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Naive realism, representationalism, and the rationalizing role of visual perception Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-24 Craig French
1 INTRODUCTION Suppose that I'm charged with helping a child learn his colours. The child has a number of uniformly coloured cubes, and we play the ‘which colour?’ game. This involves him presenting me with a cube and me saying which colour it is, and then me presenting him with a cube and him saying which colour it is, and so on. He holds up a green cube, and says ‘which colour?’ I say: ‘it's green’
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Adam Marushak on the hypothetical given Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-22 Anil Gupta
Adam Marushak raises a dilemma for the proponents of the hypothetical given. On one of its horns, the proponents are said to be committed to rationalism; and on the other horn, to skepticism. I argue, in response, that even if we grant that the arguments of both horns are sound, the commitments incurred are light and unproblematic. I argue also that the dilemma is based on a reading of the hypothetical
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Non‐epistemic perception as technology Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-20 Kurt Sylvan
Some epistemologists and philosophers of mind hold that the non‐epistemic perceptual relation of which feature‐seeing and object‐seeing are special cases is the foundation of perceptual knowledge. This paper argues that such relations are best understood as having only a technological role in explaining perceptual knowledge. After introducing the opposing view in §1, §2 considers why its defenders
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Internalism, phenomenal conservatism, and defeat Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-19 Christoph Kelp
1 INTRODUCTION This paper is about internalism, phenomenal conservatism, and defeat. It has three aims. The first is to develop an argument against internalism to the effect that the correct epistemology of defeat must be externalist (Section 1). The second is to show that cases involving defeat also cause trouble for phenomenal conservatism (Sections 2 and 3). The third is to cast doubt on the idea
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A priori perceptual entitlement, knowledge‐first Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-19 Mona Simion
Tyler Burge notably offers a truth‐first account of perceptual entitlement in terms of a priori necessary representational functions and norms: on his account, epistemic normativity turns on natural norms, which turn on representational functions. This paper has two aims: first, it criticises Tyler Burge's truth‐first a priori derivation on functionalist and value‐theoretic grounds. Second, it develops
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Perception, discrimination, and knowledge Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-16 Laura Frances Callahan
In perception, perceivers discriminate. They distinguish or single out the objects and property instances that they see. One might hope this discriminatory nature of perception could help explain how perceptual evidence can be sufficient for knowledge, even granting some form of a relevant alternatives condition on knowledge. Indeed, there are examples of such thinking in recent epistemology literature
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Do looks constitute our perceptual evidence? Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-16 Harmen Ghijsen
Many philosophers take experience to be an essential aspect of perceptual justification. I argue against a specific variety of such an experientialist view, namely, the Looks View of perceptual justification, according to which our visual beliefs are mediately justified by beliefs about the way things look. I describe three types of cases that put pressure on the idea that perceptual justification
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Appearance and reality Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-16 Christopher S. Hill
There is tension between the appealing idea that visual experience puts us in touch with objective reality and the doctrine of perceptual relativity, the claim that experience varies with such factors as distance, lighting, and angle of view. In this paper I present arguments for relativity, and then go on to propose that in view of relativity, we should believe that the properties presented to us
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Perception of continued existence unperceived Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-15 Bill Brewer
1 INTRODUCTION We believe that the ordinary physical objects that we perceive continue to exist unperceived; and this is intuitively an aspect of any authentic characterization of how the world appears to us in perception.11 I elaborate this intuitive starting point more fully in section 2 below. Yet Hume argues that the belief in continued existence unperceived cannot have its source in perception
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Concepts and predication from perception to cognition Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-15 Jake Quilty‐Dunn
One popular doctrine in 20th-century philosophy was conceptualism about perception. The core ideawas that perceptual awareness is structured by concepts possessed by the perceiver. A primary motivation for conceptualismwas epistemological: perception provides justification for belief, and this justificatory relation is only intelligible if perception, like belief, is conceptually structured (Brewer
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Perceptual consciousness plays no epistemic role Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-14 Jacob Berger
It is often assumed that perceptual experience provides evidence about the external world. But much perception can occur unconsciously, as in cases of masked priming or blindsight. Does unconscious perception provide evidence as well? Many theorists maintain that it cannot, holding that perceptual experience provides evidence in virtue of its conscious character. Against such views, I challenge here
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Do you see what I know? On reasons, perceptual evidence, and epistemic status Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-14 Clayton Littlejohn
Our epistemology can shape the way we think about perception and experience. Speaking as an epistemologist, I should say that I don't necessarily think that this is a good thing. If we think that we need perceptual evidence to have perceptual knowledge or perceptual justification, we will naturally feel some pressure to think of experience as a source of reasons or evidence. In trying to explain how
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Two dogmas of empirical justification Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-14 Jack C. Lyons
Nearly everyone agrees that perception gives us justification and knowledge, and a great number of epistemologists endorse a particular two‐part view about how this happens. That view is that perceptual beliefs get their justification from perceptual experiences, and that they do so by being based on them. Despite the wide acceptance of these two views, I think that neither has very much going for
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Multisensory evidence Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2020-09-12 Casey O'Callaghan
It is tempting to think that one's perceptual evidence comprises just what issues from perceiving with each of the respective sensory modalities. However, empirical, rational, and phenomenological considerations show that one's perceptual evidence can outstrip what one possesses due to perceiving with each separate sense. Some novel perceptual evidence stems from the coordinated use of multiple senses
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Guidance, epistemic filters, and non‐accidental ought‐doing Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-27 Maria Lasonen‐Aarnio
One of the most familiar ideas in the domain of normative inquiry is the thought that normative principles should be able to guide us—or, more generally, that that the normative is action-guiding. In ethics, guidance has often been appealed to in order to defend subjective, as opposed to objective theories, subjective theories often being explicitly characterized in terms of guidance. For instance
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Radical moral encroachment: The moral stakes of racist beliefs Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-24 Rima Basu
Historical patterns of discrimination seem to present us with conflicts between what morality requires and what we epistemically ought to believe. I will argue that these cases lend support to the following nagging suspicion: that the epistemic standards governing belief are not independent of moral considerations. We can resolve these seeming conflicts by adopting a framework wherein standards of
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Tales from an apostate Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-24 Kristie Dotson
Here I outline an often under‐appreciated position within Anglo‐analytic epistemology, that of the apostate to operative metaphilosophical constraints. To help identify and promote awareness of metaphilosophical apostacy, here, I describe the form of metaphilosophical apostacy that I practice in Anglo‐analytic epistemology (AAE). My apostasy with respect to AAE begins with significant, metaphilosophical
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Beyond accuracy: Epistemic flaws with statistical generalizations Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-24 Jessie Munton
What, if anything, is epistemically wrong with beliefs involving accurate statistical generalizations about demographic groups? This paper argues that there is a perfectly general, underappreciated epistemic flaw which affects both ethically charged and uncharged statistical generalizations. Though common to both, this flaw can also explain why demographic statistical generalizations give rise to the
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Knowledge, safety, and Gettierized lottery cases: Why mere statistical evidence is not a (safe) source of knowledge Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-18 Fernando Broncano‐Berrocal
The lottery problem is the problem of explaining why mere reflection on the long odds that one will lose the lottery does not yield knowledge that one will lose. More generally, it is the problem of explaining why true beliefs merely formed on the basis of statistical evidence do not amount to knowledge. Some have thought that the lottery problem can be solved by appeal to a violation of the safety
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Do epistemic reasons bear on the ought simpliciter? Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-18 Susanne Mantel
Are epistemic reasons normative in the same sense as, for instance, moral reasons? In this paper I examine and defend the claim that epistemic reasons are normative only relative to an epistemic standard. Unlike moral reasons they are not substantially normative, because they fail to make an independent contribution to obligations or permissions simpliciter. After presenting what I take to be the main
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Expanding the scope of reflective knowledge: From MINE to OURS Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-18 Joseph Shieber
Ernest Sosa has suggested that we distinguish between animal knowledge, on the one hand, and reflective knowledge, on the other. Animal knowledge is direct, immediate, and foundationally structured, while reflective knowledge involves a knower's higher‐order awareness of her own mental states, and is structured by relations of coherence.
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Belief, desire and the prediction of behaviour Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-18 José L. Zalabardo
Sometimes philosophers believe, rightly or wrongly, that a region of (declarative) discourse is in need of their help—that vindicating its standing requires the kind of treatment that a philosopher might be able to offer. There is a wide variety of circumstances leading to this situation. In many cases, a perceived tension between naturalism and the ostensible subject matter of the discourse is an
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Vice epistemology has a responsibility problem Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-03 Heather Battaly
Vice epistemology is in the business of defining epistemic vice. One of the proposed requirements of epistemic vices is that they are reprehensible—blameworthy in a non‐voluntarist way. Our problem, as vice epistemologists, is giving an analysis of non‐voluntarist responsibility that will count just the right qualities, no more and no less, as epistemic vices. If our analysis of non‐voluntarist responsibility
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How to respond rationally to peer disagreement: The preemption view Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-03 Thomas Grundmann
In this paper, I argue that the two most common views of how to respond rationally to peer disagreement—the Total Evidence View (TEV) and the Equal Weight View (EWV)—are both inadequate for substantial reasons. TEV does not issue the correct intuitive verdicts about a number of hypothetical cases of peer disagreement. The same is true for EWV. In addition, EWV does not give any explanation of what
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Testimonial hinges Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Annalisa Coliva
The paper presents an extension of the kind of hinge epistemology proposed in Extended Rationality. A Hinge Epistemology (Coliva 2015) to the case of testimonial justification. This extension stems naturally from a reinterpretation of the classic dispute between reductionists and anti‐reductionists with respect to testimonial justification. The interesting and novel aspect of that reinterpretation
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A normative account of epistemic luck Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Sanford C. Goldberg
This paper develops a normative account of epistemic luck, according to which the luckiness of epistemic luck is analyzed in terms of the expectations a subject is entitled to have when she satisfies the standards of epistemic justification. This account enables us to distinguish three types of epistemic luck—bad, good, and sheer—and to model the roles they play e.g. in Gettierization. One controversial
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Skepticism: Impractical, therefore implausible Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Michael Hannon
The truth of skepticism would be depressing and impractical. Our beliefs would be groundless, we would know nothing (or almost nothing) about the world around us, and epistemic success would likely be impossible. But do these negative consequences have any bearing on the truth of skepticism? According to many scholars, they do not. The impractical consequences of skepticism are typically regarded as
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On fundamental responsibility Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Anna‐Sara Malmgren
Some psychological states—paradigmatically, beliefs and intentions—are rationally evaluable: they can be rational or irrational, justified or unjustified. Other states—e.g. sensations and gastrointestinal states—aren't: they're a‐rational. On a familiar but hard‐to‐make‐precise line of thought, at least part of what explains this difference is that we're somehow responsible for (having/being in) states
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Knowledge‐first functionalism Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Mona Simion
This paper has two aims. The first is critical: I identify a set of normative desiderata for accounts of justified belief and I argue that prominent knowledge first views have difficulties meeting them. Second, I argue that my preferred account, knowledge first functionalism, is preferable to its extant competitors on normative grounds. This account takes epistemically justified belief to be belief
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INTUITIONS AS INFERENTIAL JUDGMENTS* Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-10-22 Magdalena Balcerak Jackson
According to philosophical orthodoxy, intuitions are perception窶人ike in that they provide us with non窶進nferential justification. In this paper, I present four arguments to show that orthodoxy is mistaken: Intuitions, as used in thought experiments, are inferential judgments, that is the results of inferential transitions that are inferentially justified (if justified at all). The discussion will shed
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THE SIMPLE ARGUMENT FOR SUBCLASSICAL LOGIC Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-10-22 Jc Beall
This paper presents a simple but, by my lights, effective argument for a subclassical account of logic—an account according to which logical consequence is (properly) weaker than the standard, so‐called classical account. Alas, the vast bulk of the paper is setup. Because of the many conflicting uses of ‘logic’ the paper begins, following a disclaimer on logic and inference, by fixing the sense of
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PARADOXES AND STRUCTURAL RULES FROM A DIALOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-10-22 Catarina Dutilh Novaes, Rohan French
In recent years, substructural approaches to paradoxes have become quite popular. But whatever restrictions on structural rules we may want to enforce, it is highly desirable that such restrictions be accompanied by independent philosophical motivation, not directly related to paradoxes. Indeed, while these recent developments have shed new light on a number of issues pertaining to paradoxes, it seems
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IN PRAISE OF A LOGIC OF DEFINITIONS THAT TOLERATES Ω‐INCONSISTENCY Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-10-22 Anil Gupta
I argue that a general logic of definitions must tolerate ω‐inconsistency. I present a semantical scheme, , under which some definitions imply ω‐inconsistent sets of sentences. I draw attention to attractive features of this scheme, and I argue that yields the minimal general logic of definitions. I conclude that any acceptable general logic should permit definitions that generate ω‐inconsistency.
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AN OBJECT-BASED TRUTHMAKER SEMANTICS FOR MODALS Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-10-01 Friederike Moltmann
Possible worlds semantics is an extremely well-established approach to the semantics of modals, but it faces a range of difficulties for at least certain types of modals, especially deontic modals with their distinction between heavy and light permissions and obligations. This paper outlines a new semantics of modals that aims to overcome some of those difficulties. This semantics is based on an a
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LOGICAL NIHILISM: COULD THERE BE NO LOGIC?* Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-09-25 Gillian Russell
Logical monists and pluralists disagree about how many correct logics there are; the monists say there is just one, the pluralists that there are more. Could it turn out that both are wrong, and that there is no logic at all? Such a view might with justice be called logical nihilism and here I’ll assume a particular gloss on what that means: nihilism is the view that there are no laws of logic, so
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ANTIOBJECTS Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-09-24 Josh Dever
Aristotle observes that substances have no contraries. Consider one possible role that the contrary of a substance might play, were it to exist. Just as objects serve as guarantors of the instantiation of properties, contraries of objects could serve as guarantors of the non‐instantiation of properties. By first considering a reframing of deontic logic that takes ‘being permitted’ rather than ‘being
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SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF LOGICAL OMNISCIENCE Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-09-06 Sinan Dogramaci
This paper looks at three ways of addressing probabilism's implausible requirement of logical omniscience. The first and most common strategy says it's okay to require an ideally rational person to be logically omniscient. I argue that this view is indefensible on any interpretation of ‘ideally rational’. The second strategy says probabilism should be formulated not in terms of logically possible worlds
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FIRST‐ORDER LOGICAL VALIDITY AND THE HILBERT‐BERNAYS THEOREM Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-09-06 Gary Ebbs, Warren Goldfarb
What we call the Hilbert‐Bernays (HB) Theorem establishes that for any satisfiable first‐order quantificational schema S, there are expressions of elementary arithmetic that yield a true sentence of arithmetic when they are substituted for the predicate letters in S. Our goals here are, first, to explain and defend W. V. Quine's claim that the HB theorem licenses us to define the first‐order logical
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DUMMETT ON INDEFINITE EXTENSIBILITY Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-09-06 Øystein Linnebo
Dummetts notion of indefinite extensibility is influential but obscure. The notion figures centrally in an alternative Dummettian argument for intuitionistic logic and anti‐realism, distinct from his more famous, meaning‐theoretic arguments to the same effect. Drawing on ideas from Dummett, a precise analysis of indefinite extensibility is proposed. This analysis is used to reconstruct the poorly understood
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PARADOXICAL PROPOSITIONS Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-09-06 Graham Priest
This paper concerns two paradoxes involving propositions. The first is Russell's paradox from Appendix B of The Principles of Mathematics, a version of which was later given by Myhill. The second is a paradox in the framework of possible worlds, given by Kaplan. This paper shows a number of things about these paradoxes. First, we will see that, though the Russell/Myhill paradox and the Kaplan paradox
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ALTERNATIVE LOGICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2018-09-06 Timothy Williamson
Many advocates of non‐classical logic for reasons external to mathematics claim that their proposed revisions are consistent with the use of classical logic within pure mathematics. Doubts are raised about such claims, concerning the applicability of pure mathematics to natural and social science.
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Real Definitions Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2017-10-11 Fabrice Correia
I offer and defend an account of real definitions. I put forward two versions of the account, one formulated in terms of the notion of generalised identity and of a suitable notion of grounding (RD1), and the other one formulated in terms of the former notion and of a suitable notion of comparative joint‐carvingness (RD2). Given a plausible assumption, (RD1) and (RD2) turn out to be equivalent. I give
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Phenomenal Feel as Process1 Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2017-10-11 L.A. Paul
Phenomenal character (or feel) is the what‐it's‐likeness of subjective experience. I develop an ontology of phenomenal feel as process. My being in some phenomenal state R is the process of my instantiating R’s neurological correlate. The ontology explains why we have asymmetric epistemic access to phenomenal characters: the ontological ground for the subjective or first‐personal stance is different
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How to Be a Substantivalist Without Getting Shifty About It* Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2017-10-11 Zee R. Perry
According to substantivalism, spacetime points and regions are real entities whose existence is not dependent on matter. In this paper, I motivate and defend a version of substantivalism which takes the totality of spacetime as fundamental, and show how this position avoids certain problem cases, in particular the objection from static Leibniz shifts, and better conforms to how we think about space
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The Naïve Conception of Properties Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2017-10-11 Benjamin Schnieder
The semantic rules that govern ordinary property discourse appear to give rise to a version of Russell's antinomy. Do we therefore have an inconsistent conception of properties? This paper firstly develops a consistent conception of properties and secondly argues that we may indeed interpret ordinary property discourse as expressing the consistent conception rather than an inconsistent one.
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Ideology in a Desert Landscape* Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2017-10-11 Alessandro Torza
On one influential view, metaphysical fundamentality can be understood in terms of joint‐carving. Ted Sider has recently argued that (i) some first order quantifier is joint‐carving, and (ii) modal notions are not joint‐carving. After vindicating the theoretical indispensability of quantification against recent criticism, I will defend a logical result due to Arnold Koslow which implies that (i) and
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An Argument for Uniqueness About Evidential Support Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-22 Sinan Dogramaci, Sophie Horowitz
White, Christensen, and Feldman have recently endorsed uniqueness, the thesis that given the same total evidence, two rational subjects cannot hold different views. Kelly, Schoenfield, and Meacham argue that White and others have at best only supported the weaker, merely intrapersonal view that, given the total evidence, there are no two views which a single rational agent could take. Here, we give
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Unconscious Evidence Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-22 Jack Lyons
Can beliefs that are not consciously formulated serve as part of an agent's evidence for other beliefs? A common view says no, any belief that is psychologically immediate is also epistemically immediate. I argue that some unconscious beliefs can serve as evidence, but other unconscious beliefs cannot. Person‐level beliefs can serve as evidence, but subpersonal beliefs cannot. I try to clarify the
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Simulation and Understanding Other Minds Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-22 Sherrilyn Roush
There is much disagreement about how extensive a role theoretical mind‐reading, behavior‐reading, and simulation each have and need to have in our knowing and understanding other minds, and how each method is implemented in the brain, but less discussion of the epistemological question what it is about the products of these methods that makes them count as knowledge or understanding. This question
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Norms of Belief Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-22 Mona Simion, Christoph Kelp, Harmen Ghijsen
When in the business of offering an account of the epistemic normativity of belief, one is faced with the following dilemma: strongly externalist norms fail to account for the intuition of justification in radical deception scenarios, while milder norms are incapable to explain what is epistemically wrong with false beliefs. This paper has two main aims; we first look at one way out of the dilemma
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Mind Misreading Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-22 Shannon Spaulding
Most people think of themselves as pretty good at understanding others’ beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. Accurate mindreading is an impressive cognitive feat, and for this reason the philosophical literature on mindreading has focused exclusively on explaining such successes. However, as it turns out, we regularly make mindreading mistakes. Understanding when and how mind misreading occurs
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Belief and Self-Knowledge: Lessons From Moore's Paradox Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-01 Declan Smithies
How do we know what we believe? Gilbert Ryle is often credited with the view that we know what we believe in much the same way that we know what others believe: namely, by inference from observation of behavior. This Rylean view cannot explain all of our self-knowledge, however, since we can know what we believe even when our beliefs make no relevant causal impact on our behavior.1 In opposition to
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Is There a Problem With Cognitive Outsourcing? Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-01 Kristoffer Ahlstrom-Vij
To what extent can we rely on others for information without such reliance becoming epistemically problematic? In this paper, this question is addressed in terms of a specific form of reliance: cognitive outsourcing. Cognitive outsourcing involves handing over (outsourcing) one?s information collection and processing (the cognitive) to others. The specific question that will be asked about such outsourcing
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Practical Perception and Intelligent Action Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-01 John Bengson
Perceiving things to be a certain way may in some cases lead directly to action that is intelligent (e.g., skillful, wise, clever, astute). This phenomenon has not often been discussed, though it is of broad philosophical interest. It also raises a difficult question: how can perception produce intelligent action? After clarifying the question—which I call the question of “practical perception”—and
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Against Emotional Dogmatism Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-01 Berit Brogaard, Elijah Chudnoff
It may seem that when you have an emotional response to a perceived object or event that makes it seem to you that the perceived source of the emotion possesses some evaluative property, then you thereby have prima facie, immediate justification for believing that the object or event possesses the evaluative property. Call this view ‘dogmatism about emotional justification’. We defend a view of the
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Safety, Explanation, Iteration Philosophical Issues Pub Date : 2016-10-01 Daniel Greco
This paper argues for several related theses. First, the epistemological position that knowledge requires safe belief can be motivated by views in the philosophy of science, according to which good explanations show that their explananda are robust. This motivation goes via the idea—recently defended on both conceptual and empirical grounds—that knowledge attributions play a crucial role in explaining