated survey learning of youth with DS and typically developing children (TD) matched

Modern operational environments can place significant demands on a service member's cognitive resources, increasing the risk of errors or mishaps due to overburden. The ability to monitor cognitive burden and associated performance within operational environments is critical to improving mission readiness. As a key step toward a field-ready system, we developed a simulated marksmanship scenario with

Background: The principal aim of this study was to measure the effect of online single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on cognition via the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) in healthy individuals. Methods: In a single-blind, sham-controlled study, we assessed both 50% and 60% of the resting motor threshold

Ischemic stroke causes brain tissue damage and may release central nervous system (CNS)-specific peptides to the periphery. Neural antigen presentation in the lymphoid tissue could prime immune cells and result in adaptive immune response. However, autoimmune responses against neural antigens are not commonly uncovered after stroke. We studied the brain tissue of nine fatal stroke cases and the blood

Aging is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) regulates general aging and lifespan. However, the contribution of IGF-1 to age-related AD pathology and progression is highly controversial. Based on our previous work, AβPP/PS1 double transgenic mice, which express human mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS-1), demonstrated

After an injury to the central nervous system (CNS), functional recovery is limited by the inability of severed axons to regenerate and form functional connections with appropriate target neurons beyond the injury. Despite tremendous advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of axon growth, and of the inhibitory factors in the injured CNS that prevent it, disappointingly little progress has been

We have developed a deep learning-based computer algorithm to recognize and predict retinal differentiation in stem cell-derived organoids based on bright-field imaging. The three-dimensional “organoid” approach for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) into retinal and other neural tissues has become a major in vitro strategy to recapitulate development. We decided to develop a universal

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types in physiological and pathological conditions. The exosomal potential to unravel disease mechanisms, or to be used as a source of biomarkers, is being explored, in particularly in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world and exosomes appear

Glutaminyl cyclases (QC) catalyze the formation of neurotoxic pGlu‐modified amyloid‐β peptides found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reports of several‐fold increases in soluble QC (sQC) expression in the brain and peripheral circulation of AD individuals has prompted the development of QC inhibitors as potential AD therapeutics. There is however a lack of standardized quantitative

Loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA ) in Parkinson’s disease results in over‐activation/bursting of the subthalamic nucleus (STN ). The STN projects to the substantia nigra (SN ) pars compacta (SNpc ) and pars reticulata (SNpr ). The vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2 ) is localized within at least STN terminals synapsing within the SN, but it is not known if there are differential changes in

Impulse control disorders (ICD) are characterized by generalized difficulty controlling emotions and behaviors. ICD are a broad group of the central nervous system (CNS) disorders including conduct disorder, intermittent explosive, oppositional‐defiant disorder, antisocial personality disorder, kleptomania, pyromania and other illnesses. Although they all share a common feature (aberrant impulsivity)

The anterior insular cortex (AIC) has been implicated in addictive behaviour, including the loss of control over drug intake, craving and the propensity to relapse. Evidence suggests that the influence of the AIC on drug‐related behaviours is complex since in rats exposed to extended access to cocaine self‐administration, the AIC was shown to exert a state‐dependent, bidirectional influence on the

Humans can rapidly categorise visual objects when presented in isolation. However, in everyday life we encounter multiple objects at the same time. Far less is known about how simultaneously active object representations interact. We examined such interactions by asking participants to categorise a target object at the basic (Experiment 1) or the superordinate (Experiment 2) level while the representation

The “Choose a Movie‐CAM” is an established task to quantify the motivation for seeking social rewards. It allows participants to directly assess both the stimulus value and the effort required to obtain it. In the present study we aimed to identify the neural mechanisms of such cost‐benefit decision‐making. To this end, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data were collected from 24 typical

Introduction: Familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E (VED or AVED; MIM #277460) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resembling Friedreich ataxia. It is caused by the deficiency of α-tocopherol transfer protein that prevents patients from retaining vitamin E. Oral vitamin E supplements are an accepted treatment, but detailed dosage recommendations and reports on long-term therapeutic results

Propofol and sevoflurane as frequently‐used general anesthetics can affect postoperative pain. Our study explored whether the incidence of postoperative pain had a difference in patients with chronic pain undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) anesthetized with sevoflurane or propofol.

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a debilitating condition that often leads to disability and does not respond to conventional treatments. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of paresthesia independent 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation (10 kHz SCS) in subjects with CPP.

Cervical selective nerve root blocks (C‐SNRBs) maintain utility for presurgical planning in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Traditional fluoroscopic or stationary computed tomography (CT)‐guided methods have been associated with complications, including catastrophic neurologic insults, while ultrasound guidance has been investigated based on its theoretical advantages. Maximizing patient safety

Total knee arthroplasty is a common and successful treatment modality for knee arthritis that is refractory to conservative management strategies. Over 600,000 arthroplasties are performed per year in the United States, and this number is expected to increase in the coming years. Unfortunately, 8% to 34% of patients experience chronic pain after having a total knee arthroplasty. These patients should

Purpose Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS) is characterized by periodic fever, rash, and joint pain. Papilledema is rarely reported. We present our series of patients with CAPS that clinically met the diagnostic criteria for Muckle-Wells syndrome and our experience with secondary intracranial hypertension (SIH). Methods Retrospective review of all patients with CAPS at Nationwide Children’s

Objective To investigate the opinion of the American Neurological Association’s (ANA) book “Eugenical Sterilization: A Reorientation of the Problem” through the lens of contemporaneous book reviews. Background In 1936, the ANA published the aforementioned book in response to what the first author of the book described as “a positive reception” to a paper presented at the ANA’s 1935 annual meeting.

The emergence of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy has created a new era in the management of pediatric patients with refractory B-cell malignancies such as B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) is frequently encountered in the post infusion period of CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy and in some cases

Coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), is known for being a life‐threatening respiratory illnesses, but there is increasing evidence of neurological manifestations.1 Herein we report a patient with COVID‐19–associated inflammatory myopathy who presented with facial, bulbar, and proximal limb weakness. A 58‐year‐old woman presented

In this study, we sought to characterise the effects of intense sensory stimulation at different stages of preparation for an anticipated action on voluntary and involuntary behaviours. In our experiment, we presented unexpected loud acoustic stimuli (LAS) at four critical times during movement preparation (Baseline, -1192 ms, -392 ms, and 0 ms relative to expected movement onset) to probe the state

Functional connectivity analyses of fMRI data have shown that the activity of the brain at rest is spatially organized into resting-state networks (RSNs). RSNs appear as groups of anatomically distant but functionally tightly connected brain regions. Inter-RSN intrinsic connectivity analyses may provide an optimal spatial level of integration to analyze the variability of the functional connectome

In high-level visual shape areas in the human brain, preference for inanimate objects is observed regardless of stimulation modality (visual/auditory/tactile) and subjects' visual experience (sighted/blind individuals), whereas preference for animate entities seems robust only in the visual modality. Here, we test a hypothesis explaining this effect: visual shape representations can be reliably activated