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  •   Fork coupling directs DNA replication elongation and termination
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Yang Liu, Zhengrong Zhangding, Xuhao Liu, Tingting Gan, Chen Ai, Jinchun Wu, Haoxin Liang, Mohan Chen, Yuefeng Guo, Rusen Lu, Yongpeng Jiang, Xiong Ji, Ning Gao, Daochun Kong, Qing Li, Jiazhi Hu

    DNA replication is initiated at multiple loci to ensure timely duplication of eukaryotic genomes. Sister replication forks progress bidirectionally, and replication terminates when two convergent forks encounter one another. To investigate the coordination of replication forks, we developed a replication-associated in situ HiC method to capture chromatin interactions involving nascent DNA. We identify

  •   Continuous evolution of compact protein degradation tags regulated by selective molecular glues
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Jaron A. M. Mercer, Stephan J. DeCarlo, Shourya S. Roy Burman, Vedagopuram Sreekanth, Andrew T. Nelson, Moritz Hunkeler, Peter J. Chen, Katherine A. Donovan, Praveen Kokkonda, Praveen K. Tiwari, Veronika M. Shoba, Arghya Deb, Amit Choudhary, Eric S. Fischer, David R. Liu

    Conditional protein degradation tags (degrons) are usually >100 amino acids long or are triggered by small molecules with substantial off-target effects, thwarting their use as specific modulators of endogenous protein levels. We developed a phage-assisted continuous evolution platform for molecular glue complexes (MG-PACE) and evolved a 36–amino acid zinc finger (ZF) degron (SD40) that binds the ubiquitin

  •   Generalized fear after acute stress is caused by change in neuronal cotransmitter identity
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Hui-quan Li, Wuji Jiang, Li Ling, Marta Pratelli, Cong Chen, Vaidehi Gupta, Swetha K. Godavarthi, Nicholas C. Spitzer

    Overgeneralization of fear to harmless situations is a core feature of anxiety disorders resulting from acute stress, yet the mechanisms by which fear becomes generalized are poorly understood. In this study, we show that generalized fear in mice results from a transmitter switch from glutamate to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in serotonergic neurons of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe. Similar change

  •   The DTC microbiome testing industry needs more regulation
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Diane E. Hoffmann, Erik C. von Rosenvinge, Mary-Claire Roghmann, Francis B. Palumbo, Daniel McDonald, Jacques Ravel

    A growing body of research has suggested the potential for improving human health by better understanding the human microbiome. This research has led to the emergence of a global industry selling direct-to-consumer (DTC) microbiome testing services. Regulation of this industry has been generally ignored despite its having made a mark on the lifestyle health and wellness market. Yet companies’ claims

  •   Structural basis of U12-type intron engagement by the fully assembled human minor spliceosome
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15
    Rui Bai, Meng Yuan, Pu Zhang, Ting Luo, Yigong Shi, Ruixue Wan

    The minor spliceosome, which is responsible for the splicing of U12-type introns, comprises five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), of which only one is shared with the major spliceosome. In this work, we report the 3.3-angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structure of the fully assembled human minor spliceosome pre-B complex. The atomic model includes U11 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), U12 snRNP

  •   Diversity begets stability: Sublinear growth and competitive coexistence across ecosystems
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Ian A. Hatton, Onofrio Mazzarisi, Ada Altieri, Matteo Smerlak

    The worldwide loss of species diversity brings urgency to understanding how diverse ecosystems maintain stability. Whereas early ecological ideas and classic observations suggested that stability increases with diversity, ecological theory makes the opposite prediction, leading to the long-standing “diversity-stability debate.” Here, we show that this puzzle can be resolved if growth scales as a sublinear

  •   Grid-plainification enables medium-temperature PbSe thermoelectrics to cool better than Bi 2 Te 3
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Yongxin Qin, Bingchao Qin, Tao Hong, Xiao Zhang, Dongyang Wang, Dongrui Liu, Zi-Yuan Wang, Lizhong Su, Sining Wang, Xiang Gao, Zhen-Hua Ge, Li-Dong Zhao

    Thermoelectric cooling technology has important applications for processes such as precise temperature control in intelligent electronics. The bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 )–based coolers currently in use are limited by the scarcity of Te and less-than-ideal cooling capability. We demonstrate how removing lattice vacancies through a grid-design strategy switched PbSe from being useful as a medium-temperature

  •   Antibacterial activity of nonantibiotics is orthogonal to standard antibiotics
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Mariana Noto Guillen, Carmen Li, Brittany Rosener, Amir Mitchell

    Numerous nonantibiotic drugs have potent antibacterial activity and can adversely impact the human microbiome. The mechanistic underpinning of this toxicity remains largely unknown. We investigated the antibacterial activity of 200 drugs using genetic screens with thousands of barcoded Escherichia coli knockouts. We analyzed 2 million gene-drug interactions underlying drug-specific toxicity. Network-based

  •   Continuous evolution of compact protein degradation tags regulated by selective molecular glues
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Jaron A. M. Mercer, Stephan J. DeCarlo, Shourya S. Roy Burman, Vedagopuram Sreekanth, Andrew T. Nelson, Moritz Hunkeler, Peter J. Chen, Katherine A. Donovan, Praveen Kokkonda, Praveen K. Tiwari, Veronika M. Shoba, Arghya Deb, Amit Choudhary, Eric S. Fischer, David R. Liu

    Conditional protein degradation tags (degrons) are usually >100 amino acids long or are triggered by small molecules with substantial off-target effects, thwarting their use as specific modulators of endogenous protein levels. We developed a phage-assisted continuous evolution platform for molecular glue complexes (MG-PACE) and evolved a 36–amino acid zinc finger (ZF) degron (SD40) that binds the ubiquitin

  •   Oral administration of obeldesivir protects nonhuman primates against Sudan ebolavirus
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Robert W. Cross, Courtney Woolsey, Victor C. Chu, Darius Babusis, Roy Bannister, Meghan S. Vermillion, Romas Geleziunas, Kimberly T. Barrett, Elaine Bunyan, Anh-Quan Nguyen, Tomas Cihlar, Danielle P. Porter, Abhishek N. Prasad, Daniel J. Deer, Viktoriya Borisevich, Krystle N. Agans, Jasmine Martinez, Mack B. Harrison, Natalie S. Dobias, Karla A. Fenton, John P. Bilello, Thomas W. Geisbert

    Obeldesivir (ODV, GS-5245) is an orally administered prodrug of the parent nucleoside of remdesivir (RDV) and is presently in phase 3 trials for COVID-19 treatment. In this work, we show that ODV and its circulating parent nucleoside metabolite, GS-441524, have similar in vitro antiviral activity against filoviruses, including Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and Sudan virus (SUDV). We also report that

  •   A commercially viable solution process to control long-chain branching in polyethylene
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Robert D. Froese, Daniel J. Arriola, Jaap den Doelder, Jianbo Hou, Teresita Kashyap, Keran Lu, Luca Martinetti, Bryan D. Stubbert

    In polyolefins, long-chain branching is introduced through an energy-intensive, high-pressure radical process to form low-density polyethylene (LDPE). In the current work, we demonstrated a ladder-like polyethylene architecture through solution polymerization of ethylene and less than 1 mole % of α,ω-dienes, using a dual-chain catalyst. The ladder-branching mechanism requires catalysts with two growing

  •   Two-dimensional materials by large-scale computations and chemical exfoliation of layered solids
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Jonas Björk, Jie Zhou, Per O. Å. Persson, Johanna Rosen

    MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) materials typically formed by etching the A element from a parent MAX phase. Computational screening for other 3D precursors suitable for such exfoliation is challenging because of the intricate chemical processes involved. We present a theoretical approach for predicting 2D materials formed through chemical exfoliation under acidic conditions by identifying

  •   Electron injection and defect passivation for high-efficiency mesoporous perovskite solar cells
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Jiale Liu, Xiayan Chen, Kaizhong Chen, Wenming Tian, Yusong Sheng, Bin She, Youyu Jiang, Deyi Zhang, Yang Liu, Jianhang Qi, Kai Chen, Yongmin Ma, Zexiong Qiu, Chaoyang Wang, Yanfeng Yin, Shengli Zhao, Jing Leng, Shengye Jin, Wenshan Zhao, Yanyang Qin, Yaqiong Su, Xiaoyu Li, Xiaojiang Li, Yang Zhou, Yinhua Zhou, Furi Ling, Anyi Mei, Hongwei Han

    Printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) do not require the added hole-transport layer needed in traditional p-n junctions but have also exhibited lower power conversion efficiencies of about 19%. We performed device simulation and carrier dynamics analysis to design a p-MPSC with mesoporous layers of semiconducting titanium dioxide, insulating zirconium dioxide, and conducting carbon

  •   Reverse EU’s growing greenlash
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Guillaume Chapron

    After several weeks of violent protests, European farmers have achieved a tactical triumph that does not bode well for the future of environmental policies. In response to the demonstrations, the European Commission has enacted a derogation in the European Union’s (EU’s) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to set aside 4% of farmland for biodiversity and landscape protection, withdrawn a bill to halve

  •   Dispersal stabilizes coupled ecological and evolutionary dynamics in a host-parasitoid system
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Lucas A. Nell, Miriam Kishinevsky, Michael J. Bosch, Calvin Sinclair, Karuna Bhat, Nathan Ernst, Hamze Boulaleh, Kerry M. Oliver, Anthony R. Ives

    When ecological and evolutionary dynamics occur on comparable timescales, persistence of the ensuing eco-evolutionary dynamics requires both ecological and evolutionary stability. This unites key questions in ecology and evolution: How do species coexist, and what maintains genetic variation in a population? In this work, we investigated a host-parasitoid system in which pea aphid hosts rapidly evolve

  •   Sister chromatid cohesion establishment during DNA replication termination
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    George Cameron, Dominika T. Gruszka, Rhian Gruar, Sherry Xie, Çağla Kaya, Kim A. Nasmyth, Jonathan Baxter, Madhusudhan Srinivasan, Hasan Yardimci

    Newly copied sister chromatids are tethered together by the cohesin complex, but how sister chromatid cohesion is coordinated with DNA replication is poorly understood. Prevailing models suggest cohesin complexes, bound to DNA before replication, remain behind the advancing replication fork to keep sister chromatids together. By visualizing single replication forks colliding with pre-loaded cohesin

  •   Cryptic diversity of cellulose-degrading gut bacteria in industrialized humans
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Sarah Moraïs, Sarah Winkler, Alvah Zorea, Liron Levin, Falk S. P. Nagies, Nils Kapust, Eva Lamed, Avital Artan-Furman, David N. Bolam, Madhav P. Yadav, Edward A. Bayer, William F. Martin, Itzhak Mizrahi

    Humans, like all mammals, depend on the gut microbiome for digestion of cellulose, the main component of plant fiber. However, evidence for cellulose fermentation in the human gut is scarce. We have identified ruminococcal species in the gut microbiota of human populations that assemble functional multienzymatic cellulosome structures capable of degrading plant cell wall polysaccharides. One of these

  •   Reinforcing self-assembly of hole transport molecules for stable inverted perovskite solar cells
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Hongcai Tang, Zhichao Shen, Yangzi Shen, Ge Yan, Yanbo Wang, Qifeng Han, Liyuan Han

    Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been improved by the use of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) hole transport layer. Long-term stability of PSCs requires keeping the SAM compact under the perovskite layer during operation. We found that strong polar solvents in the perovskite precursor desorb the SAM if it is anchored on substrates by hydrogen-bonded

  •   Statements by scientific organizations can, and should, shape society
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Agustín Fuentes

    Statements based on the best current scientific data and analyses that bear directly on societal issues, especially ones that are critical to societal justice, equity, and health, are practical responsibilities of professional scientific organizations. And they often have impact.

  •   Generalized fear after acute stress is caused by change in neuronal cotransmitter identity
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Hui-quan Li, Wuji Jiang, Li Ling, Marta Pratelli, Cong Chen, Vaidehi Gupta, Swetha K. Godavarthi, Nicholas C. Spitzer

    Overgeneralization of fear to harmless situations is a core feature of anxiety disorders resulting from acute stress, yet the mechanisms by which fear becomes generalized are poorly understood. In this study, we show that generalized fear in mice results from a transmitter switch from glutamate to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in serotonergic neurons of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe. Similar change

  •   Fork coupling directs DNA replication elongation and termination
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Yang Liu, Zhengrong Zhangding, Xuhao Liu, Tingting Gan, Chen Ai, Jinchun Wu, Haoxin Liang, Mohan Chen, Yuefeng Guo, Rusen Lu, Yongpeng Jiang, Xiong Ji, Ning Gao, Daochun Kong, Qing Li, Jiazhi Hu

    DNA replication is initiated at multiple loci to ensure timely duplication of eukaryotic genomes. Sister replication forks progress bidirectionally, and replication terminates when two convergent forks encounter one another. To investigate the coordination of replication forks, we developed a replication-associated in situ HiC method to capture chromatin interactions involving nascent DNA. We identify

  •   Big data in Earth science: Emerging practice and promise
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Tiffany C. Vance, Thomas Huang, Kevin A. Butler

    Improvements in the number and resolution of Earth- and satellite-based sensors coupled with finer-resolution models have resulted in an explosion in the volume of Earth science data. This data-rich environment is changing the practice of Earth science, extending it beyond discovery and applied science to new realms. This Review highlights recent big data applications in three subdisciplines—hydrology

  •   Structural basis of U12-type intron engagement by the fully assembled human minor spliceosome
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14
    Rui Bai, Meng Yuan, Pu Zhang, Ting Luo, Yigong Shi, Ruixue Wan

    The minor spliceosome, which is responsible for the splicing of U12-type introns, comprises five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), of which only one is shared with the major spliceosome. In this work, we report the 3.3-angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structure of the fully assembled human minor spliceosome pre-B complex. The atomic model includes U11 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), U12 snRNP

  •   Breathing control of vocalization
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-08
    Steffen R. Hage

    Vocalizations play a pivotal role in communication across species. Although the complexity of articulation varies, the basic process of sound production for the tonal component in mammals involves narrowing of the larynx (vocal cord adduction)—located between the trachea and pharynx—and exhalation. There is an intricate interplay between phonation and respiration to ensure that breathing is not affected

  •   Sister chromatid cohesion is mediated by individual cohesin complexes
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-08
    Fena Ochs, Charlotte Green, Aleksander Tomasz Szczurek, Lior Pytowski, Sofia Kolesnikova, Jill Brown, Daniel Wolfram Gerlich, Veronica Buckle, Lothar Schermelleh, Kim Ashley Nasmyth

    Eukaryotic genomes are organized by loop extrusion and sister chromatid cohesion, both mediated by the multimeric cohesin protein complex. Understanding how cohesin holds sister DNAs together, and how loss of cohesion causes age-related infertility in females, requires knowledge as to cohesin’s stoichiometry in vivo. Using quantitative super-resolution imaging, we identified two discrete populations

  •   Two rings to rule them all
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-08
    Antoine Rolland, Brendan M. Heffernan

    Photonic integrated circuits merge the versatility of photonics with the compactness and scalability of integrated circuitry. A common component in these optical microchips is a microresonator, a ring of material in which discrete frequencies of light propagate with very low power loss (thus bearing a high quality factor, Q) (1). The frequencies that propagate and the difference between these frequencies

  •   Mechanism for feature learning in neural networks and backpropagation-free machine learning models
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan, Daniel Beaglehole, Parthe Pandit, Mikhail Belkin

    Understanding how neural networks learn features, or relevant patterns in data, for prediction is necessary for their reliable use in technological and scientific applications. In this work, we presented a unifying mathematical mechanism, known as Average Gradient Outer Product (AGOP), that characterized feature learning in neural networks. We provided empirical evidence that AGOP captured features

  •   Climate change is an important predictor of extinction risk on macroevolutionary timescales
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Cooper M. Malanoski, Alex Farnsworth, Daniel J. Lunt, Paul J. Valdes, Erin E. Saupe

    Anthropogenic climate change is increasing rapidly and already impacting biodiversity. Despite its importance in future projections, understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which climate mediates extinction remains limited. We present an integrated approach examining the role of intrinsic traits versus extrinsic climate change in mediating extinction risk for marine invertebrates over the past

  •   Multimodality integrated microresonators using the Moiré speedup effect
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Qing-Xin Ji, Peng Liu, Warren Jin, Joel Guo, Lue Wu, Zhiquan Yuan, Jonathan Peters, Avi Feshali, Mario Paniccia, John E. Bowers, Kerry J. Vahala

    High- Q microresonators are indispensable components of photonic integrated circuits and offer several useful operational modes. However, these modes cannot be reconfigured after fabrication because they are fixed by the resonator’s physical geometry. In this work, we propose a Moiré speedup dispersion tuning method that enables a microresonator device to operate in any of three modes. Electrical tuning

  •   Adaptive optical imaging with entangled photons
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Patrick Cameron, Baptiste Courme, Chloé Vernière, Raj Pandya, Daniele Faccio, Hugo Defienne

    Adaptive optics (AO) has revolutionized imaging in fields from astronomy to microscopy by correcting optical aberrations. In label-free microscopes, however, conventional AO faces limitations because of the absence of a guide star and the need to select an optimization metric specific to the sample and imaging process. Here, we propose an AO approach leveraging correlations between entangled photons

  •   Mechanism for feature learning in neural networks and backpropagation-free machine learning models
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan, Daniel Beaglehole, Parthe Pandit, Mikhail Belkin

    Understanding how neural networks learn features, or relevant patterns in data, for prediction is necessary for their reliable use in technological and scientific applications. In this work, we presented a unifying mathematical mechanism, known as Average Gradient Outer Product (AGOP), that characterized feature learning in neural networks. We provided empirical evidence that AGOP captured features

  •   Prophage proteins alter long noncoding RNA and DNA of developing sperm to induce a paternal-effect lethality
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Rupinder Kaur, Angelina McGarry, J. Dylan Shropshire, Brittany A. Leigh, Seth R. Bordenstein

    The extent to which prophage proteins interact with eukaryotic macromolecules is largely unknown. In this work, we show that cytoplasmic incompatibility factor A (CifA) and B (CifB) proteins, encoded by prophage WO of the endosymbiont Wolbachia, alter long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and DNA during Drosophila sperm development to establish a paternal-effect embryonic lethality known as cytoplasmic incompatibility

  •   CO 2 drawdown from weathering is maximized at moderate erosion rates
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Aaron Bufe, Jeremy K. C. Rugenstein, Niels Hovius

    Uplift and erosion modulate the carbon cycle over geologic timescales by exposing minerals to chemical weathering. However, the erosion sensitivity of mineral weathering remains difficult to quantify. Solute-chemistry datasets from mountain streams in different orogens isolate the impact of erosion on silicate weathering—a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sink—and coupled sulfide and carbonate weathering—a CO

  •   Generalized biomolecular modeling and design with RoseTTAFold All-Atom
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Rohith Krishna, Jue Wang, Woody Ahern, Pascal Sturmfels, Preetham Venkatesh, Indrek Kalvet, Gyu Rie Lee, Felix S. Morey-Burrows, Ivan Anishchenko, Ian R. Humphreys, Ryan McHugh, Dionne Vafeados, Xinting Li, George A. Sutherland, Andrew Hitchcock, C. Neil Hunter, Alex Kang, Evans Brackenbrough, Asim K. Bera, Minkyung Baek, Frank DiMaio, David Baker

    Deep learning methods have revolutionized protein structure prediction and design but are currently limited to protein-only systems. We describe RoseTTAFold All-Atom (RFAA) which combines a residue-based representation of amino acids and DNA bases with an atomic representation of all other groups to model assemblies containing proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, metals, and covalent modifications

  •   Milk provisioning in oviparous caecilian amphibians
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Pedro L. Mailho-Fontana, Marta M. Antoniazzi, Guilherme R. Coelho, Daniel C. Pimenta, Lígia P. Fernandes, Alexander Kupfer, Edmund D. Brodie, Carlos Jared

    Among vertebrates, the yolk is commonly the only form of nutritional investment offered by the female to the embryo. Some species, however, have developed parental care behaviors associated with specialized food provisioning essential for offspring survival, such as the production of lipidic-rich parental milk in mammals. Here, we show that females of the egg-laying caecilian amphibian Siphonops annulatus

  •   Brainstem control of vocalization and its coordination with respiration
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Jaehong Park, Seonmi Choi, Jun Takatoh, Shengli Zhao, Andrew Harrahill, Bao-Xia Han, Fan Wang

    Phonation critically depends on precise controls of laryngeal muscles in coordination with ongoing respiration. However, the neural mechanisms governing these processes remain unclear. We identified excitatory vocalization-specific laryngeal premotor neurons located in the retroambiguus nucleus (RAm VOC ) in adult mice as being both necessary and sufficient for driving vocal cord closure and eliciting

  •   Axonal self-sorting without target guidance in Drosophila visual map formation
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Egemen Agi, Eric T. Reifenstein, Charlotte Wit, Teresa Schneider, Monika Kauer, Melinda Kehribar, Abhishek Kulkarni, Max von Kleist, P. Robin Hiesinger

    The idea of guidance toward a target is central to axon pathfinding and brain wiring in general. In this work, we show how several thousand axonal growth cones self-pattern without target-dependent guidance during neural superposition wiring in Drosophila . Ablation of all target lamina neurons or loss of target adhesion prevents the stabilization but not the development of the pattern. Intravital

  •   Build networked resilience across cities
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Xuemei Bai

    There is an increasing need for the world to be prepared for a myriad of shocks and hazards. Many parts of the world are already experiencing climate change–related extreme weather events such as heatwaves, floods, and wildfires, which are projected to worsen in both intensity and frequency. The World Health Organization (WHO) also warns of “ Disease X ”—a term that includes both known and unknown

  •   Structure, biophysics, and circuit function of a “giant” cortical presynaptic terminal
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    David Vandael, Peter Jonas

    The hippocampal mossy fiber synapse, formed between axons of dentate gyrus granule cells and dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons, is a key synapse in the trisynaptic circuitry of the hippocampus. Because of its comparatively large size, this synapse is accessible to direct presynaptic recording, allowing a rigorous investigation of the biophysical mechanisms of synaptic transmission and plasticity.

  •   Enhancing rice panicle branching and grain yield through tissue-specific brassinosteroid inhibition
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Xiaoxing Zhang, Wenjing Meng, Dapu Liu, Dezhuo Pan, Yanzhao Yang, Zhuo Chen, Xiaoding Ma, Wenchao Yin, Mei Niu, Nana Dong, Jihong Liu, Weifeng Shen, Yuqin Liu, Zefu Lu, Chengcai Chu, Qian Qian, Mingfu Zhao, Hongning Tong

    Crop yield potential is constrained by the inherent trade-offs among traits such as between grain size and number. Brassinosteroids (BRs) promote grain size, yet their role in regulating grain number is unclear. By deciphering the clustered-spikelet rice germplasm, we show that activation of the BR catabolic gene BRASSINOSTEROID-DEFICIENT DWARF3 ( BRD3 ) markedly increases grain number. We establish

  •   Collections are truly priceless
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Charles C. Davis

    Last month, Duke University in North Carolina announced that it was shuttering its herbarium. The collection consists of nearly 1 million specimens representing the most comprehensive and historic set of plants from the southeastern United States. It also includes extensive holdings from other regions of the world, especially Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Duke plans to disperse these

  •   Sister chromatid cohesion is mediated by individual cohesin complexes
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Fena Ochs, Charlotte Green, Aleksander Tomasz Szczurek, Lior Pytowski, Sofia Kolesnikova, Jill Brown, Daniel Wolfram Gerlich, Veronica Buckle, Lothar Schermelleh, Kim Ashley Nasmyth

    Eukaryotic genomes are organized by loop extrusion and sister chromatid cohesion, both mediated by the multimeric cohesin protein complex. Understanding how cohesin holds sister DNAs together, and how loss of cohesion causes age-related infertility in females, requires knowledge as to cohesin’s stoichiometry in vivo. Using quantitative super-resolution imaging, we identified two discrete populations

  •   Bioresorbable shape-adaptive structures for ultrasonic monitoring of deep-tissue homeostasis
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Jiaqi Liu, Naijia Liu, Yameng Xu, Mingzheng Wu, Haohui Zhang, Yue Wang, Ying Yan, Angela Hill, Ruihao Song, Zijie Xu, Minsu Park, Yunyun Wu, Joanna L. Ciatti, Jianyu Gu, Haiwen Luan, Yamin Zhang, Tianyu Yang, Hak-Young Ahn, Shupeng Li, Wilson Z. Ray, Colin K. Franz, Matthew R. MacEwan, Yonggang Huang, Chet W. Hammill, Heling Wang, John A. Rogers

    Monitoring homeostasis is an essential aspect of obtaining pathophysiological insights for treating patients. Accurate, timely assessments of homeostatic dysregulation in deep tissues typically require expensive imaging techniques or invasive biopsies. We introduce a bioresorbable shape-adaptive materials structure that enables real-time monitoring of deep-tissue homeostasis using conventional ultrasound

  •   Vitamin A resolves lineage plasticity to orchestrate stem cell lineage choices
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-07
    Matthew T. Tierney, Lisa Polak, Yihao Yang, Merve Deniz Abdusselamoglu, Inwha Baek, Katherine S. Stewart, Elaine Fuchs

    Lineage plasticity—a state of dual fate expression—is required to release stem cells from their niche constraints and redirect them to tissue compartments where they are most needed. In this work, we found that without resolving lineage plasticity, skin stem cells cannot effectively generate each lineage in vitro nor regrow hair and repair wounded epidermis in vivo. A small-molecule screen unearthed

  •   Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at inhibitory synapses in vivo
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-01
    Barna Dudok, Linlin Z. Fan, Jordan S. Farrell, Shreya Malhotra, Jesslyn Homidan, Doo Kyung Kim, Celestine Wenardy, Charu Ramakrishnan, Yulong Li, Karl Deisseroth, Ivan Soltesz

    Endocannabinoid (eCB)–mediated suppression of inhibitory synapses has been hypothesized, but this has not yet been demonstrated to occur in vivo because of the difficulty in tracking eCB dynamics and synaptic plasticity during behavior. In mice navigating a linear track, we observed location-specific eCB signaling in hippocampal CA1 place cells, and this was detected both in the postsynaptic membrane

  •   Anthropogenic climate change has influenced global river flow seasonality
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-01
    Hong Wang, Junguo Liu, Megan Klaar, Aifang Chen, Lukas Gudmundsson, Joseph Holden

    Riverine ecosystems have adapted to natural discharge variations across seasons. However, evidence suggesting that climate change has already impacted magnitudes of river flow seasonality is limited to local studies, mainly focusing on changes of mean or extreme flows. This study introduces the use of apportionment entropy as a robust measure to assess flow-volume nonuniformity across seasons, enabling

  •   Thermodynamic probes of life
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-01
    Édgar Roldán

    The biological activity of a living cell is reflected in the dissipation of heat to its surroundings. However, quantifying heat and cellular activity at the nanoscale has been a challenge (1). The recent development of stochastic thermodynamics (2) has brought access to measuring the energetics and efficiency of microscopic systems, such as cells, through a combination of stochastic theory and high-resolution

  •   Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Morgan E. Wirthlin, Tobias A. Schmid, Julie E. Elie, Xiaomeng Zhang, Amanda Kowalczyk, Ruby Redlich, Varvara A. Shvareva, Ashley Rakuljic, Maria B. Ji, Ninad S. Bhat, Irene M. Kaplow, Daniel E. Schäffer, Alyssa J. Lawler, Andrew Z. Wang, BaDoi N. Phan, Siddharth Annaldasula, Ashley R. Brown, Tianyu Lu, Byung Kook Lim, Eiman Azim, Zoonomia Consortium**, Nathan L. Clark, Wynn K. Meyer, Sergei L Kosakovsky

    Vocal production learning is a convergently evolved trait in vertebrates. To identify brain genomic elements associated with mammalian vocal learning, we integrated genomic, anatomical and neurophysiological data from the Egyptian fruit-bat with analyses of the genomes of 215 placental mammals. First, we identified a set of proteins evolving more slowly in vocal learners. Then, we discovered a vocal-motor

  •   Divergent responses of pelagic and benthic fish body-size structure to remoteness and protection from humans
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Tom B. Letessier, David Mouillot, Laura Mannocci, Hanna Jabour Christ, Elamin Mohammed Elamin, Sheikheldin Mohamed Elamin, Alan M. Friedlander, Alex Hearn, Jean-Baptiste Juhel, Alf Ring Kleiven, Even Moland, Nicolas Mouquet, Portia Joy Nillos-Kleiven, Enric Sala, Christopher D. H. Thompson, Laure Velez, Laurent Vigliola, Jessica J. Meeuwig

    Animal body-size variation influences multiple processes in marine ecosystems, but habitat heterogeneity has prevented a comprehensive assessment of size across pelagic (midwater) and benthic (seabed) systems along anthropic gradients. In this work, we derive fish size indicators from 17,411 stereo baited-video deployments to test for differences between pelagic and benthic responses to remoteness

  •   A morphological basis for path-dependent evolution of visual systems
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Rebecca M. Varney, Daniel I. Speiser, Johanna T. Cannon, Morris A. Aguilar, Douglas J. Eernisse, Todd H. Oakley

    Path dependence influences macroevolutionary predictability by constraining potential outcomes after critical evolutionary junctions. Although it has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments, path dependence is difficult to demonstrate in natural systems because of a lack of independent replicates. Here, we show that two types of distributed visual systems recently evolved twice within chitons,

  •   Large-scale self-organization in dry turbulent atmospheres
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Alexandros Alexakis, Raffaele Marino, Pablo D. Mininni, Adrian van Kan, Raffaello Foldes, Fabio Feraco

    How turbulent convective fluctuations organize to form larger-scale structures in planetary atmospheres remains a question that eludes quantitative answers. The assumption that this process is the result of an inverse cascade was suggested half a century ago in two-dimensional fluids, but its applicability to atmospheric and oceanic flows remains heavily debated, hampering our understanding of the

  •   Anthropogenic climate change has influenced global river flow seasonality
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Hong Wang, Junguo Liu, Megan Klaar, Aifang Chen, Lukas Gudmundsson, Joseph Holden

    Riverine ecosystems have adapted to natural discharge variations across seasons. However, evidence suggesting that climate change has already impacted magnitudes of river flow seasonality is limited to local studies, mainly focusing on changes of mean or extreme flows. This study introduces the use of apportionment entropy as a robust measure to assess flow-volume nonuniformity across seasons, enabling

  •   Induction of durable remission by dual immunotherapy in SHIV-infected ART-suppressed macaques
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    So-Yon Lim, Jina Lee, Christa E. Osuna, Pratik Vikhe, Dane R. Schalk, Elsa Chen, Emily Fray, Mithra Kumar, Nancy Schultz-Darken, Eva Rakasz, Saverio Capuano, Ruby A Ladd, Hwi Min Gil, David T. Evans, Emily K. Jeng, Michael Seaman, Malcolm Martin, Christiaan Van Dorp, Alan S. Perelson, Hing C. Wong, Janet D. Siliciano, Robert Siliciano, Jeffrey T. Safrit, Douglas F. Nixon, Patrick Soon-Shiong, Michel

    The eradication of the viral reservoir represents the major obstacle to the development of a clinical cure for established HIV-1 infection. Here, we demonstrate that the administration of Anktiva (N-803) and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) resulted in sustained viral control after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in SHIV-AD8–infected, ART-suppressed rhesus macaques. N-803+bNAbs

  •   Touch sensation requires the mechanically gated ion channel ELKIN1
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Sampurna Chakrabarti, Jasmin D. Klich, Mohammed A. Khallaf, Amy J. Hulme, Oscar Sánchez-Carranza, Zuzanna M. Baran, Alice Rossi, Angela Tzu-Lun Huang, Tobias Pohl, Raluca Fleischer, Carina Fürst, Annette Hammes, Valérie Bégay, Hanna Hörnberg, Rocio K. Finol-Urdaneta, Kate Poole, Mirella Dottori, Gary R. Lewin

    Touch perception is enabled by mechanically activated ion channels, the opening of which excites cutaneous sensory endings to initiate sensation. In this study, we identify ELKIN1 as an ion channel likely gated by mechanical force, necessary for normal touch sensitivity in mice. Touch insensitivity in Elkin1 −/− mice was caused by a loss of mechanically activated currents (MA currents) in around half

  •   Stable anchoring of single rhodium atoms by indium in zeolite alkane dehydrogenation catalysts
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Lei Zeng, Kang Cheng, Fanfei Sun, Qiyuan Fan, Laiyang Li, Qinghong Zhang, Yao Wei, Wei Zhou, Jincan Kang, Qiuyue Zhang, Mingshu Chen, Qiunan Liu, Liqiang Zhang, Jianyu Huang, Jun Cheng, Zheng Jiang, Gang Fu, Ye Wang

    Maintaining the stability of single-atom catalysts in high-temperature reactions remains extremely challenging because of the migration of metal atoms under these conditions. We present a strategy for designing stable single-atom catalysts by harnessing a second metal to anchor the noble metal atom inside zeolite channels. A single-atom rhodium-indium cluster catalyst is formed inside zeolite silicalite-1

  •   SynGAP regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition independently of its catalytic activity
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Yoichi Araki, Kacey E. Rajkovich, Elizabeth E. Gerber, Timothy R. Gamache, Richard C. Johnson, Thanh Hai N. Tran, Bian Liu, Qianwen Zhu, Ingie Hong, Alfredo Kirkwood, Richard Huganir

    SynGAP is an abundant synaptic GTPase-activating protein (GAP) critical for synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and cognition. Mutations in SYNGAP1 in humans result in intellectual disability, autistic-like behaviors, and epilepsy. Heterozygous Syngap1 -knockout mice display deficits in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory and exhibit seizures. It is unclear whether SynGAP imparts structural

  •   Variance sum rule for entropy production
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    I. Di Terlizzi, M. Gironella, D. Herraez-Aguilar, T. Betz, F. Monroy, M. Baiesi, F. Ritort

    Entropy production is the hallmark of nonequilibrium physics, quantifying irreversibility, dissipation, and the efficiency of energy transduction processes. Despite many efforts, its measurement at the nanoscale remains challenging. We introduce a variance sum rule (VSR) for displacement and force variances that permits us to measure the entropy production rate σ in nonequilibrium steady states. We

  •   Beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit: Exploring new frontiers in solar energy harvest
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Young Hee Lee

    The Sun, the primary source of light and energy on Earth, emits a vast spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that includes not just visible light but extends to radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and γ-rays. This broad spectrum, with its peak in the visible range, illuminates the planet with an average power density of 0.1 W/cm 2 upon reaching the Earth's surface, playing a crucial role in

  •   Stop arguing and cut emissions
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    M. Granger Morgan, Jay Apt

    The expert and policy communities have invested enormous effort in debating what greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions target to aim for, or which decarbonization policies and technologies should be mandated or banned. Because multiple trajectories can achieve similar targets and timelines, some scenario analysis is useful. However, with many players involved, it will be impossible to remain on anyone’s optimal

  •   Aminative Suzuki–Miyaura coupling
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-29
    Polpum Onnuch, Kranthikumar Ramagonolla, Richard Y. Liu

    The Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig coupling reactions are widely used to form carbon-carbon (C–C) and carbon-nitrogen (C–N) bonds, respectively. We report the incorporation of a formal nitrene insertion process into the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, altering the products from C–C–linked biaryls to C–N–C–linked diaryl amines and thereby joining the Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig coupling pathways

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