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Can a Question Be a Lie? An Empirical Investigation Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Emanuel Viebahn,Alexander Wiegmann,Neele Engelmann,Pascale Willemsen
In several recent papers and a monograph, Andreas Stokke argues that questions can be misleading, but that they cannot be lies. The aim of this paper is to show that ordinary speakers disagree. We show that ordinary speakers judge certain kinds of insincere questions to be lies, namely questions carrying a believed false presupposition the speaker intends to convey. These judgements are robust and
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The Epistemic Role of Outlaw Emotions Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Laura Silva
Outlaw emotions are emotions that stand in tension with one’s wider belief system, often allowing epistemic insight one may have otherwise lacked. Outlaw emotions are thought to play crucial epistemic roles under conditions of oppression. Although the crucial epistemic value of these emotions is widely acknowledged, specific accounts of their epistemic role(s) remain largely programmatic. There are
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Possessing Love’s Reasons: Or Why a Rationalist Lover Can Have a Normal Romantic Life Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Ting Cho Lau
The rationalist lover accepts that whom she ought to love is whom she has most reason to love. She also accepts that the qualities of a person are reasons to love them. This seems to suggest that if the rationalist lover encounters someone with better qualities than her beloved, then she is rationally required to trade up. In this paper, I argue that this need not be the case and the rationalist lover
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Division, Syllogistic, and Science in Prior Analytics I.31 Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Justin Vlasits
In the first book of the Prior Analytics, Aristotle sets out, for the first time in Greek philosophy, a logical system. After this, Aristotle compares this method with Plato’s method of division, a procedure designed to find essences of natural kinds through systematic classification. This critical comparison in APr I.31 raises an interpretive puzzle: how can Aristotle reasonably juxtapose two methods
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Misleading Higher-Order Evidence, Conflicting Ideals, and Defeasible Logic Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Aleks Knoks
Thinking about misleading higher-order evidence naturally leads to a puzzle about epistemic rationality: If one’s total evidence can be radically misleading regarding itself, then two widely-accepted requirements of rationality come into conflict, suggesting that there are rational dilemmas. This paper focuses on an often misunderstood and underexplored response to this (and similar) puzzles, the so-called
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Why Critical Social Ontologists Shouldn’t Be Univocalists Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Joshua Lee Harris
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Do Implicit Racial Biases Have Significant Discriminatory Effects? Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Timothy Fuller
This article investigates whether implicit racial biases have significant discriminatory effects. To this end, it evaluates meta-analyses of studies on measures of implicit bias and behavioral effects to which they are correlated. On balance, I maintain, the best interpretation of these meta-analyses and relevant surrounding research supports the conclusion that implicit racial biases are significantly
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Contextualism and the Semantics of "Woman" Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Hsiang-Yun Chen
Contextualist accounts of “woman,” including Saul (2012), Diaz-Leon (2016), and Ichikawa (2020), aim to capture the variability of the meaning of the term, and do justice to the rights of trans women. I argue that (i) there is an internal tension between a contextualist stance and the commitment to trans-inclusive language, and that (ii) we should recognize and tackle the broader and deeper theoretical
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Visual Experiences without Presentational Phenomenology Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Kengo Miyazono
A number of philosophers claim that visual experiences have a peculiar phenomenal character that is “presentational”. According to what I call the “Visual Presentationality Thesis”, this peculiar phenomenal character, presentational phenomenology, is not merely a contingent feature but is a necessary feature of visual experiences. Necessarily, visual experiences have presentational phenomenology. The
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Are We Playing a Moral Lottery? Moral Disagreement from a Metasemantic Perspective Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Sinan Dogramaci
If someone disagrees with my moral views, or more generally if I’m in a group of n people who all disagree with each other, but I don’t have any special evidence or basis for my epistemic superiority, then it’s at best a 1-in-n chance that my views are correct. The skeptical threat from disagreement is thus a kind of moral lottery, to adapt a similar metaphor from Sharon Street. Her own genealogical
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Restriction without Quantification: Embedding and Probability for Indicative Conditionals Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Ivano Ciardelli
Many modern theories of indicative conditionals treat them as restricted epistemic necessity modals. This view, however, faces two problems. First, indicative conditionals do not behave like necessity modals in embedded contexts, e.g., under ‘might’ and ‘probably’: in these contexts, conditionals do not contribute a universal quantification over epistemic possibilities. Second, when we assess the probability
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Making Reflective Equlibrium Precise: A Formal Model Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Claus Beisbart,Gregor Betz,Georg Brun
Reflective equilibrium (RE) is often regarded as a powerful method in ethics, logic, and even philosophy in general. Despite this popularity, characterizations of the method have been fairly vague and unspecific so far. It thus may be doubted whether RE is more than a jumble of appealing but ultimately sketchy ideas that cannot be spelled out consistently. In this paper, we dispel such doubts by devising
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The Aesthetic Engagement Theory of Art Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Patrick Grafton-Cardwell
I introduce and explicate a new functionalist account of art, namely that something is an artwork iff the fulfillment of its function by a subject requires that the subject aesthetically engage it. This is the Aesthetic Engagement Theory of art. I show how the Aesthetic Engagement Theory outperforms salient rival theories in terms of extensional adequacy, non-arbitrariness, and ability to account for
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Reflections on Meaning and Immortality Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Benjamin Mitchell-Yellin
This article revisits Bernard Williams’s influential argument that an immortal human life would be meaningless and argues for a shift in focus. There’s good reason to keep Williams’s framework for evaluating the prospects of meaning in continued life. But there’s also good reason to abandon the conception of human psychology that he, and most of the vast literature in response, uses to fill in that
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Representation and Copying in Hume’s Treatise and Later Works Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Jonathan Cottrell
Some of Hume’s central arguments in the Treatise—for example, arguments about causality, the self, and motivation—concern which of our perceptions represent, and what these perceptions can and cannot represent. A growing body of literature aims to reconstruct the theory of mental representation that (it is presumed) underwrites these arguments. The most popular type of interpretation says that, according
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On Euclid and the Genealogy of Proof Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 Kevin Davey
I argue for an interpretation of Euclid’s postulates as principles grounding the science of measurement. Euclid’s Elements can then be viewed as an application of these basic principles of measurement to what I call general measurements—that is, metric comparisons between objects that are only partially specified. As a consequence, rather than being viewed as a tool for the production of certainty
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Trust and Sincerity in Art Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-13 C. Thi Nguyen
Our life with art is suffused with trust. We don’t just trust one another’s aesthetic testimony; we trust one another’s aesthetic actions. Audiences trust artists to have made it worth their while; artists trust audiences to put in the effort. Without trust, audiences would have little reason to put in the effort to understand difficult and unfamiliar art. I offer a theory of aesthetic trust, which
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The Discreteness of Matter: Leibniz on Plurality and Part-Whole Priority Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Adam Harmer
Leibniz argues against Descartes’s conception of material substance based on considerations of unity. I examine a key premise of Leibniz’s argument, what I call the Plurality Thesis—the claim that matter (i.e., extension alone) is a plurality of parts. More specifically, I engage an objection to the Plurality Thesis stemming from what I call Material Monism—the claim that the physical world is a single
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Civil Disobedience, Costly Signals, and Leveraging Injustice Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Ten-Herng Lai
Civil disobedience, despite its illegal nature, can sometimes be justified vis-à-vis the duty to obey the law, and, arguably, is thereby not liable to legal punishment. However, adhering to the demands of justice and refraining from punishing justified civil disobedience may lead to a highly problematic theoretical consequence: the debilitation of civil disobedience. This is because, according to the
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Representation, Deflationism, and the Question of Realism Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Camil Golub
How can we distinguish between quasi-realist expressivism and normative realism? The most promising answer to this question is the “explanation” explanation proposed by Dreier (2004), Simpson (2018), and others: the two views might agree in their claims about truth and objectivity, or even in their attributions of semantic content to normative sentences, but they disagree about how to explain normative
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The Axiology of Abortion: Should We Hope Pro-Choicers or Pro-Lifers are Right? Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Perry Hendricks
The ethics of abortion considers whether abortion is immoral. Pro-choice philosophers think that it is not immoral, while pro-life philosophers think that it is. The axiology of abortion considers whether world would be better if the pro-choice or pro-life position is right. While much attention has been given to the ethics of abortion, there has been no attention given to the axiology of abortion
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Bad News for Ardent Normative Realists? Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Laura Schroeter,François Schroeter
According to Ardent Normative Realists, reality favors certain ways of valuing and acting. Matti Eklund has recently argued that Ardent Normative Realists are committed to Referential Normativity, i.e., the thesis that the action-guiding and motivational roles associated with normative predicates determine their reference. In this paper, we argue that Referential Normativity should be rejected.
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Folk Psychology and the Interpretation of Decision Theory Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Johanna Thoma
Most philosophical decision theorists and philosophers of the social sciences believe that decision theory is and should be in the business of providing folk psychological explanations of choice behaviour, and that it can only do so if we understand the preferences, utilities and probabilities that feature in decision-theoretic models as ascriptions of mental states not reducible to choice. The behavioural
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Formalizing Reasons, Oughts, and Requirements Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Robert Mullins
Reasons-based accounts of our normative conclusions face difficulties in distinguishing between what ought to be done and what is required. This article addresses this problem from a formal perspective. I introduce a rudimentary formalization of a reasons-based account and demonstrate that that the model faces difficulties in accounting for the distinction between oughts and requirements. I briefly
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The Humors in Hume's Skepticism Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Charles Goldhaber
In the conclusion to the first book of the Treatise, Hume’s skeptical reflections have plunged him into melancholy. He then proceeds through a complex series of stages, resulting in renewed interest in philosophy. Interpreters have struggled to explain the connection between the stages. I argue that Hume’s repeated invocation of the four humors of ancient and medieval medicine explains the succession
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Image and Indeterminacy in Heidegger’s Schematism Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Clive Cazeaux
This paper focuses on the work to which the concept of image is put by Heidegger in his retrieval of the schematism in Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. Whereas the schematic role of the image is never fully developed by Kant, Heidegger pays it much more attention, investing it with properties that have the potential to make the schema an active component in his own ontology. However, the motifs
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‘Half Victim, Half Accomplice’: Cat Person and Narcissism Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Filipa Melo Lopes
In December 2017, Kristen Roupenian’s short story, Cat Person, went viral. Published at the height of the #MeToo movement, it depicted a ‘toxic date’ and a disturbing sexual encounter between Margot, a college student, and Robert, an older man she meets at work. The story was widely viewed as a relatable denunciation of women’s powerlessness and routine victimization. In this paper, I push against
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Chisholm’s Paradox Revisited: Puzzles regarding Contrary-to-Duty Obligations and a Dynamic Solution Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Yuna Won
A contrary-to-duty obligation (CTD obligation) is a type of conditional obligation that tells us what to do when a primary duty is violated. Chisholm’s Paradox is one of the most famous deontic puzzles about CTD obligations. It is widely believed that Chisholm’s Paradox does not arise for ordering semantics, today’s orthodox semantics for modals and conditionals. In this paper, I propose a new puzzle
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Nietzsche’s Genealogical Critique of Morality & the Historical Zarathustra Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Patrick Hassan
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Higher-Order Defeat and Withholding Judgment Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Earl Conee
Defeat by higher-order evidence needs defending. Maria Lasonen-Aarnio argues powerfully for the conclusion that higher-order evidence does not have an unlimited capacity to defeat justification. While developing her main argument Lasonen-Aarnio poses two other problems for unlimited higher-order defeat. Some theories of higher-order defeat are not subject to the main argument. The other problems threaten
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What Use Are Real-World Cases for Philosophers? Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Katherine Furman
In this paper I provide a defence of real-world cases as a legitimate part of the philosopher’s toolkit, in addition to the austere thought experiments and fictional cases that are more commonly used. I argue that thought experiments are effective because they streamline out extraneous details that might distract the philosopher from the principle under investigation. But in doing so they run the risk
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Arrangement and Timing: Photography, Causation and Anti-Empiricist Aesthetics Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Dan Cavedon-Taylor,Dan Cavedon-Taylor
According to the causal theory of photography (CTP), photographs acquire their depictive content from the world, whereas handmade pictures acquire their depictive content from their makers’ intentional states about the world. CTP suffers from what I call the Problem of the Missing Agent: it seemingly leaves no room for the photographer to occupy a causal role in the production of their pictures and
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A Paleo-Criticism of Modes of Being: Brentano and Marty against Bolzano, Husserl, and Meinong Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Hamid Taieb
Brentanians defend the view that there are distinct types of object, but that this does not entail the admission of different modes of being. The most general distinction among objects is the one between realia, which are causally efficacious, and irrealia, which are causally inert. As for being, which is equated with existence, it is understood in terms of “correct acknowledgeability.” This view was
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Testimonial Injustice and Mutual Recognition Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Lindsay Crawford
Much of the recent work on the nature of testimonial injustice holds that a hearer who fails to accord sufficient credibility to a speaker’s testimony, owing to identity prejudice, can thereby wrong that speaker. What is it to wrong someone in this way? This paper offers an account of the wrong at the heart of testimonial injustice that locates it in a failure of interpersonal justifiability. On the
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Moral Worth and Consciousness: In Defense of a Value-Secured Reliability Theory Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-03 John W. Robison
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Leibniz’s Lost Argument Against Causal Interaction Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-03 Tobias Flattery
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Kant on Inner Sensations and the Parity between Inner and Outer Sense Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-03 Yibin Liang
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Actual Issues for Relevant Logics Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-03 Shawn Standefer
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Motor Imagery and Action Execution Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-05-19 Bence Nanay
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Locke on Space, Time and God Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-03-10 Geoffrey Gorham
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The Creeps as a Moral Emotion Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-03-10 Jeremy Fischer, Rachel Fredericks
Creepiness and the emotion of the creeps have been overlooked in the moral philosophy and moral psychology literatures. We argue that the creeps is a morally significant emotion in its own right, and not simply a type of fear, disgust, or anger (though it shares features with those emotions). Reflecting on cases, we defend a novel account of the creeps as felt in response to creepy people. According
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On the Transcendental Freedom of the Intellect Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-01-21 Colin McLear
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Deliberative Authority and Representational Determinacy: A Challenge for the Normative Realist Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-01-21 Tristram McPherson
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Intersectionality as a Regulative Ideal Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-01-21 Katherine Gasdaglis,Alex Madva
What is the intersectional thesis a thesis about? Some understand it as a claim about the metaphysics of oppression, social kinds, or experience; about the limits of antidiscrimination law or identity politics; or about the importance of fuzzy sets and multifactor analysis in social science. We argue, however, that intersectionality, interpreted as a thesis in any particular theoretical domain, faces
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What Is an Action? Peter Auriol vs. Thomas Aquinas on the Metaphysics of Causality Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-01-21 Gloria Frost
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Aristotle on Divine and Human Contemplation Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-01-21 Bryan Reece
Aristotle’s theory of human happiness in the Nicomachean Ethics explicitly depends on the claim that contemplation (theôria) is peculiar to human beings, whether it is our function or only part of it. But there is a notorious problem: Aristotle says that divine beings also contemplate. Various solutions have been proposed, but each has difficulties. Drawing on an analysis of what divine contemplation
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Imagination and Perception in Film Experience Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-01-21 Enrico Terrone
Reporting one’s experience of the film Alien, one might say that one saw Warrant Officer Ellen Ripley fighting the monster, but one might also say that one imagined Ripley fighting the monster. This paper aims to figure out the experience that the verbs “to see” and “to imagine” aim to characterize in such reports. For this purpose, I first introduce four requirements for an account of film experience
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Aristotle on the Purity of Forms in Metaphysics Z.10–11 Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-01-21 Samuel Meister
Aristotle analyses a large range of objects as composites of matter and form. But how exactly should we understand the relation between the matter and form of a composite? Some commentators have argued that forms themselves are somehow material, that is, forms are impure. Others have denied that claim and argued for the purity of forms. In this paper, I develop a new purist interpretation of Metaphysics
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Nudge, nudge, wink, wink: Nudging is giving reasons. Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Neil Levy
Nudges are, roughly, ways of tweaking the context in which agents choose in order to bring them to make choices that are in their own interests. Nudges are controversial: opponents argue that because they bypass our reasoning processes, they threaten our autonomy. Proponents respond that nudging, and therefore this bypassing, is inevitable and pervasive: if we do not nudge ourselves in our own interests
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The Sunk Cost "Fallacy" Is Not a Fallacy Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 Ryan Doody
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Anscombe on Practical Knowledge and the Good Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 Jennifer A. Frey
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Imagination and the Distinction between Image and Intuition in Kant Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 R. Brian Tracz
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Gun Control, the Right to Self-Defense, and Reasonable Beneficence to All Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 Dustin Crummett,Philip Swenson
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Group Knowledge, Questions, and the Division of Epistemic Labour Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 Joshua Habgood-Coote
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A Reasonable Little Question: A Formulation of the Fine-Tuning Argument Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 Luke A. Barnes
A new formulation of the Fine-Tuning Argument (FTA) for the existence of God is offered, which avoids a number of commonly raised objections. I argue that we can and should focus on the fundamental constants and initial conditions of the universe, and show how physics itself provides the probabilities that are needed by the argument. I explain how this formulation avoids a number of common objections
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The Past Tense View of Counterfactuals Revisited Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 Moritz Schulz
What is the best way of classifying different types of conditionals? According to what has become the traditional view, there is a substantive semantic difference between indicative conditionals and counterfactuals. Against this, it has been objected, primarily on grammatical grounds, that counterfactuals are merely past tense forms of indicative conditionals, expressing at a later time what the corresponding
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De Se Exceptionalism and Frege Puzzles Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 James R. Shaw
De se exceptionalism is the view, notably championed by Perry (1979) and Lewis (1979), that our characteristically ‘first-personal’ ways of thinking about ourselves present unique challenges to standard views of propositional attitudes like belief. Though the view has won many adherents, it has recently come under a barrage of deserved criticism. A key claim of detractors is that classic examples used
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Probabilistic Promotion and Ability Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 Luke Elson
We often have some reason to do actions insofar as they promote outcomes or states of affairs, such as the satisfaction of a desire. But what is it to promote an outcome? I defend a new version of 'probabilism about promotion'. According to Minimal Probabilistic Promotion, we promote some outcome when we make that outcome more likely than it would have been if we had done something (anything) else
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The Normative Challenge for Illusionist Views of Consciousness Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 Francois Kammerer
Illusionists about phenomenal consciousness claim that phenomenal consciousness does not exist but merely seems to exist. At the same time, it is quite intuitive for there to be some kind of link between phenomenality and value. For example, some situations seem good or bad in virtue of the conscious experiences they feature. Illusionist views of phenomenal consciousness then face what I call the normative
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Difference Minimizing Theory Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-10-16 Christopher J. G. Meacham
Standard decision theory has trouble handling cases involving acts without finite expected values. This paper has two aims. First, building on earlier work by Colyvan (2008), Easwaran (2014b), and Lauwers and Vallentyne (2016), it develops a proposal for dealing with such cases, Difference Minimizing Theory. Difference Minimizing Theory provides satisfactory verdicts in a broader range of cases than