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Intelligence Gathering, Relazioni, and the Ars Apodemica Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 David Scott Gehring
ABSTRACT This analysis considers some of the methods and purposes of gathering intelligence in sixteenth-century diplomacy. Regular despatches from ambassadors provided a steady stream of information, but of particular importance was the development of the formal relation, the relazione, pioneered in Venice and subsequently imitated elsewhere. Two imitations by English authors – Robert Beale and Daniel
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A “Bit of A Politician” on A “Tough Assignment”: Robert Birley’s Visiting Professorship at the University of Witwatersrand, 1964 – 1967 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Daniel J. Feather
ABSTRACT In January 1964, the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, appointed Robert Birley, former headmaster of Eton College, as a visiting professor. This analysis examines how Birley used this role, and his relatively secure position as a high-profile British figure, to speak out against the apartheid state. His professorship took place during a time of strained Anglo-South African relations;
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Japan’s Debut in Multilateral Peace Diplomacy: The 1970 Jakarta Conference on the Cambodian Conflict Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Andrea Pressello
ABSTRACT It is widely thought that Japan’s involvement in multilateral conflict-resolution diplomacy began at the 1989 Paris international peace conference aimed at ending hostilities in Cambodia. However, in 1970, Japan was engaged in the Jakarta conference, a gathering of Asian and Pacific countries attempting to resolve a Cambodian conflict that erupted in that year and in the follow-up initiatives
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“Tyranny of the Veto”: PLO Diplomacy and the January 1976 United Nations Security Council Resolution Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Colter Louwerse
ABSTRACT Scholars have long debated when the Palestinian Liberation Organisation [PLO] first accepted the international consensus on a two-state settlement as a resolution to the Israel-Palestine conflict. This analysis contributes to the debate by closely examining PLO diplomatic support for a draft United Nations [UN] Security Council resolution along the lines of the two-state consensus in January
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American Cold War Strategy and the Absence of “Swift and Effective Retribution” for the 1983 Marine Barracks Bombing Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Nicholas Cummins
ABSTRACT Ronald Reagan entered the White House in 1981 as the president who promised to confront the foreign enemies of the United States. Whilst the Soviet Union remained the single greatest threat to the United States, the 1979 hostage crisis in Iran dramatically raised concerns over international terrorism. Reagan’s approach to this threat was unequivocal – those responsible would be subject to
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Keeping the Technological Edge: The Space Arms Race and Anglo-American Relations in the 1980s Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Aaron Bateman
ABSTRACT In March 1983, President Ronald Reagan established the Strategic Defence Initiative [SDI], a research effort to develop the technologies for land- and space-based missile defence. This programme quickly unleashed anxieties about an arms race in space. Superpower military space activities were of significant concern to Britain because they had direct bearing on two key areas of its national
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American Covert Action and Diplomacy after 9/11 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Magda Long
ABSTRACT The relationship between American diplomats and intelligence officers has always been complex. The focus of American foreign policy and national security on counterterrorism efforts in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks further shaped the dynamic between diplomats and intelligence officers in the field as well as their respective roles. The tension between diplomacy and covert action
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Britain’s Second Embassy to China: Lord Amherst’s ‘Special Mission’ to the Jiaqing Emperor in 1816 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Niki J.P. Alsford
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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British World Policy and the Projection of Global Power, c.1830-1960 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Michael Hopkins
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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Statesman of Europe: A Life of Sir Edward Grey Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Annika Mombauer
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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After the Great War: Economic warfare and the Promise of Peace in Paris, 1919 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Gaynor Johnson
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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The Last Brahmin: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and the Making of the Cold War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Andrea Benvenuti
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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Britain, France and Europe, 1945-1975: The Elusive Alliance Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Robert Tombs
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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Why Containment Works: Power, Proliferation, and Preventive War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 David W. Kearn Jr.
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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The CIA and the Pursuit of Security: History, Documents and Contexts Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Daniel W. B. Lomas
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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Pax Transatlantica: America and Europe in the Post Cold War Era Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Francis M. Carroll
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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The Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons: How it was Achieved and Why it Matters Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Mika Hayashi
Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)
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Assassination from MLK to Mrs T: Contrast and Convergence in the United States and Britain Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Simon Ball
ABSTRACT State response to assassination conspiracies is a reality behind diplomacy. This examination analyses British and American responses to assassination from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s. It argues the United States and Britain began with very different cultures of assassination. The 1980s was a period of structural convergence driven by practical collaboration: it had little to do with a
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The End of the ‘Special Relationship’? The Heath-Nixon Years in Perspective Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Andrew Scott
ABSTRACT The Heath-Nixon years, 1970–1974, have been widely characterised as marking a low point in Anglo-American relations, even the end of the so-called ‘special relationship’. Overall, historians and commentators have tended to point the finger at Edward Heath, the British prime minister. As a committed Europhile, Heath is said to have deliberately downgraded relations with Washington in pursuit
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Servants of Diplomacy. A Domestic History of the Victorian Foreign Office Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Aidan Jones
(2022). Servants of Diplomacy. A Domestic History of the Victorian Foreign Office. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 194-195.
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Between Containment and Rollback: The United States and the Cold War in Germany Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Victoria Phillips
(2022). Between Containment and Rollback: The United States and the Cold War in Germany. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 197-198.
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The Second Cold War: Carter, Reagan, and the Politics of Foreign Policy Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Archie Brown
(2022). The Second Cold War: Carter, Reagan, and the Politics of Foreign Policy. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 198-199.
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Israeli Foreign Policy: A People Shall Not Dwell Alone Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Dr. Eldad Ben Aharon
(2022). Israeli Foreign Policy: A People Shall Not Dwell Alone. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 203-204.
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Eugene Meyer Professor of British History and Culture Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Richard Aldous, Nigel Ashton
ABSTRACT David Reynolds’s concept of ‘competitive cooperation’, advanced in his book The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance: A Study in Competitive Cooperation, 1937–1941, has been highly influential in the historiography of contemporary international history. During his career Reynolds has enriched and developed the concept, pushing the bounds of the discipline to encompass insights from cultural
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“Crucial? Helpful? Practically Nil?” Reality and Perception of Britain’s Contribution to the Development of Nuclear Weapons during the Second World War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Sabine Lee
ABSTRACT When, in March 1940, two Jewish emigré physicists, Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls, composed a memorandum on the technical feasibility of an atomic weapon, few would have envisaged the significance of this six-page document. The technical blueprint for an atomic weapon, at the time assumed to be well beyond the realm of the possible, was to have a significant impact on the Anglo-American nuclear
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“Stalking Horses”: The American Influence on British Civil Nuclear Identity, 1946-1956 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Martin Theaker
ABSTRACT This analysis charts the emergence of a distinct British nuclear culture during the early post-war years and investigates the various forms of influence that the United States exercised on its development. Beginning with a disastrous breakdown of transatlantic nuclear co-operation in 1946, it establishes the true degree of sovereignty enjoyed by Britain’s nuclear engineers as they navigated
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Soviet-American Strategic Arms Limitation and the Limits of Co-operative Competition Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 James Cameron
ABSTRACT The United States and the Soviet Union concluded two sets of strategic arms limitation talks – SALT I and II – during the 1970s. Drawing on recent revisionist scholarship, this analysis assesses the success of SALT I and SALT II’s relative failure and I by framing Soviet-American strategic arms control in the 1970s as an exercise in co-operative competition, the pursuit of competitive strategies
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With or without Russia? The Boris, Bill and Helmut Bromance and the Harsh Realities of Securing Europe in the Post-Wall World, 1990-1994 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Kristina Spohr, Kaarel Piirimäe
ABSTRACT Much controversy exists over the making of Europe’s security architecture after the end of the Cold War, specifically how and why the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation [NATO] emerged as the preferred solution to the continent’s security conundrum, and where this development left Russia. These questions have puzzled historians and political scientists. Crucially, they also continue to resonate
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The Anglo-Soviet Alliance. Comrades and Allies During WW2 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Martin Folly
(2022). The Anglo-Soviet Alliance. Comrades and Allies During WW2. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 195-196.
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A History of Ireland in International Relations Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Francis M. Carroll
(2022). A History of Ireland in International Relations. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 200-201.
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Culture Matters: Anglo-American Relations and the Intangibles of Specialness Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Charlie Whitham
(2022). Culture Matters: Anglo-American Relations and the Intangibles of Specialness. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 201-202.
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The Myth of the Nuclear Revolution: Power Politics in the Atomic Age Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 John William Sutcliffe
(2022). The Myth of the Nuclear Revolution: Power Politics in the Atomic Age. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 204-206.
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Power on the Precipice: The Six Choices America Faces in a Turbulent World Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-03-06 Siavash Chavoshi
(2022). Power on the Precipice: The Six Choices America Faces in a Turbulent World. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 208-209.
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Public Opinion, National Character, and Britain’s Failed Defence of the Netherlands, 1793-1795 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Graeme Callister
ABSTRACT This analysis examines the British government’s failure to commit adequate resources to defend the Netherlands from the threat of revolutionary France in the campaigns of 1793, 1794, and 1795. Alongside well-known military and diplomatic setbacks, the inadequacy of Britain’s engagement remains best understood by examining ministers’ preconceptions of the Netherlands and Dutch national character
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“Parliament of Man, Federation of the World”: Repertoires of Statecraft, the Hague Conferences, and the Making of the Liberal Order Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Paul K. MacDonald
ABSTRACT Contemporary power politics often takes place in liberal fora, yet scholars have not paid sustained attention to the origins and characteristics of this mode of statecraft. To trace the development of these repertoires, the negotiation practices of the 1899 and 1907 Hague conferences represent a critical transition from realist practices of the Concert system to twentieth-century liberal internationalism
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Imperial Bending of Rules: The British Empire, the Treaty of Lausanne, and Cypriot Immigration to Turkey Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Ilia Xypolia
ABSTRACT The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne has been the most consequential treaty for the Eastern Mediterranean during the past century. It established the borders of the newly founded Republic of Turkey and defined its relations with Cyprus. Yet, a provision of the treaty has escaped scholarly scrutiny. This analysis explores the violation of Lausanne’s Article 21 that provided for emigration of Moslem
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A Fleeting Friendship: Anglo-Soviet Penpalship in the Second World War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Olga Kucherenko
ABSTRACT The Soviet experience of the Second World War is not commonly associated with popular activism in foreign relations. Yet, throughout the war, the Stalinist regime actively engaged in soft power projects with its allies, one of which was a pen-friendship scheme involving thousands of ordinary individuals. This analysis examines Anglo-Soviet popular correspondence amongst young people and children
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Awkward Alliances. Modernisation Theory and United States Foreign Policy Towards Franco’s Spain in the 1960s Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Óscar J. Martín García
ABSTRACT A body of literature on Cold War international history has studied the influence of modernisation theory in United States foreign relations with its authoritarian allies in the Third World during the 1950s and 1960s. However, this area of research has been much less interested in those Washington-friendlydictatorships that, as in the case of Francisco Franco’s regime in Spain, do not fit into
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‘You Haven’t Been Too Horrible to Us Recently’: Lyndon Johnson and Apartheid South Africa Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Eddie Michel
ABSTRACT This analysis explores the efforts of the Lyndon Johnson Administration, for both moral and pragmatic reasons, to distance itself from apartheid South Africa during the 1960s. By 1964, the bilateral relationship with Pretoria was becoming a diplomatic liability for the White House. The international community, especially newly independent Afro-Asian states, was increasingly vocal in condemning
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Emotions and Gender in Margaret Thatcher and Helmut Kohl’s Cold War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Dominik Geppert
ABSTRACT Although German Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher were on the same side in the Cold War, as well as in the same family of moderate centre-right parties, despite being roughly the same age and sharing a fundamental market-economic and Atlanticist orientation, they were not in harmony emotionally. This analysis demonstrates how different genders, incompatible
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Re-reading Kim Dae-jung: Obscured Engagement Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Seongwon Yoon
ABSTRACT How best to understand South Korea’s engagement policy towards North Korea? Has it been interpreted correctly and untainted by the current political cleavage between different ideological blocs? Given that Kim Dae-jung, the South Korean president from 1998 to 2003, is widely regarded as the archetype of the engagement policy, this analysis re-evaluates his approach by examining his presidential
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FIFA Diplomacy and Global Actors’ Interests in Cyprus: An Unsuccessful ‘Alliance’, 2013–2019 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Nikos Lekakis
ABSTRACT This analysis unveils the convergence of the International Federation of Association Football’s [FIFA] football reunification initiatives and the interests of global actors with an interest in solving the Cyprus problem. In 2013, at FIFA’s headquarters in Zurich, Turkish-Cypriot and Greek-Cypriot football officials signed a historic provisional agreement to reunite the two communities in football
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To Lose an Empire: British Strategy and Foreign Policy, 1758–1790 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 T. G. Otte
(2021). To Lose an Empire: British Strategy and Foreign Policy, 1758–1790. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 846-847.
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Mussolini’s War: Fascist Italy from Triumph to Catastrophe, 1935-1943 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Richard Hammond
(2021). Mussolini’s War: Fascist Italy from Triumph to Catastrophe, 1935-1943. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 847-848.
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Ernest Bevin. Labour’s Churchill Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Martin Folly
(2021). Ernest Bevin. Labour’s Churchill. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 849-850.
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American Power and International Theory at the Council on Foreign Relations, 1953–1954 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Elisabetta Brighi
(2021). American Power and International Theory at the Council on Foreign Relations, 1953–1954. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 850-851.
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The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the End of the Cold War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Christopher Read
(2021). The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the End of the Cold War. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 852-853.
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Rogue Diplomats: The Proud Tradition of Disobedience in American Foreign Policy Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Timothy J. Schmalz
(2021). Rogue Diplomats: The Proud Tradition of Disobedience in American Foreign Policy. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 853-854.
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A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crisis of Global Order Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 David Ryan
(2021). A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crisis of Global Order. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 854-856.
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Collateral Damage; Britain, America and Europe in the Age of Trump Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Victoria Honeyman
(2021). Collateral Damage; Britain, America and Europe in the Age of Trump. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 856-857.
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Dissenting Voices: The Secretariat of the League of Nations and the Drafting of Mandates, 1919–1923 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Pablo La Porte
ABSTRACT This analysis explores the criticism about the creation of mandates in the League of Nations, particularly in the Secretariat; there, a number of officials questioned the organisation’s stance on this matter. Their critical views showed the crucial importance of the early debates in shaping the League’s nature and revealed the existence of a core group of eminent Secretariat members whose
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‘Here Comes the Period of Hard and Long-lasting Diplomatic Struggles’: Polish Diplomacy and the Concept of the Western Pact, 1936-1937 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Dariusz Jeziorny
ABSTRACT The German government decided to remilitarise the Rhineland on 7 March 1936, which meant violating the treaties of Versailles and Locarno. Existing literature says much about negotiations that started in spring 1936 on the so-called Western pact – sometimes called the ‘new Locarno’. However, these studies do not focus on the western Powers’ policies. The attitude of the Polish government was
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Of Stalin’s Proposal to Deploy British Divisions to the Ukrainian or Leningrad Front in 1941 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Erjo Selliov
ABSTRACT This analysis explores the diplomacy regarding the possibility of sending British troops to the Soviet Union that took place between Soviet and British representatives during autumn and winter 1941. It demonstrates that despite retrospective emphasis on the absurdity of the proposal, both sides seriously considered the possibility of direct military help at the time, it played a far more important
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‘A Dear and Hoped-For Guest’: Eisenhower’s Cancelled Trip to the Soviet Union and the Final Year of His Presidency Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Adam Boon
ABSTRACT This analysis evaluates plans for President Dwight Eisenhower’s visit to the Soviet Union in June 1960, prior to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev revoking his invitation at the Paris summit a month before. The plans were at an advanced stage prior to cancellation. The aborted trip is a footnote in the scholarship, but reconstructing the plans allows understanding the trip as part of the wider
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Getting the Better of the Bargain: Technical Intelligence, Arms Sales, and Anglo-Israeli Relations 1967–1974 Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Clive Jones
ABSTRACT This analysis explores the nature of Anglo-Israeli intelligence relations between 1967 and 1974, focusing in particular on how the legacy of the British mandate in Palestine, the influence of senior British diplomats, as well as wider commercial interests shaped attempts by intelligence officials on both sides to move this relationship beyond the purely functional. Whilst Israel looked to
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A Self-Inflicted Wound? Henry Kissinger and the Ending of the October 1973 Arab-Israeli War Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Galen Jackson, Marc Trachtenberg
ABSTRACT Claims about Soviet policy at the end of the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war played a key role in discrediting détente in the mid- and late 1970s. This analysis considers the part that Henry Kissinger played in triggering the Soviet actions at the end of the war to which the critics of détente pointed. Contrary to what Kissinger claimed, he essentially reneged on the agreement he had reached
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When There Is a State? The Politics of Recognition and Kosovo Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Sevanna Poghosyan, Eiki Berg
ABSTRACT The Kosovo case remains topical for understanding the practice of state recognition, especially in the context of secessionist claims to independence. The diversity of reactions of third states to Kosovo’s declaration of independence finds basis on the gaps of international law that allow politics to play out in the practice of state-recognition. This analysis takes a closer look at arguments
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Introduction Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-05-04 T.G. Otte
(2021). Introduction. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, Studies in Diplomacy and Statecraft: Essays in Honour of Erik Goldstein, pp. 219-222.
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‘Transitions in Context: Making Peace in 1814 – 1815; 1918 – 1920; 1945 – 1955ʹ Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-05-04 Richard Langhorne
ABSTRACT Frequently, peace settlements mark moments of systemic change in international politics. The object of this article is to examine how far these three major European peace settlements of the modern period – 1814–15, 1918–20 and 1945-55 – represented the contemporary political and diplomatic responses to the urgent needs that the end of a general war inevitably brings. It argues that, with the
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‘Museums and the display of international friendship: diplomatic interests, American philanthropy, and preserving Thomas Carlyle’s London House, c. 1894.’ Diplomacy & Statecraft (IF 0.521) Pub Date : 2021-05-04 Melanie Hall
ABSTRACT It is generally recognised that towards the end of the nineteenth century the Anglo-American relationship entered a new phase characterised by friendship-building initiatives. However, as American businesses sought to expand into the British Empire’s markets, that enterprise required trust more than friendship. This article captures an overlooked aspect of Ambassador Bayard’s cultural diplomacy