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Hobbes on Wealth, Poverty, and Economic Inequality Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2021-03-10 David Lay Williams
While Thomas Hobbes is not typically cited as a philosopher concerned with economic inequality, there is a great deal of evidence in his writings to suggest that he was aware of inequality and worried about its effects on the commonwealth. This essay first contextualizes Hobbes in the development of the 17th-century English political economy to understand the mercantilist milieu that might have shaped
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Hobbes on Property: Between Legal Certainty and Sovereign Discretion Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2021-03-15 Laurens van Apeldoorn
Hobbes treats individual property as regulated by stable law, yet dependent on the arbitrary will of the sovereign. In this paper I catalogue the different definitions of property present in his main political and legal works – The Elements of Law (1640), De Cive (1642, 2nd ed. 1647), Leviathan (1651) and A Dialogue between a philosopher and a student (1681) – with the aim of showing how he attempted
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Hobbes’s Strategy of Convergence Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2020-11-11 Alison McQueen
In his political works, Thomas Hobbes proliferates arguments and overdetermines his conclusions. This article hypothesizes that at least some of this overdetermination was intentional. It was part of a “convergent strategy” meant to appeal to a broad, diverse, and unknown audience. The article draws on Leviathan to offer evidence for this hypothesis.
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The Sleeping Subject: On the Use and Abuse of Imagination in Hobbes’s Leviathan Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2020-11-11 Avshalom M. Schwartz
This paper offers a novel interpretation of the political implications of Hobbes’s theory of imagination and his solution to the threat posed by the imagination to political stability. While recent work has correctly identified the problem the imagination poses for Hobbes, it has underestimated the severity of the problem and, accordingly, has underestimated the length to which the Hobbesian sovereign
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By Force or Wiles: Women in the Hobbesian Hunt for Allies and Authority Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2020-03-18 S.A. Lloyd
The article investigates whether Hobbes’s political theory gives us reason to expect the systematic subordination of women. It argues that who dominates whom is a matter of victory in the quest to pull allies into ordered alliances. The primary means of gaining allies—force and wiles—depend on both skill-fitness and affective fitness. The analyses suggest that it is sex-linked and gender-linked differences
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Hobbes on Sexual Morality Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2020-03-18 Susanne Sreedhar
Despite the vast amount of scholarship on Hobbes’s philosophy, his writings on sexuality have gone largely unexplored. This paper offers an interpretation of Hobbes’s writing on that topic. I argue that if we pay attention to his remarks on sexuality, we can retrieve a coherent account of sexual morality, one that takes a strong stance against doctrines of natural sexual morality, replacing them with
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How Far Can a “Radical” Philosopher Go? Thomas Hobbes’s Paradox of Gender Relations, and One Possible Solution Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2020-03-18 Gianni Paganini
This article challenges the idea that Hobbes presents a negative anthropology and shows, to the contrary, that there is a thick web of social relations in his state of nature and laws of nature. It considers the contradiction between human natural equality claimed by Hobbes, and female subjection that de facto characterizes most of his passages on gender relations. The key to this puzzle is found in
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Hobbes’s Practical Politics: Political, Sociological and Economistic Ways of Avoiding a State of Nature Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-11-11 Adrian Blau
This paper offers a systematic analysis of Hobbes’s practical political thought. Hobbes’s abstract philosophy is rightly celebrated, but he also gave much practical advice on how to avoid disorder. Yet he is typically interpreted too narrowly in this respect, especially by those who only read him economistically. Other scholars supplement this economistic focus with sociological or political interpretations
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Hobbes on the Signification of Evaluative Language Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-10-04 Stewart Duncan
Hobbes, in both the Elements of Law and Leviathan, argues that a wide variety of terms – including ‘good’, ‘bad’, and the names of virtues and vices – have a double and inconstant signification. This paper explores and explains that theory of Hobbes’s. (Two other interpretations are discussed: Pettit’s discussion in terms of indexicals, and Alexandra’s in terms of sense and reference.) This inconstancy
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Hobbes’s Reply to the Fool and the Prudence of Self-Binding Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-10-04 Frank Lovett
Few passages in Hobbes’s writings have generated as much critical interest as the notorious reply to the fool – one who believes it is reasonable to renege on our promises whenever it is advantageous for us to do so. In his reply, Hobbes appears to argue that it is never reasonable to renege on our promises because doing so is never in our prudential interest. The problem is not only that this reply
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Hobbes, the “Natural Seeds” of Religion and French Libertine Discourse Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-10-04 Gianni Paganini
Hobbes surely spent the ten years (1641–1651) of greatest significance for his philosophical career on the Continent, in France, above all, in Paris. It was during this period that he published De cive; wrote the De motu, loco et tempore; produced a draft of the entire Leviathan as well as most of De corpore. His complicated relationship with Descartes has been studied closely, and Mersenne’s role
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Hobbesian Sovereignty and the Rights of Subjects: Absolutism Undermined? Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-10-04 Eleanor Curran
Hobbes, in his political writing, is generally understood to be arguing for absolutism. I argue that despite apparently supporting absolutism, Hobbes, in Leviathan, also undermines that absolutism in at least two and possibly three ways. First, he makes sovereignty conditional upon the sovereign’s ability to ensure the safety of the people. Second and crucially, he argues that subjects have inalienable
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Natural Justice, Law, and Virtue in Hobbes’s Leviathan Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-10-04 J. Matthew Hoye
Scholars debate whether Hobbes held to a command theory of law or to a natural law theory, and to what extent they are compatible. Curiously, however, Hobbes summarizes his own teachings by claiming that it is “natural justice” that sovereigns should study, an idea that recalls ancient virtue ethics and which is seemingly incompatible with both command and natural law theory. The purpose of this article
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Hobbes, Kant, and the Universal ‘right to all things’, or Why We Have to Leave the State of Nature Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-03-19 Daniel Eggers
This paper discusses the juridical interpretation of Hobbes’s state of nature argument, which has been defended by commentators such as Georg Geismann, Dieter Hüning or Peter Schröder. According to the juridical interpretation, the primary reason why the Hobbesian state of nature needs to be abandoned is not that everybody’s self-preservation is constantly threatened. It is that, due to the universal
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The Problem of Sovereignty: Reading Hobbes through the Eyes of Hannah Arendt Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-03-19 Edgar Straehle
In this paper I examine how Hobbes’ philosophy can be read from an Arendtian perspective. I argue that Arendt provided two different interpretations of Hobbes: one set down in The Origins of Totalitarianism, where Hobbes is depicted as the spokesman of the emerging bourgeoisie; and another that she developed later, scattered among various texts such as The Human Condition and Between Past and Future
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Recent Trends in German Hobbes Scholarship Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-03-19 Dirk Brantl
This review traces recent developments in German Hobbes scholarship. Relevant publications are discussed along three major fields of inquiry: Hobbes and Liberalism, Hobbes on Politics and Religions, and Hobbes on the Passions, Politics, and Education.
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The Reception of Hobbes in Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Pufendorf, Christian Thomasius, and Hegel Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-03-19 Nathaniel Boyd
This article analyses how the reception of Hobbes in Germany in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was determined within the context of the Holy Roman Empire. It argues that it is precisely this context that forms the peculiarities of the Hobbes reception in Pufendorf, Thomasius, and Hegel. It thereby offers a new way of viewing the development of the particular political theories of these three
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Subject and Subjectivity in Hobbes and Leibniz: Cosmology and Artifice Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2019-03-19 Celi Hirata
This paper seeks to examine two moments of the subject’s identification with substance in modernity, namely, the body in Hobbesian philosophy and the individual substance in Leibnizian thought. In Hobbes, to be a subject signifies to be subjected (to imaginary space, to the movements transmitted by means of shock, as well as to the sovereign), so that the body-substance is characterized by not having
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“Philosophy, Therefore, Is within Yourself”: The Rational Potential in Hobbes’s Theory Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2018-10-20 Elad Carmel
The connection that Hobbes makes between reason, method, and science renders reason a faculty that is not only natural but also acquired and even somewhat exclusive. This idea might pose a serious problem to Hobbes’s political theory, as it relies heavily on the successful use of reason. This problem is demonstrated in Hobbes’s account of the laws of nature, for which some equality in human reason
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Hobbes on the Artificiality of (His Own) Authority Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2018-10-20 Evan Oxman
Despite advocating for the necessity of absolutism, Hobbes is adamant that authority can only properly be derived from an act of human artifice and consent. But if the institution of sovereignty is subject to genuine choice, how can it be necessarily absolutist? I argue that one way of resolving this apparent dilemma is to focus on how Hobbes constructs and defends his own claim to authority in the
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‘A State of Lesser Hope’: The Servant in Hobbes’s Natural Common-Wealth Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2018-10-20 Caleb R. Miller
Though Hobbes consistently differentiates between the ‘subject’ and ‘servant’ across Elements of Law, On the Citizen, and Leviathan, we currently lack an exhaustive account of the Hobbesian servant. In this paper, I argue that the distinction would have profound consequences for one’s disposition toward both the commonwealth and the community at large. Because the servant joins under the immediate
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Against Scarecrows and Half-Baked Christians: Thomas Hobbes on Spiritual Possession and (Civil) Exorcism Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2018-10-20 Ismael del Olmo
The aim of this paper is to trace Thomas Hobbes’s arguments for the rejection of spiritual possession in Leviathan (1651). Several layers of Hobbes’s thought converge in this subject: his suggestion regarding the sovereign’s right to control religious doctrine; his mechanistic critique of incorporeal substances; his tirade against demonology and Pagan philosophy; his ideas about fear and the natural
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RE-Imagi(n)ing Leviathan Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2018-03-23 Mónica Brito Vieira
Over the years great care has been lavished by scholars of Hobbes on decoding the image produced for Leviathan by Abraham Bosse with the creative input of Thomas Hobbes. This article focusses instead on the reception and remaking of this image, arguably the most iconic image in the statist imaginary. Attention turns here, in particular, to two contemporary artworks, Do Ho Suh’s Some/One (2005) and
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What is the Leviathan? Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2018-03-23 Paul Sagar
The aim of this article is to explore some of what Hobbes says in Leviathan about what the Leviathan is. I propose that Hobbes is not finally clear on this score. Nonetheless, such indeterminacy might be revealing, insofar as it points us in different directions regarding how the state can be conceptualized, and what it is thought able to do. The paper is thus deliberately open ended: it does not aim
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Hobbes and the Hardwick Digests Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2018-03-23 Timothy Raylor
Three student digests of uncertain origin have been identified among the Hobbes manuscripts now at Chatsworth. This article describes the physical composition and contents of the manuscripts, identifies their textual sources, adds two previously unnoticed digests to the gathering, and offers some suggestions about their character, likely dates, and provenance.
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Representation and the Person of the State Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2018-03-23 Philippe Crignon
According to Hobbes, a commonwealth can only occur when the natural multitude of men are made one thanks to a covenantal device. The artificial unity of the political community can be seen as strengthened by the use of concepts that reflect some natural unity, such as “body” or “person”. Both notions can indeed be found in Hobbes’s political treatises, but the degree of importance attached to them
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Authorisation and Representation before Leviathan Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2018-03-23 Robin Douglass
In this article, I show that Hobbes’s account of the generation of the commonwealth in both The Elements of Law and De Cive relies on ideas that he would come to theorise in terms of authorisation and representation in Leviathan . In this respect, I argue that the Leviathan account is better understood as filling in gaps and resolving equivocations in Hobbes’s theory, rather than marking a decisive
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The Books of Tho. Hobbes Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-10-06 Peter Auger
There are four books that have been advertised in sales catalogues as possessing the inscription ‘Tho. Hobbes’ and having once been owned by Thomas Hobbes. But how confident can we be that they belonged to the famous philosopher? This research note gathers evidence for assessing whether or not this quartet of books were once in the possession of Hobbes of Malmesbury, with particular attention given
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“That Giant Monster Call’d a Multitude” Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-10-06 Jacob Tootalian
Scholarship on Leviathan has not fully explored the distinctive pattern of language that Hobbes used to invoke the central conceit of the treatise—“that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMONWEALTH.” This note highlights an earlier instance of that rare linguistic construction, one that presented a similar image of political monstrosity several years before Hobbes’s metaphor was published. Verses in Honour
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Duty Without Obligation Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-10-06 S.A. Lloyd
There is ongoing scholarly debate over the role that Hobbes’s laws of nature play in grounding the moral requirement that subjects obey the government under which they live. This essay demonstrates how the laws of nature, when understood as natural duties, may directly ground a moral duty to obey one’s sovereign without positing that subjects have undertaken any covenant of subjection. Such a grounding
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The Problem of the Unity of the Representative Assembly in Hobbes’s Leviathan Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-10-06 Douglas C. Wadle
In Leviathan, Hobbes embraces three seemingly inconsistent claims: (1) the unity of a multitude is secured only by the unity of its representer, (2) assemblies can represent other multitudes, and (3) assemblies are, or are constituted by, multitudes. Together these claims require that a representative assembly, itself, be represented. If that representer is another assembly, it too will need a unifying
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Conditioned to Believe: Hobbes on Religion, Education, and Social Context Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-10-06 Alissa MacMillan
Using the example of ghosts and religion, this paper argues for the importance of social context and background operative in Hobbes’s account of social life and, in particular, the role of environment, education, and language in explaining much of what we think we know, and much of what we believe. The paper looks to aspects of Hobbes’s epistemology and his account of belief, to make the case that
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‘I Professed to Write Not All to All’ Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-10-06 Eva Helene Odzuck
While there are old questions in research on Hobbes regarding which audience he addressed in each of his different works – e.g. there are speculations that De Cive is addressed to scientists and Leviathan to the English people – another question has rarely been discussed and only recently reconsidered: Might Hobbes have addressed different audiences also within one and the same text, and if so, might
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Hobbes’s De Corpore on Modalities and Its Contemporary Critiques Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-03-13 Martine Pécharman
Hobbes considered as unambiguous and unproblematic his demonstration in De Corpore that every effect past, present or future is necessary, since it always requires a sufficient cause that cannot be sufficient without being necessary, so that nothing is possible which will not be actual at some time. Now, this approach to necessity and possibility was received by his contemporary readers as missing
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Natural Philosophy, Deduction, and Geometry in the Hobbes-Boyle Debate Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-03-13 Marcus P. Adams
This paper examines Hobbes’s criticisms of Robert Boyle’s air-pump experiments in light of Hobbes’s account in De Corpore and De Homine of the relationship of natural philosophy to geometry. I argue that Hobbes’s criticisms rely upon his understanding of what counts as “true physics.” Instead of seeing Hobbes as defending natural philosophy as “a causal enterprise … [that] as such, secured total and
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Hobbes on the Ratios of Motions and Magnitudes Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-03-13 Douglas Jesseph
Hobbes intended and expected De Corpore to secure his place among the foremost mathematicians of his era. This is evident from the content of Part III of the work, which contains putative solutions to the most eagerly sought mathematical results of the seventeenth century. It is well known that Hobbes failed abysmally in his attempts to solve problems of this sort, but it is not generally understood
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An Early European Critic of Hobbes’s De Corpore Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2017-03-13 Stephen Clucas
The Animadversiones in Elementorum Philosophiae by a little known Flemish scholar G. Moranus, published in Brussels in 1655 was an early European response to Hobbes’s De corpore. Although it is has been referred to by various Hobbes scholars, such as Noel Malcolm, Doug Jesseph, and Alexander Bird it has been little studied. Previous scholarship has tended to focus on the mathematical criticisms of
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Hobbes on Felicity Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2016-10-25 James J. Hamilton
Thomas Hobbes’s concept of felicity is a re-imagining of the Hellenistic concept of eudaimonia , which is based on the doctrine that people by nature are happy with little. His concept is based instead on an alternative view, that people by nature are never satisfied and it directly challenges the Aristotelian and Hellenistic concepts of eudaimonia . I also will suggest that Hobbes developed it from
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The Place of Interests in Hobbes’s Civil Science Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2016-10-25 Elliott Karstadt
Many scholars argue that Hobbes’s political ideas do not significantly develop between The Elements of Law (1640) and Leviathan (1651). This article seeks to challenge that assumption by studying the way in which Hobbes’s deployment of the vocabulary of ‘interest’ develops over the course of the 1640s. The article begins by showing that the vocabulary is newly important in Leviathan , before attempting
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The Authority Dilemma Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2016-10-25 Marcus Schultz-Bergin
Thomas Hobbes’s attempt to resolve the problem of commanded blasphemy in Leviathan results in a dilemma for his theory. According to what I call the Authority Dilemma , Hobbes is simultaneously committed to subjects being the authors of all that the sovereign does and commands as well as to the sovereign being the sole author of commanded blasphemy, meaning the subjects are not the authors of that
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Optics, Simple Circular Motion and Conatus Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2016-04-25 Agostino Lupoli
This issue materialises an idea of Martin Bertman, the late founder of Hobbes Studies, and I am very happy to have brought to fruition his project of devoting a special issue of the review to topics related to Hobbes’s natural philosophy. The four essays collected here show that a lot of water has passed under the bridge since Frithiof Brandt’s Thomas Hobbes’ Mechanical Conception of Nature and that
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Hobbes’s Geometrical Optics Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2016-04-25 José Médina
Since Euclid, optics has been considered a geometrical science, which Aristotle defines as a “mixed” mathematical science. Hobbes follows this tradition and clearly places optics among physical sciences. However, modern scholars point to a confusion between geometry and physics and do not seem to agree about the way Hobbes mixes both sciences. In this paper, I return to this alleged confusion and intend
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Hobbes, Galileo, and the Physics of Simple Circular Motions Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2016-04-25 John Henry
Hobbes tried to develop a strict version of the mechanical philosophy, in which all physical phenomena were explained only in terms of bodies in motion, and the only forces allowed were forces of collision or impact. This ambition puts Hobbes into a select group of original thinkers, alongside Galileo, Isaac Beeckman, and Descartes. No other early modern thinkers developed a strict version of the mechanical
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Optics in Hobbes’s Natural Philosophy Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2016-04-25 Franco Giudice
The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the place that Hobbes assigns to optics in the context of his classification of sciences and disciplinary boundaries. To do this, I will begin with an account of Hobbes’s conception of philosophy or science, and particularly his distinction between true and hypothetical knowledge. I will also show that in his demarcation between mathematics or geometry
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Hobbes on ‘Conatus’: A Study in the Foundations of Hobbesian Philosophy Hobbes Studies Pub Date : 2016-04-25 Douglas Jesseph
This paper will deal with the notion of conatus (endeavor) and the role it plays in Hobbes’s program for natural philosophy. As defined by Hobbes, the conatus of a body is essentially its instantaneous motion, and he sees this as the means to account for a variety of phenomena in both natural philosophy and mathematics. Although I foucs principally on Hobbesian physics, I will also consider the extent