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The Wisdom of ‘Modest’ Beginnings: Lord Salisbury, Arbitration, International Law and British Naval Supremacy Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Richard Brent
Lord Salisbury, according to the historiography, was notoriously sceptical of international arbitration. Yet, at the end of the nineteenth century, Salisbury’s last government entered into an arbit...
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The 1941 Merano Conference: Building a Relationship Through Military Diplomacy Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Joel Hayward, Massimiliano Fiore
On 13 and 14 February 1941, a German and Italian maritime strategy conference, led by Großadmiral Erich Raeder, C-in-C of the Kriegsmarine (German Navy), and Admiral Arturo Riccardi, his equivalent...
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An Unclaimed Arab League Victory: The Foreign Office–Led Cessation of Kuwaiti Oil to Haifa Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Suliman I. Al-Atiqi
In 1952, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and Shell were clandestinely shipping Kuwaiti oil to the Haifa refinery (owned by the same companies) to meet Israel’s growing energy needs. Later that year, ...
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The ‘US Factor’ in the Satō Administration’s Diplomacy in the Indonesia-Malaysia Conflict, 1964-1966 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Andrea Pressello
Peace efforts to resolve the Indonesia-Malaysia conflict (1963–1966) became an important agenda in Japan’s Southeast Asia policy under Prime Minister (PM) Eisaku Satō. After a cautious start, the S...
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Primitive Accumulation in the East Africa Groundnut Scheme Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Alex Sutton
This paper revisits the Groundnut Scheme, a postwar colonial development project in East Africa infamous for its catastrophic failure. It examines the plans made by British state managers and the S...
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“I Have Concluded That the US Government Will Adopt a New Focus in Its Policies Towards the Government of South Africa.” President Jimmy Carter and Apartheid South Africa Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Eddie Michel
This article examines the shift in the bilateral relationship between the United States and South Africa that occurred during the period of the Carter administration. The White House, guided primar...
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An Indefinite Alliance? Article 13 and the North Atlantic Treaty Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Jeffrey H. Michaels
This article examines the background to the provisions in the North Atlantic Treaty for the alliance’s duration and member state withdrawal (Article 13). Studies of the Treaty have generally ignore...
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Before the West: The Rise and Fall of Eastern World Orders Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Christian Kaunert, Engin Akcay
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 2, 2024)
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Peacemaking and International Order after the First World War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Andrew Ehrhardt
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 2, 2024)
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David Owen, Human Rights, and the Remaking of British Foreign Policy Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Mark Hurst
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 2, 2024)
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The Failed Coup of Belgian Diplomacy: Diplomats and Foreign Policy Making in the First World War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-05-22 Gordon Martel
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 2, 2024)
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Transnational Organizations and Canadian-American Environmental Diplomacy, 1890–1930 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Brandon Kinney
In the first decades of the twentieth century, a vast network of transnational organizations operated as spaces of collaboration and informal diplomacy that brought together private and public acto...
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Götterdämmerung Averted: Winston Churchill, Flensburg and the Unthinkable Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Matthew Gerth
This article explores the anti-Soviet undertakings of Winston Churchill and the Flensburg Reich government during the spring of 1945. It contends that British and German strategic goals closely ali...
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Halban’s ‘Diplomatic Flu’: A Case Study in Nuclear Diplomacy in World War II Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Richard J.E. Brown
This article recounts an incident in Anglo-American nuclear diplomacy during the Second World War, in which Hans Halban – a French physicist researching nuclear fission on behalf of the British gov...
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Through a Glass, Darkly: US-Italian Intelligence Cooperation, Covert Operations and the Gladio ‘Stay-Behind’ Programme Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Niccolò Petrelli
This article studies US-Italian ‘stay-behind’ cooperation between 1943 and 1976, when it was terminated, within the context of US covert anti-communist activities in Italy. The paper first provides...
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‘Geopolitics of Sympathy’: George F. Kennan and NATO Enlargement Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Kaarel Piirimäe
In the light of the dramatic escalation of the Russian war on Ukraine since February 2022, questions concerning the handling of Russia in the post-Cold War era, and the enlargement of NATO in parti...
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Diplomacy of Non-State Armed Actors: A New Reality in International Relations? Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Miroslav Plundrich
The current international system finds itself in a phase where foreign relations are shaped not only by the official governments of individual states but also by other, often diverse, actors. In pa...
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Delegated diplomacy: how ambassadors establish trust in international relations Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 G. R. Berridge
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 1, 2024)
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Tacit Alliance: Franklin Roosevelt and the Anglo-American ‘Special Relationship’ before Churchill, 1937-1939 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Christopher Catherwood
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 1, 2024)
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In the Shadow of Fear: America and the World in 1950 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Robert Barnes
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 1, 2024)
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The Atlantic Realists: Empire and International Political Thought between Germany and the United States Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Antonio Cerella
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 1, 2024)
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Worldmaking in the Long Great War: How Local and Colonial Struggles Shaped the Modern Middle East Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Jessi A. J. Gilchrist
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 1, 2024)
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To Assure and Conceal: Revisiting Secret Agreements (Mitsuyaku) in the U.S.-Japan Alliance Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Yukinori Komine
Informed by the concept of plausible deniability and newly-declassified U.S. and Japanese documents, this study explores the interconnectedness between public and private security assurances made d...
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‘A Supremely Good Chinovik’: William Strang, Europe, and the Role of the Official, 1919–1949 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Oliver Yule-Smith
Sir William Strang was the Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office from 1949 to 1953, he was the most senior Foreign Office official at an important period in British foreign policy. Prior ...
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‘Behind All This façade’. The Special Operations Executive in Greece in the Light of New Documents Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Tommaso Piffer
This article discusses the activities of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Greece during World War II, re-evaluating the stormy relationship between SOE and the Foreign Office (FO) ...
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India-Latin America Relations, 2000-22: Their Encounter and Shared Gains Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Jorge I. Domínguez
India’s relations with Latin American countries are of long-standing but they had had low salience for both sides. During the early 21st century, the salience increased for both. What explains this...
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They Call It Diplomacy: Forty Years of Representing Britain Abroad Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 G. R. Berridge
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 34, No. 4, 2023)
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The Judeo - Christian Tradition and the US-Israel Special Relationship Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 David Tal
Americans from various walks of life support Israel for religious reasons. This support comes from premillennialists, fundamentalists, and proponents of the covenant brotherhood, who base their adv...
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Interwoven Models of Peacemaking – the Israeli-Palestinian Case and Beyond Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Sapir Handelman
Two competitive approaches are dominant in the debate about the optimal strategy to cope with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Conflict-Management and Conflict-Resolution. This paper suggests look...
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Churchill, Chamberlain and Appeasement Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Peter Neville
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 34, No. 4, 2023)
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Postcolonial Security: Britain, France, and West Africa’s Cold War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Andrew W.M. Smith
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 34, No. 4, 2023)
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Reconsidering Japan’s War Reparations and Economic Re-Entry into Southeast Asia Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Hiroyuki Hoshiro
Japan’s war reparations began to be paid to Burma and the Philippines in 1956 and ended in 1976. Approximately 65 years have passed since the reparation payment began. The nature of Japan’s Officia...
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‘Tired of Waking Up on the Floor’ the Temptations and Horror of Cold War Multilateral Diplomacy Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Floribert Baudet
1This article discusses non-conventional diplomatic tools. It does so by focussing on the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) and the Multilateral Balanced Force Reduction (MBF...
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Time to treat the climate and nature crisis as one indivisible global health emergency Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-03 Kamran Abbasi, Parveen Ali, Virginia Barbour, Thomas Benfield, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, Gregory E. Erhabor, Stephen Hancocks, Richard Horton, Laurie Laybourn-Langton, Robert Mash, Peush Sahni, Wadeia Mohammad Sharief, Paul Yonga, Chris Zielinski
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 35, No. 1, 2024)
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Kennan: A Life between Worlds Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Francis M. Carroll
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 34, No. 3, 2023)
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Heresy as Treason: English ‘Ecclesiastical Diplomacy’ in the United Provinces, 1610–19 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Simon Graham
ABSTRACT This article characterises the influence of English ‘Ecclesiastical Diplomacy’ on notions of heresy and treason in the United Provinces of the Dutch Republic. It works backwards from the stage of the Globe Theatre in London to the trial of Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and finally the Synod of Dort in order to explore how cross-channel diplomatic networks were leveraged to reconcile
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Christmas 1914 and the Peace that Could Not Be Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Daniel Pellerin
ABSTRACT The question how and why the First World War broke out has filled entire learned libraries, but its no less salient and consequential counterpart—how it got to be so protracted when so many of the illusions that contributed to the outbreak were already shattered by Christmas 1914—has received much less attention, though recent scholarship has begun to close the gap. The aims and anxieties
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The Foreign Office ‘Thought Police’: Foreign Office Security, the Security Department and the ‘Missing Diplomats’, 1940 – 1952 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Daniel W. B. Lomas, Christopher J. Murphy
ABSTRACT The protection of diplomats, embassies and sensitive information has always been an important aspect of diplomacy. Today, security is an accepted norm of day-to-day diplomatic work, yet the importance of security in the UK Foreign Office was not always appreciated, with the department witnessing embarrassing security lapses and scandals during the first half of the Twentieth Century. This
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From San Francisco to Seoul: Re-Examining the Conception of the Mutual Defense Treaty Between South Korea and the United States Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Seung Mo Kang
ABSTRACT This paper revisits the formulation of the Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) between South Korea (ROK) and the United States. It situates the treaty’s development in a more international and greater historical context by tracing how certain preceding developments, especially the existing security arrangements, could have impacted the shaping of the ROK-US MDT. The aim is to better understand the
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The Diplomacy of Military Assistance: The Royal Navy Training Team and the Nigerian Civil War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Marco Wyss
ABSTRACT This article studies the Anglo-Nigerian negotiations for a Royal Navy training team during the Nigerian Civil War against the background of Africa’s ‘phoney’ Cold War and Britain’s global strategic withdrawal. This allows it to show Britain’s diplomatic manoeuvres to simultaneously prevent provoking debilitating opposition against its tightrope policy of supporting Federal Nigeria against
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Paying the Price for Allies: Britain, the Seven and the EFTA Stockholm Negotiations Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Matthew Broad, Richard Griffiths
ABSTRACT Few scholars would dispute that negotiations for the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which formally commenced near Stockholm in June 1959, moved at breakneck speed. Generally acknowledged too are the reasons behind this haste: the need swiftly to find another route to working with the European Economic Community (EEC) following the collapse of the wider Free Trade Area (FTA) proposal
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Don’t Cry No More: A Comparative Study of U.S. Domestic and Foreign Restrictions on Riot Control Agent Use Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Martin Claar, Damir Kovačević
ABSTRACT What catalysed the changing status of riot control agents (RCAs hereafter) use in wartime? Is that the same catalyst causing domestic policy change for RCAs today? The relationship between war and technology is dynamic, with regular advances to make militaries and police more effective. Some emergent chemical-based technologies are quickly restricted as chemical weapons; others are deemed
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A Long War and a Short Temper: A Bureaucratic Politics Analysis of the Trump Administration’s Policy in Afghanistan Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Kelly A. McHugh
ABSTRACT During the 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump made clear that he loathed the nation-building missions that previous administrations had initiated and continued; chief among them was the then 15-year-old war in Afghanistan. Despite his oft-stated desire to end the war, during his first year in office, Trump decided to maintain the U.S. presence in Afghanistan and added thousands more
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America and the Making of an Independent Ireland Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Máirtín Ó Catháin
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 34, No. 3, 2023)
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The Australians at Geneva: Internationalist Diplomacy in the Interwar Years Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Lorna Lloyd
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 34, No. 3, 2023)
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False Prophets: British Leaders’ Fateful Fascination with the Middle East from Suez to Syria Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Tore T. Petersen
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 34, No. 3, 2023)
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The Development of Diplomatic Equality Since the Congress of Vienna Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Felix Kuhn
ABSTRACT Diplomatic equality, the equality that exists between states in their diplomatic interactions, is one important feature of contemporary diplomacy. The objective of this article is to show how and why diplomatic equality developed over the last centuries. This exploration begins in early modern Europe, then turns to the nineteenth century to illustrate changes and continuities, and then moves
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Uncertain Allies: Nixon, Kissinger, and the Threat of a United Europe Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Lubna Qureshi
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 34, No. 2, 2023)
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Standard Oil and the Battle for the Ottoman Market, 1864-1914 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Andrew Patrick
ABSTRACT Scholars have rarely acknowledged that international oil companies first entered the Middle East to sell oil rather than to seek sources of it. The arrival of American kerosene in 1864 began this understudied preamble to the region’s oil history, with Standard Oil dominating the Ottoman market until the 1880s. Russian oil then flooded the market and pushed Standard Oil out by the 1890s, though
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Greek Foreign Policy and the Rapprochement with Turkey in the 1930s Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Antonis Klapsis
ABSTRACT The year 1930 was a turning point for Greek-Turkish relations. It was the year that the two neighbouring countries set the foundations for their close diplomatic cooperation that lasted throughout the 1930s. This paper seeks to explain the reasons why Greece decided to pursue such a policy. It is argued that Athens was eager to form a pro-status quo front with Ankara in order to deter the
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Concert of the World: Early British Efforts to Articulate a Post-War Grand Strategy, 1939-1942 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Andrew Ehrhardt
ABSTRACT This essay examines in detail the early years of British planning for a post-war security policy. The first years of the war saw British statesmen and officials consumed by concerns over the military conflict and hesitant to commit the government to specific war aims. This tendency changed by 1940 and 1941, due largely to fears that a failure to counter German propaganda about a ‘new order’
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Pacific Fleet to Singapore?: Deterrence, Warfighting, and Anglo-American Planning for the Defense of Southeast Asia, 1937-1941 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Charles J Burgess
ABSTRACT For the 20 years before the outbreak of the Pacific War, Great Britain based its grand strategy in the Far East around the presence – and potential – of the Singapore Naval Base. The Americans, for a time, agreed in the project’s potential in the face of increasing Japanese belligerence. This analysis examines the place of the Singapore Naval Base in Anglo-American planning for the defence
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“Duty? Ambition? Mistake?”: A Greek Diplomat’s Politics Under Authoritarian Rule Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Paschalis Pechlivanis
ABSTRACT Going beyond the external functions of a diplomat this article places itself within the New Diplomatic History field and engages with an intricate aspect of the diplomatic self, that of duty. By telling the story of Christos Xanthopoulos-Palamas, one of the most prominent Greek diplomats, it examines how diplomatic duty is rationalised and imported in the realm of politics under authoritarian
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Turkey’s Public Diplomacy: The Role of Turkish Non-Governmental Organisations Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Yunus Turhan
ABSTRACT The ability of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) to modify the status quo generates heated discussions in academia. The literature on this partnership identifies many potential loopholes which the former are enabled to fill in, a situation known as retreat of state. NGOs are influential actors in pursuing public diplomacy through non-ordinary and semi-formal ways assisting to forge genuine
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The End of the Soviet Union Revisited. Evidence from Ministerial de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba (MINREX) Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Mervyn J. Bain
ABSTRACT This article uses a qualitative historical analysis to scrutinise previously underutilised documents housed in the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba (MINREX) archive in Havana to examine Cuban-Soviet relations during 1991, the final tumultuous year of close Havana-Moscow relations. Specific focus will be given to the MINREX reaction to the August 1991 coup in Moscow and its aftermath
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Charles Austin Beard’s Economic Interpretation of the American Century through His Journalistic Writings Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Richard Drake
ABSTRACT Beginning with the publication of An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States in 1913, Charles Austin Beard gained fame and notoriety as a historian by writing about the power of money over politics and policy. In his analysis of American history, he did not make an exception for the Second World War or the Cold War. Those conflicts, too, had an economic subtext. Yet
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The American Success to Denuclearise South Korea: Global Bipolarity, Geographical Remoteness, and Nuclear Alliance Restraint Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Sunwoo Paek, Dong Sun Lee
ABSTRACT This article explains the US curtailment of South Korean nuclear development by attributing this success primarily to the inducements President Ronald Reagan offered. These inducements were reliable because the US as a superpower operating under bipolarity, cared about its reputation as a trustworthy ally and was eager to provide inducements to its interest-sharing client. The inducements
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Commitment to the Continent: The Foreign Office, the War Office, and the British Field Force, 1934-1938 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 B.J.C. McKercher
ABSTRACT Despatching ground forces – the Field Force – to the continent constituted a cardinal element of British grand strategy from early 1934 to early 1938. In winter 1933-1934, through the Defence Requirements Sub-Committee [DRC], senior Foreign Office and Treasury officials, working with the Chiefs of Staff, advised the Cabinet to begin moderate rearmament – ultimately £52 million – with a deadline
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‘Each Wagon of Coal Should Be Paid for with Territorial concessions.’ Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Aliaksandr Piahanau
ABSTRACT Even a short breakdown in fuel supplies can have profound and dramatic consequences for modern economies. This paper explores a major coal shortage in Central Europe after WWI which shook local societies for two years. The dissolution of the Habsburg Empire in 1918 provides a narrower context to this study, while its immediate focus lies upon the development of diplomatic and economic relationships
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French Nuclear Policy Towards Iran: From the Shah to the Islamic Republic Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Clément Therme
ABSTRACT Since 2005, European and French foreign policy towards Iran have been caught between the change of Iran policy under Republican and Democrat administrations, on the one hand, and the Islamic Republic nuclear diplomacy on the other hand. To illustrate this argument, the article will provide a detailed history of Iranian-French relations, particularly pertaining to nuclear technology. The French