ABSTRACT This analysis considers some of the methods and purposes of gathering intelligence in sixteenth-century diplomacy. Regular despatches from ambassadors provided a steady stream of information, but of particular importance was the development of the formal relation, the relazione, pioneered in Venice and subsequently imitated elsewhere. Two imitations by English authors – Robert Beale and Daniel

ABSTRACT In January 1964, the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, appointed Robert Birley, former headmaster of Eton College, as a visiting professor. This analysis examines how Birley used this role, and his relatively secure position as a high-profile British figure, to speak out against the apartheid state. His professorship took place during a time of strained Anglo-South African relations;

ABSTRACT It is widely thought that Japan’s involvement in multilateral conflict-resolution diplomacy began at the 1989 Paris international peace conference aimed at ending hostilities in Cambodia. However, in 1970, Japan was engaged in the Jakarta conference, a gathering of Asian and Pacific countries attempting to resolve a Cambodian conflict that erupted in that year and in the follow-up initiatives

ABSTRACT Scholars have long debated when the Palestinian Liberation Organisation [PLO] first accepted the international consensus on a two-state settlement as a resolution to the Israel-Palestine conflict. This analysis contributes to the debate by closely examining PLO diplomatic support for a draft United Nations [UN] Security Council resolution along the lines of the two-state consensus in January

ABSTRACT Ronald Reagan entered the White House in 1981 as the president who promised to confront the foreign enemies of the United States. Whilst the Soviet Union remained the single greatest threat to the United States, the 1979 hostage crisis in Iran dramatically raised concerns over international terrorism. Reagan’s approach to this threat was unequivocal – those responsible would be subject to

ABSTRACT In March 1983, President Ronald Reagan established the Strategic Defence Initiative [SDI], a research effort to develop the technologies for land- and space-based missile defence. This programme quickly unleashed anxieties about an arms race in space. Superpower military space activities were of significant concern to Britain because they had direct bearing on two key areas of its national

ABSTRACT The relationship between American diplomats and intelligence officers has always been complex. The focus of American foreign policy and national security on counterterrorism efforts in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks further shaped the dynamic between diplomats and intelligence officers in the field as well as their respective roles. The tension between diplomacy and covert action

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

Published in Diplomacy & Statecraft (Vol. 33, No. 2, 2022)

ABSTRACT State response to assassination conspiracies is a reality behind diplomacy. This examination analyses British and American responses to assassination from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s. It argues the United States and Britain began with very different cultures of assassination. The 1980s was a period of structural convergence driven by practical collaboration: it had little to do with a

ABSTRACT The Heath-Nixon years, 1970–1974, have been widely characterised as marking a low point in Anglo-American relations, even the end of the so-called ‘special relationship’. Overall, historians and commentators have tended to point the finger at Edward Heath, the British prime minister. As a committed Europhile, Heath is said to have deliberately downgraded relations with Washington in pursuit

(2022). Servants of Diplomacy. A Domestic History of the Victorian Foreign Office. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 194-195.

(2022). Between Containment and Rollback: The United States and the Cold War in Germany. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 197-198.

(2022). The Second Cold War: Carter, Reagan, and the Politics of Foreign Policy. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 198-199.

(2022). Israeli Foreign Policy: A People Shall Not Dwell Alone. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 203-204.

ABSTRACT David Reynolds’s concept of ‘competitive cooperation’, advanced in his book The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance: A Study in Competitive Cooperation, 1937–1941, has been highly influential in the historiography of contemporary international history. During his career Reynolds has enriched and developed the concept, pushing the bounds of the discipline to encompass insights from cultural

ABSTRACT When, in March 1940, two Jewish emigré physicists, Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls, composed a memorandum on the technical feasibility of an atomic weapon, few would have envisaged the significance of this six-page document. The technical blueprint for an atomic weapon, at the time assumed to be well beyond the realm of the possible, was to have a significant impact on the Anglo-American nuclear

ABSTRACT This analysis charts the emergence of a distinct British nuclear culture during the early post-war years and investigates the various forms of influence that the United States exercised on its development. Beginning with a disastrous breakdown of transatlantic nuclear co-operation in 1946, it establishes the true degree of sovereignty enjoyed by Britain’s nuclear engineers as they navigated

ABSTRACT The United States and the Soviet Union concluded two sets of strategic arms limitation talks – SALT I and II – during the 1970s. Drawing on recent revisionist scholarship, this analysis assesses the success of SALT I and SALT II’s relative failure and I by framing Soviet-American strategic arms control in the 1970s as an exercise in co-operative competition, the pursuit of competitive strategies

ABSTRACT Much controversy exists over the making of Europe’s security architecture after the end of the Cold War, specifically how and why the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation [NATO] emerged as the preferred solution to the continent’s security conundrum, and where this development left Russia. These questions have puzzled historians and political scientists. Crucially, they also continue to resonate

(2022). The Anglo-Soviet Alliance. Comrades and Allies During WW2. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 195-196.

(2022). A History of Ireland in International Relations. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 200-201.

(2022). Culture Matters: Anglo-American Relations and the Intangibles of Specialness. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 201-202.

(2022). The Myth of the Nuclear Revolution: Power Politics in the Atomic Age. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 204-206.

(2022). Power on the Precipice: The Six Choices America Faces in a Turbulent World. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 33, David Reynolds: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, pp. 208-209.

ABSTRACT This analysis examines the British government’s failure to commit adequate resources to defend the Netherlands from the threat of revolutionary France in the campaigns of 1793, 1794, and 1795. Alongside well-known military and diplomatic setbacks, the inadequacy of Britain’s engagement remains best understood by examining ministers’ preconceptions of the Netherlands and Dutch national character

ABSTRACT Contemporary power politics often takes place in liberal fora, yet scholars have not paid sustained attention to the origins and characteristics of this mode of statecraft. To trace the development of these repertoires, the negotiation practices of the 1899 and 1907 Hague conferences represent a critical transition from realist practices of the Concert system to twentieth-century liberal internationalism

ABSTRACT The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne has been the most consequential treaty for the Eastern Mediterranean during the past century. It established the borders of the newly founded Republic of Turkey and defined its relations with Cyprus. Yet, a provision of the treaty has escaped scholarly scrutiny. This analysis explores the violation of Lausanne’s Article 21 that provided for emigration of Moslem

ABSTRACT The Soviet experience of the Second World War is not commonly associated with popular activism in foreign relations. Yet, throughout the war, the Stalinist regime actively engaged in soft power projects with its allies, one of which was a pen-friendship scheme involving thousands of ordinary individuals. This analysis examines Anglo-Soviet popular correspondence amongst young people and children

ABSTRACT A body of literature on Cold War international history has studied the influence of modernisation theory in United States foreign relations with its authoritarian allies in the Third World during the 1950s and 1960s. However, this area of research has been much less interested in those Washington-friendlydictatorships that, as in the case of Francisco Franco’s regime in Spain, do not fit into

ABSTRACT This analysis explores the efforts of the Lyndon Johnson Administration, for both moral and pragmatic reasons, to distance itself from apartheid South Africa during the 1960s. By 1964, the bilateral relationship with Pretoria was becoming a diplomatic liability for the White House. The international community, especially newly independent Afro-Asian states, was increasingly vocal in condemning

ABSTRACT Although German Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher were on the same side in the Cold War, as well as in the same family of moderate centre-right parties, despite being roughly the same age and sharing a fundamental market-economic and Atlanticist orientation, they were not in harmony emotionally. This analysis demonstrates how different genders, incompatible

ABSTRACT How best to understand South Korea’s engagement policy towards North Korea? Has it been interpreted correctly and untainted by the current political cleavage between different ideological blocs? Given that Kim Dae-jung, the South Korean president from 1998 to 2003, is widely regarded as the archetype of the engagement policy, this analysis re-evaluates his approach by examining his presidential

ABSTRACT This analysis unveils the convergence of the International Federation of Association Football’s [FIFA] football reunification initiatives and the interests of global actors with an interest in solving the Cyprus problem. In 2013, at FIFA’s headquarters in Zurich, Turkish-Cypriot and Greek-Cypriot football officials signed a historic provisional agreement to reunite the two communities in football

(2021). To Lose an Empire: British Strategy and Foreign Policy, 1758–1790. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 846-847.

(2021). Mussolini’s War: Fascist Italy from Triumph to Catastrophe, 1935-1943. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 847-848.

(2021). Ernest Bevin. Labour’s Churchill. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 849-850.

(2021). American Power and International Theory at the Council on Foreign Relations, 1953–1954. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 850-851.

(2021). The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the End of the Cold War. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 852-853.

(2021). Rogue Diplomats: The Proud Tradition of Disobedience in American Foreign Policy. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 853-854.

(2021). A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crisis of Global Order. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 854-856.

(2021). Collateral Damage; Britain, America and Europe in the Age of Trump. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 856-857.

ABSTRACT This analysis explores the criticism about the creation of mandates in the League of Nations, particularly in the Secretariat; there, a number of officials questioned the organisation’s stance on this matter. Their critical views showed the crucial importance of the early debates in shaping the League’s nature and revealed the existence of a core group of eminent Secretariat members whose

ABSTRACT The German government decided to remilitarise the Rhineland on 7 March 1936, which meant violating the treaties of Versailles and Locarno. Existing literature says much about negotiations that started in spring 1936 on the so-called Western pact – sometimes called the ‘new Locarno’. However, these studies do not focus on the western Powers’ policies. The attitude of the Polish government was

ABSTRACT This analysis explores the diplomacy regarding the possibility of sending British troops to the Soviet Union that took place between Soviet and British representatives during autumn and winter 1941. It demonstrates that despite retrospective emphasis on the absurdity of the proposal, both sides seriously considered the possibility of direct military help at the time, it played a far more important

ABSTRACT This analysis evaluates plans for President Dwight Eisenhower’s visit to the Soviet Union in June 1960, prior to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev revoking his invitation at the Paris summit a month before. The plans were at an advanced stage prior to cancellation. The aborted trip is a footnote in the scholarship, but reconstructing the plans allows understanding the trip as part of the wider

ABSTRACT This analysis explores the nature of Anglo-Israeli intelligence relations between 1967 and 1974, focusing in particular on how the legacy of the British mandate in Palestine, the influence of senior British diplomats, as well as wider commercial interests shaped attempts by intelligence officials on both sides to move this relationship beyond the purely functional. Whilst Israel looked to

ABSTRACT Claims about Soviet policy at the end of the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war played a key role in discrediting détente in the mid- and late 1970s. This analysis considers the part that Henry Kissinger played in triggering the Soviet actions at the end of the war to which the critics of détente pointed. Contrary to what Kissinger claimed, he essentially reneged on the agreement he had reached

ABSTRACT The Kosovo case remains topical for understanding the practice of state recognition, especially in the context of secessionist claims to independence. The diversity of reactions of third states to Kosovo’s declaration of independence finds basis on the gaps of international law that allow politics to play out in the practice of state-recognition. This analysis takes a closer look at arguments

(2021). Introduction. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 32, Studies in Diplomacy and Statecraft: Essays in Honour of Erik Goldstein, pp. 219-222.

ABSTRACT Frequently, peace settlements mark moments of systemic change in international politics. The object of this article is to examine how far these three major European peace settlements of the modern period – 1814–15, 1918–20 and 1945-55 – represented the contemporary political and diplomatic responses to the urgent needs that the end of a general war inevitably brings. It argues that, with the

ABSTRACT It is generally recognised that towards the end of the nineteenth century the Anglo-American relationship entered a new phase characterised by friendship-building initiatives. However, as American businesses sought to expand into the British Empire’s markets, that enterprise required trust more than friendship. This article captures an overlooked aspect of Ambassador Bayard’s cultural diplomacy