New Phytologist 219 (2018), 1124–1133, doi: 10.1111/nph.15229. Since its publication, the authors of Wilts et al. (2018), have identified an error in their article. In Table 2, the column headings ‘Temperature at tip (°C)’ and ‘Temperature at base (°C)’, were transposed. The corrected Table 2 is shown below. We apologize to our readers for this mistake.

The FungalRoot database aims to equip scientists with correct and comprehensive information about arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), ectomycorrhizal (EcM) and ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) associations between plants and fungi compiled from original research papers (Soudzilovskaia et al., 2020). In this article, we introduce a new release of the FungalRoot (v.2.0) online database of plant mycorrhizal associations

Why are so many exotic plant species more abundant and have greater impacts in their nonnative than native ranges? Hypotheses that address this vexing question generally focus on variation in the intensity of negative interactions, such as escaping consumers or outcompeting natives in nonnative ranges (Jeschke, 2014). But in addition to these, some invasive species have shown a remarkable ability to

Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the key staple foods, feeding > 50% of the global population (Muthayya et al., 2014). Breeding for rice improvements in yield potential, grain quality and resistance to stresses is vital for its climate-change adaptation and, thus, food security in many rice-consuming nations (Nakashima et al., 2007; Jagadish et al., 2012). This relies on selecting favourable

Introduction The N2-fixing clade of angiosperms includes all plants that form specialized organs known as nodules, within which they house intracellular diazotrophic bacteria (van Velzen et al., 2018a). Within this clade, some species of Cucurbitales, Fagales and Rosales engage in nodulating symbiosis with the filamentous actinobacteria Frankia, while Parasponia (Rosales, Cannabaceae) and legumes (Fabales

•Haberlea rhodopensis is a resurrection plant that can tolerate extreme and prolonged periods of desiccation with a rapid restoration of physiological function upon rehydration. Specialised mechanisms are required to minimize cellular damage during desiccation and to maintain integrity for rapid recovery following rehydration.

This article is a Commentary on Sun et al. (2022), 235: 1729–1742.

• In temperate zones, fruit trees regulate their annual growth cycle to seasonal environmental changes. During the cold season, growth is limited by both environmental and genetic factors. After the exposure to low temperature and fulfillment of chilling requirements, mild temperatures promote the growth and flowering. However, an insufficient chilling exposure may lead to non-uniform blooming, with

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a powerful tool for plant image analysis, but challenges remain in making them more accessible to researchers without a machine learning background. We present RootPainter, an open-source graphical user interface (GUI) based software tool for the rapid training of deep neural networks for use in biological image analysis.

The Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle is arguably the most important pathway on earth, capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and converting it into organic molecules, providing the basis for life on our planet. This cycle has been intensively studied over the 50 yr since it was elucidated, and it is highly conserved across nature, from cyanobacteria to the largest of our land plants. Eight out of the 11

• Development in higher organisms requires proper gene silencing, partially achieved through trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3). However, how the normal distribution of this modification is established and maintained and how it affects gene expression remains unclear, especially in fungi. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes H3K27me3 to assemble transcriptionally repressed

New Phytologist 234 (2022), 1411–1429, doi: 10.1111/nph.17982. Since its publication, the authors of Kashyap et al. (2022) have highlighted an error in their article. In the Acknowledgements section, the additional support for the work from MCIN/AEI to Nuria S. Coll, Marc Valls and Álvaro Luis Jiménez-Jiménez, and from the Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI) to all of the authors, was

New Phytologist 234 (2022), 1782–1800, doi: 10.1111/nph.18097. Since its publication, the authors of Liu et al. (2022) have brought to our attention an error in their article. Acknowledgement of funding awarded to Dawei Li by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (2018376) to support this work was omitted. The correct ‘Acknowledgements’ section is shown below. We apologize to our readers for

The number of described contact sites between different subcellular compartments and structures in eukaryotic cells has increased dramatically in recent years and, as such, has substantially reinforced the well-known premise that these kinds of connections are essential for overall cellular organization and the proper functioning of cellular metabolic and signaling pathways. Here, we discuss contact

Introduction Cells depend on sugars to generate energy and to build the molecules required for cellular form and function. Sugars can also act as signalling molecules with various roles in regulating growth and development, physiological processes, metabolic feedback, and modulating abiotic or biotic stress responses (Rolland et al., 2006). Plants generate their own sugars from photosynthesis. This

Introduction Global warming and more frequent and extreme droughts are critical environmental drivers for forest dynamics because of their impacts on atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) acquisition through photosynthesis and tree carbon dynamics (Ciais et al., 2005; Rödenbeck et al., 2020). However, although nearly all studies caution that higher temperatures and droughts are increasingly co-occurring

This article is a Commentary on Dong et al. (2022), 235: 1692–1700.

Introduction Plants activate powerful and effective defence responses upon pathogen perception by their cell-surface or intracellular immune receptors (Jones & Dangl, 2006). Microbes can be recognised via cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Chinchilla et al., 2007; Heese et al., 2007) and activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)

Plants produce specialized metabolites to protect themselves from biotic enemies. Members of the Solanaceae family accumulate phenylpropanoid-polyamine conjugates (PPC) in response to attackers while also maintaining a chemical barrier of steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA). Across the plant kingdom, biosynthesis of such defense compounds is promoted by jasmonate signaling in which clade IIIe basic helix-loop-helix

Recent studies have suggested that in certain environments, tree stems emit methane (CH4 ). This study explored the mechanism of CH4 emission from the stem surfaces of Alnus japonica in a riparian wetland. Stem CH4 emission rates and sap flux were monitored year-round, and fine-root anatomy was investigated. CH4 emission rates were estimated using a closed-chamber method. Sap flux was measured using

In Arabidopsis, copper (Cu) transport to the ethylene receptor ETR1 mediated by RAN1, a Cu transporter located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Cu homeostasis mediated by SPL7, the key Cu-responsive transcription factor, are two deeply conserved vital processes. However, whether and how the two processes interact to regulate plant development remain elusive. We found that its C-terminal transmembrane

Arabis alpina is a polycarpic perennial, in which PERPETUAL FLOWERING1 (PEP1) regulates flowering and perennial traits in a vernalisation-dependent manner. Mutagenesis screens of the pep1 mutant established the role of other flowering time regulators in PEP1-parallel pathways. Here we characterised three allelic enhancers of pep1 (eop002, 085 and 091) which flower early. We mapped the causal mutations

The current definition of photosynthetically active radiation includes only photons from 400 up to 700 nm, despite evidence of the synergistic interaction between far-red photons and shorter-wavelength photons. The synergy between far-red and shorter-wavelength photons has not been studied in sunlight under natural conditions. We used a filter to remove photons above 700 nm to quantify the effects

Introduction Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important staple crops worldwide and provides 20% of the daily protein and food calories globally (Shewry & Hey, 2015; FAOSTAT, 2020). Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is a major devastating disease of wheat that leads to serious yield losses every year (Singh et al., 2016). In comparison to chemical control

In higher plants, photosystems II and I are found in grana stacks and unstacked stroma lamellae, respectively. To connect them, electron carriers negotiate tortuous multi-media paths and are subject to macromolecular blocking. Why does evolution select an apparently unnecessary, inefficient bipartition? Here we systematically explain this perplexing phenomenon. We propose that grana stacks, acting

Polar cell growth in plants requires a cell peripheral region that undergoes membrane extension and cell wall remodeling. Since the 1990s, RHO-RELATED GTPASES FROM PLANTS (ROPs) have been identified as master regulators that determine the site of cell growth. ROPs function to regulate actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, calcium gradients, and exocytosis, thus directing the delivery of materials for

Introduction A fundamental challenge of evolutionary biology is to determine the drivers of the exceptional neotropical biodiversity (Antonelli & Sanmartín, 2011; Hughes et al., 2013; Antonelli et al., 2018; Palma-Silva et al., 2022). Phylogenetic biogeography has shown how continental-scale events such as the rise of the Andes (Antonelli et al., 2009; Hoorn et al., 2010; Pérez-Escobar et al., 2022)

• Hemiepiphytic figs killing their host trees is an ecological process unique to the tropics. Yet the benefits and adaptive strategies of their special life history remain poorly understood. • We compared leaf phosphorus (P) content data of figs and palms worldwide, and functional traits and substrate P content of hemiepiphytic figs (Ficus tinctoria), their host palm and non-hemiepiphytic conspecifics

• Ecophysiologists have reported a range of relationships, including intrinsic trade-offs across and within species between plant relative growth rate in high resource conditions (RGR) versus adaptation to tolerate cold or arid climates, arising from trait-based mechanisms. Few studies considered ecotypes within a species, in which the lack of a trade-off would contribute to a wide species range and

Introduction Pollen development and formation are vital for the reproduction of flowering plants (Ma, 2005). Developing pollen requires a sugar supply from the somatic cell layers of anthers because immature pollen is well-surrounded by locules in the anthers. The somatic cell layers consist of the outermost epidermal cell layer, the endothecium, the middle cell layer and the innermost tapetum (van

• Lignin is one of the main factors causing lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis. Greenhouse-grown poplars severely downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (CAD1), the enzyme catalyzing the last step in the monolignol-specific branch of lignin biosynthesis, have increased saccharification yields and normal growth. • Here, we assess the performance of these hpCAD

Introduction The supply of CO2 to the photosynthetic machinery depends on how efficiently it can be transferred from the ambient air to the chloroplasts located inside the leaf mesophyll cells. This efficiency can be quantified as a series of resistances (or the inverse quantity, conductances) caused by the leaf boundary layer, the stomata, as well as leaf internal components in the mesophyll. This

Introduction The timing of diverse species' life history events (i.e. phenology) has been dramatically shifting in response to anthropogenic climate change (Thackeray et al., 2008; Boutin & Lane, 2014; Carter et al., 2018; Piao et al., 2019). For instance, highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and yellow wood sorrel (Oxalis europaea) advanced their flowering time in spring by 21 and 32 d respectively

Comparative analyses of growth-regulatory mechanisms between Arabidopsis and maize revealed that even when the gene space is conserved, the translation of knowledge from model species to crops is not trivial. Based on these insights, we formulate future opportunities to improve the interpretation of curiosity-driven research towards crop improvement.

Introduction Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is one of the most predominant forms of plant–microbe interactions in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems (Read et al., 2004; Qu et al., 2010; McGuire et al., 2013) in which it plays a key role in plant health through mineral nutrient cycling. During symbiosis establishment, ECM fungi form a sheath around the lateral root tips and colonise the apoplastic

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that are encoded by endogenous miRNA genes and regulate gene expression through gene silencing, by inducing degradation of their target messenger RNA or by inhibiting its translation. Some miRNAs are mobile molecules inside the plant, and increasing experimental evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs represent molecules that are exchanged between plants

Introduction The geographical distribution of plant species is determined by a number of biotic and abiotic factors, as well as the interactions between them that ultimately delineate species ranges worldwide. The same factors can act in concert to drive adaptive differentiation among populations belonging to the same plant species, a phenomenon known as local adaptation. A fitness advantage of local

Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) perceive the activity of pathogen-secreted effector molecules that, when undetected, promote colonisation of hosts. Signalling from activated NLRs converges with and potentiates downstream responses from activated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense microbial signatures at the cell surface. Efficient signalling

New Phytologist 230 (2021), 2433–2446, doi: 10.1111/nph.17248. Since its publication, the authors of Dove et al. (2021) have identified an error in their article. In the ‘Data availability’ section, an incorrect link was provided for sequence data availability on the NCBI archive. The correct link is: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/673381, and the corrected ‘Data availability’ section is shown

● Magnesium (Mg2+) serves as a cofactor for a number of photosynthetic enzymes and the central metal of chlorophyll in the chloroplast. However, little is known on the molecular mechanism of Mg2+ transport across chloroplast envelope.

• Mycorrhizal fungi associated with boreal trees and ericaceous shrubs are central actors in organic matter (OM) accumulation through their belowground carbon allocation, their potential capacity to mine organic matter for nitrogen (N) and their ability to suppress saprotrophs. Yet, interactions between co-occurring ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERI), and saprotrophs are poorly

This article is a Commentary on Savage et al. (2022), 235: 953–964.

Introduction Flowering plants use complex pollen–pistil interactions that play a decisive role in determining reproductive success (Johnson et al., 2019). Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetically controlled pollen–pistil recognition system regulated by tightly linked polymorphic S-determinant genes expressed in the pollen and pistil. These S-determinants define mating types and prevent potentially

Introduction The Plant HomeoDomain (PHD) motif defines a family of proteins that can recognise and bind histones depending on covalent modification status of the histone tails (Mouriz et al., 2015). By recruitment and regulation of chromatin remodelling factors and transcriptional regulators, PHD proteins can thereby control chromatin compaction and gene expression in a histone modification-governed

Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Under low nitrogen condition, soybean can form a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia to acquire sufficient nitrogen for their growth and production.

Portable gas exchange analyzers provide critical data for understanding plant-atmosphere carbon and water fluxes, and for parameterizing Earth system models that forecast climate change effects and feedbacks. We characterized temperature measurement errors in the LI-COR LI-6400XT and LI-6800, and estimated downstream errors in derived quantities, including stomatal conductance (gsw ) and leaf intercellular

Introduction The timing of phenological events (such as leaf emergence, flowering, fruiting and leaf senescence) is crucial for species resource acquisition and reproductive success (e.g. plant–pollinator interaction, Nord & Lynch, 2009; Liu et al., 2021). Phenology also has important implications for biotic interactions (e.g. herbivory) as well as for competitive hierarchies and ecosystem processes

Introduction Plants contain abundant molecules such as chlorophyll and lignin which can emit fluorescent light with a wide range of wavelengths (García-Plazaola et al., 2015). As a consequence of these, the autofluorescence common in plant tissues in fluorescence microscopy may interfere with the specific detection of fluorescent staining and fluorescent proteins. In functional analyses of interactions

Introduction Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important root symbionts found in the majority of terrestrial plant roots (van der Heijden et al., 2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can have significant impacts on plant fitness (Klironomos et al., 2000), plant community composition (Hartnett & Wilson, 1999; van der Heijden et al., 2008) and ecosystem functioning (van der Heijden et al., 2015) –

Genetic signature of climate adaptation has been widely recognized across the genome of many organisms; however, the eco-physiological basis for linking genomic polymorphisms with local adaptations remains largely unexplored. Using a panel of 218 world-wide Arabidopsis accessions, we characterized the natural variation in root suberization by quantifying 16 suberin monomers. We explored the associations

Genome editing provides the means for targeted DNA changes in precise locations in a plant genome. Large parts of the world have already introduced regulations or guidelines for crops that were subjected to genome editing. Over the past 2 years, many more countries have introduced guidelines that enable the use of such edited lines in agriculture in a similar way as conventionally bred lines, provided

Introduction Survival of plant seedlings is affected by many environmental parameters such as available water and soil salinity. Salt has a negative impact on the plant both through its osmotic effect, which may result in reduced ability for water uptake, and because of ion toxicity (Munns & Tester, 2008). It affects many important processes including photosynthesis, respiration, ion uptake and membrane

WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are crucial regulators in response to pathogen infection. However, the regulatory mechanisms of WRKY TFs in response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), the most devastating pathogen of cotton, remain unclear.

Fully mycoheterotrophic plants can be difficult to place in plant phylogeny due to elevated substitution rates associated with photosynthesis loss. This potentially limits the effectiveness of downstream analyses of mycoheterotrophy that depend on accurate phylogenetic inference. Although mitochondrial genomic data sets are rarely used in plant phylogenetics, theory predicts that they should be resilient

Plant mitochondrial DNA has been described as evolving rapidly in structure but slowly in sequence. However, many of the noncoding portions of plant mitogenomes are not homologous among species, raising questions about the rate and spectrum of mutations in noncoding regions. Recent studies have suggested that the lack of homology in noncoding regions could be due to increased sequence divergence. We

Introduction Increasing ambient temperature within the physiological, nonstressful, range promotes the growth of the hypocotyl (Gray et al., 1998) and of the primary root (Hanzawa et al., 2013), whilst reducing the expansion of the cotyledons (Hahm et al., 2020) of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. We currently know three thermosensors, phytochrome B (phyB) (Jung et al., 2016; Legris et al., 2016), EARLY

Sugar efflux from host plants is essential for pathogen survival and proliferation. Sugar transporter-mediated redistribution of host sugar contributes to the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions. However, few studies have focused on how sugar translocation is strategically manipulated during host colonization. To elucidate this question, the wheat sugar transport protein (STP) TaSTP3 responding