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The Story of Romantic Love and Polyamory Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-18 Michael Milona, Lauren Weindling
This article explores the relationship between romantic love and polyamory. Our central question is whether traditional norms of monogamy can be excised from romantic love so as to harmonize with polyamory's ethical dimensions (as we construe them). How one answers this question bears on another: whether ‘polyamory’ should principally be understood in terms of romantic love or instead some alternative
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Is the Gender Pension Gap Fair? Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Manuel Sá Valente
The income gap between women and men expands with age, culminating in a gender pension gap in old age that is much larger than pay gaps earlier in life. In this article, I question two attempts to justify gender pension gaps. One insists that lower financial contribution justifies women's lower overall pensions. The second states that women must receive less monthly because they live longer. I argue
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AI and Responsibility: No Gap, but Abundance Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-13 Maximilian Kiener
The best‐performing AI systems, such as deep neural networks, tend to be the ones that are most difficult to control and understand. For this reason, scholars worry that the use of AI would lead to so‐called responsibility gaps, that is, situations in which no one is morally responsible for the harm caused by AI, because no one satisfies the so‐called control condition and epistemic condition of moral
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Responsibility Gaps and Technology: Old Wine in New Bottles? Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-12 Ann‐Katrien Oimann, Fabio Tollon
Recent work in philosophy of technology has come to bear on the question of responsibility gaps. Some authors argue that the increase in the autonomous capabilities of decision‐making systems makes it impossible to properly attribute responsibility for AI‐based outcomes. In this article we argue that one important, and often neglected, feature of recent debates on responsibility gaps is how this debate
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Parental Imprisonment and Children's Right Not to be Separated from Their Parents Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-06 William Bülow, Lars Lindblom
It is widely known that criminal punishment, especially imprisonment, has negative effects for innocent persons, most notably the families of prisoners. This is an issue attracting increasing attention from penal theorists and philosophers. Adding to this literature, this article examines the extent to which incarceration of a parent is consistent with fundamental rights that are often ascribed to
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Revolutionary Care: Commitment and Ethos. M.Hamington, 2024. New York and London, Routledge. xiii +223 pp, $144.00 (hb) $39.99 (pb) Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Shaun Respess
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Explaining Injustice: Causation through a Remedial Lens Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Susan Erck
When devising a plan of remedial action to address an ongoing injustice, it is desirable to possess an understanding of the key contributing factors and mechanisms that produce and sustain it. This is the domain of etiology of injustice. Etiology of injustice involves practices of causal selection that give explanatory priority to the operative causation of the injustice at issue. Operative causation
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Something AI Should Tell You – The Case for Labelling Synthetic Content Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-19 Sarah A. Fisher
Synthetic content, which has been produced by generative artificial intelligence, is beginning to spread through the public sphere. Increasingly, we find ourselves exposed to convincing ‘deepfakes’ and powerful chatbots in our online environments. How should we mitigate the emerging risks to individuals and society? This article argues that labelling synthetic content in public forums is an essential
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Why it Can Be Permissible to Have Kids in the Climate Emergency Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Elizabeth Cripps
Having a child is one of the highest‐carbon decisions made by affluent individuals. Does this uncomfortable fact mean they should limit biological family size? This salient question also forces attention to two key issues. One is just how demanding individual climate justice duties are. The other is the danger of ‘ivory tower’ reasoning by privileged philosophers. On some topics, it is imperative carefully
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Entitled to Love: Relationships, Commandability, and Obligation Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-13 Anna Hartford, Dan J. Stein
The notion of uncommandability has been central to how we perceive our emotional lives, and particularly romantic love. According to this notion, while we can control how we treat people, we have little control over how we feel about them. The argument from uncommandability is often evoked as a way of sidestepping moral obligations regarding our romantic emotions. One challenge to uncommandability
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Procreative Obligations and the Directed Duty of Care Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-11 Reuven Brandt
There is much dispute about what we owe the children we are responsible for creating. Some argue that so long as we provide offspring with lives worth living we do no wrong. Others argue that our procreative obligations are weightier and oblige us to provide (or attempt to provide) our offspring with a reasonable opportunity to thrive, or meet some other standard beyond merely providing a life worth
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On the Morality of Enjoying Simulated Rape with Robots and by Other Fictional Means Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-07 Garry Young
I argue that there is no morally relevant difference, based solely on motivation for enjoyment, between enjoying simulated rape with a sexbot compared to other media. In defence of this claim, I distinguish between two types of enjoyment – enjoyment qua simulation and enjoyment qua substitution – and further claim that each type of enjoyment shares corresponding similarities with either idle or surrogate
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Thoughtfulness and the Rule of Law. J.Waldron, 2023. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. 336 pp, $49.00 (hb) Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-02 Eric Scarffe
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Respect and Asylum Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-07-02 Rebecca Buxton
Asylum seekers are rarely treated with respect. This is perhaps especially true of institutions that adjudicate the extension of refugee status. In asylum interviews, those seeking refuge are sometimes asked to reveal deeply upsetting stories of their persecution while facing hostility and distrust from their interviewers. I argue that this arises from a failure to properly balance respect with fairness
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Polyamory in Black: A Companion Justification for Minimal Marriage Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-06-26 Justin L. Clardy
A number of Black writers have cast Black marriage in a state of emergency – Black folks are not getting (or staying) married like they used to. Yet in seeking to address the Black marriage problem many have left marriage's ‘monogamous‐only’ condition unexamined. In this article, I take a different approach. I draw on a long‐standing prevalence of de facto non‐monogamy among those marked Black and
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The Epistemology of Corporate Power: The Limits of the Firm–State Analogy Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-06-25 Chi Kwok
Political theorists frequently utilize the ‘firm–state analogy’ (FSA) to support the arguments for democratic governance in firms. This article presents the FSA as an analogy with both justificatory and epistemic functions. Its justificatory function provides valid justificatory strategies for workplace democracy, while its epistemic function offers models that shape the understanding of corporate
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Who Counts in Official Statistics? Ethical‐Epistemic Issues in German Migration and the Collection of Racial or Ethnic Data Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-25 Daniel James, Morgan Thompson, Tereza Hendl
In European countries (excluding the UK and Ireland), official statistics do not use racial or ethnic categories, but instead rely on proxies to collect data about discrimination. In the German microcensus, the proxy category adopted is ‘migration background’ (Migrationshintergrund): an individual has a ‘migration background’ when one or more of their parents does not have German citizenship by birth
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Indirect Discrimination and the Hospital Relocation Cases Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-21 Brian Hutler
This article develops a theory of indirect discrimination by analyzing a series of lawsuits that challenged hospital relocations in the 1970s. In these cases, civil rights groups argued that the relocation of hospitals from cities to suburbs was a form of racial discrimination. Although these lawsuits failed, I aim to support the plaintiffs' arguments that the hospital relocations were discriminatory
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Offensive Heritage in an Era of Globalization and Mass Migration Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-14 Dan Demetriou, Ajume Wingo
Essays on the ethics of monuments tend to focus on their morality in relation to domestic populations. In this article we turn our attention to how the principles we favor for the ‘ingroup’ apply to various ‘outgroups’, including foreigners and foreign governments, guest workers, visiting scholars, forcibly annexed or colonized peoples, and migrant communities. It argues that nations have a prima facie
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How to Pool Risks across Generations: The Case for Collective Pensions. MichaelOtsuka, 2023. Oxford, Oxford University Press. viii + 109 pp, £40.00 (hb) Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-10 Ezekiel Vergara
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Practices of Truth in Philosophy: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. PietroGori and LorenzoSerini, 2024. New York, Routledge. 301 pp, £104.00 (hb) Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-08 Aftab Yunis Hakim
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The Minors Strike: Reflections on the Limits and Legitimacy of Children's Political Action Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-29 Tim Fowler
This article considers the morality of children's activism, in particular via participation in political protests. In Section 3 of the article I consider whether children can be competent to engage in activism. I argue that even if we believe children are not competent to vote it will still be true that many children are indeed competent to engage in activism. In Section 4 I consider the wellbeing
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Interpreting ‘What One Would Have Wanted’ Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Stephanie Beardman
When making decisions on behalf of someone, is asking what they would have wanted a good way to respect their autonomy? Against prevalent assumptions, I argue that in decisions about the care and treatment of those with advanced dementia, the notion of ‘what one would have wanted’ is conceptually, epistemically, and practically problematic. The problem stems from the disparity between the first‐person
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Social Reasons Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Kevin Richardson
The goal of this article is to motivate the idea of a social reason and demonstrate its usefulness in social theorizing. For example, in a society that values getting married young, the fact that one is young is a reason to get married. In racist and sexist societies, we have social reasons to be racist and sexist. Social reasons give rise to social requirements and obligations, where these requirements
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Population Aging and the Retirement Age Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-15 Daniel Halliday
Numerous jurisdictions have recently raised the age of retirement or plan to do so. Pressure to extend people's working lives is due to population aging, which makes it harder to fund retirement through existing methods. Raising the retirement age can improve the ‘dependency ratio’ by increasing the fraction of the population that works (and pays taxes) relative to the fraction retired. This article
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Moral Gratitude Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-15 Romy Eskens
There are many examples of persons who appear to be grateful to other people's benefactors. In at least some of these examples, such third‐party gratitude also seems fitting. However, these observations conflict with a widespread assumption in the philosophical literature about gratitude: that only beneficiaries can be fittingly grateful to benefactors. In this article, I argue that third‐party gratitude
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The Future of the Philosophy of Work Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-10 Markus Furendal, Huub Brouwer, Willem van der Deijl
Work has always been a significant source of ethical questions, philosophical reflection, and political struggle. Although the future of work in a sense is always at stake, the issue is particularly relevant right now, in light of the advent of advanced AI systems and the collective experience of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This has reinvigorated philosophical discussion and interest in the study of the
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The Counterproductiveness Argument against Animal Rights Violence Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-30 Nico Müller, Friderike Spang
Arguments against inflicting violence on people to defend animal rights have relied on the view that inflicting violence is always wrong. But these arguments end up prohibiting too much, as defensive violence should be permissible in certain extreme cases. We argue that considerations about the counterproductiveness of defensive violence are better at distinguishing permissible and impermissible instances
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Citizen Knowledge: Markets, Experts, and the Infrastructure of Democracy. L.Herzog, 2023. Oxford, Oxford University Press. xi + 338 pp, $83.00 Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-23 Arshak Balayan
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The Emotion of Gratitude and Communal Relationships Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-23 Coleen Macnamara
Emotions are typically dual‐faced: they involve both an evaluative and a practical aspect. What is more, an emotion's evaluative and practical aspects tend to exhibit a kind of fit. For example, Sakshi's fear of the bear involves apprehending the bear as a threat to something she cares about, i.e., her wellbeing. And it motivates her to act on behalf of this care: it motivates her to act in ways that
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Justice in Hiring: Why the Most Qualified Should Not (Necessarily) Get the Job Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-23 Brian Carey
In this article I argue that justice often requires that candidates who are sufficiently qualified for jobs be hired via lottery on the basis that this is the best way to recognise each candidate's equal moral claim to access meaningful work. In reaching this conclusion I consider a variety of potential objections from the perspectives of the employer, of the most qualified candidate, and of third
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A Species‐Focused Approach to Assessing Speciesism Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Alex Murphy
Speciesism, broadly understood as the view that species membership is a morally relevant property, has been a central topic of debate within animal ethics for around 50 years. However, in all this time, animal ethicists have paid relatively scant attention to the nature of species membership itself. This seems potentially regrettable, since species membership's precise nature is presumably highly pertinent
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On the Ethics of Interacting Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Kimberley Brownlee
Ordinary interactions are the primary vehicle through which we show respect, give social pleasure, and grease the wheels of healthy sociality. When we do an interactional wrong to someone, we not only convey disrespect by disregarding their interactional needs, but also cause them social pain and erode healthy social relations. Interactional ethics – the study of the ethics of interacting – concerns
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Domestic Violence and Abuse: Expanding Our Conceptual Repertoire Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Macy Salzberger
This article aims to clarify and expand our conceptual repertoire for understanding domestic violence and abuse by making legible different characteristic harms, particularly those that cannot be made sense of in terms of physical harm. Sections 2 and 3 of this article review popular understandings of the harms of domestic violence and abuse. These often emphasize either (a) pain and suffering or (b)
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For F*ck's Sake: Why Swearing Is Shocking, Rude, & Fun. RebeccaRoache, 2024. Oxford, Oxford University Press. ix + 257 pp, £16.99 (hb) Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 David Archard
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The Allocation of Refugees to Host States: Should Refugees' Interests and Preferences be Considered? Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Matthias Hoesch, Susanne Mantel
When states cooperate in refugee protection and implement a scheme with fixed rules allocating refugees to host states, should they consider refugees' interests and preferences regarding where they receive protection? This article briefly examines the kinds of preferences and interests that are relevant to both refugees and states before discussing the moral principles determining the respective weight
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The Paradox of Desert Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-26 David Benatar
This article describes a paradoxical phenomenon arising from the fact that those who act rightly often pay a price for doing so. The paradox is that the very thing – acting rightly – that incurs the cost also makes the cost (especially) undeserved. In explicating the paradox, I distinguish between two kinds of cost (internal and external), two kinds of unfairness (intrinsic and comparative), and two
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State Borrowing and Global Responsibilities Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 James Pattison
This article explores the ethics of state borrowing to fulfil global responsibilities. Although borrowing may appear attractive in the face of budgetary pressures and an increased number of crises in a changing global order, the article argues that borrowing to fulfil global responsibilities is generally morally problematic. It presents two main objections to borrowing. First, borrowing is often likely
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Non‐Durable Solutions: The Harm of Permanently Temporary Refugee Habitation Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Micah Trautmann
The notion of ‘durability’ plays a central role in the discourse, policies, and practices surrounding forced displacement. Yet, for all the talk of ‘durable solutions’ to refugee situations, durability is in many ways the quality most conspicuously absent in refugees' everyday lives and living spaces. As the world has grown progressively more inured to the practice of using provisional spaces of transit
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The Utilitarian's Global Warming Problem (Why Utilitarians Should Be Social Identity Theorists) Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Patrick Dieveney
Global warming presents challenges to utilitarianism. Its structural features seem to suggest that individuals have no moral obligations to take steps to reduce their carbon footprints. For those who find this to be an unacceptable result, Jamieson proposes an alternative. He argues that utilitarians should embrace a version of virtue ethics. They should embrace what he calls ‘green virtues’. In this
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Collateral Legal Consequences and the Power to Punish Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Andrei Poama, Milena Tripkovic
Collateral legal consequences attached to criminal convictions (CLCs) are often criticised because they expose criminal offenders to various forms of harmful and/or wrongful treatment. In this article, we argue that CLCs are problematic because they undermine the power to punish, a distinct normative power that allows the relevant powerholders to directly change the offender's normative situation.
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It was a Different Time: Judging Historical Figures by Today's Moral Standards Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-28 Alfred Archer, Benjamin Matheson
How should we respond to historical figures who played an important role in their country's history but have also perpetrated acts of great evil? Much of the existing philosophical literature on this topic has focused on explaining why it may be wrong to celebrate such figures. However, a common response that is made in popular discussions around these issues is that we should not judge historical
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The Problem with Preparing to Kill in Self-Defense Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-22 Lee-Ann Chae
In a society marked by liberal gun ownership laws, and an increasingly militarized police force, how should we think about cases where a homeowner shoots a person who has mistakenly knocked on the wrong door, or where a police officer shoots someone who is unarmed? The general tendency – by shooters, courts, and many observers – is to use the framework of self-defense. However, as I will argue, relying
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How Does Human Agency Actually Work? On Bratman's ‘Core Capacity Thesis’ and the Relation between Philosophy of Action and the Empirical Sciences Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Jonathan Phillips, David Plunkett
Throughout his career, Michael Bratman has developed a detailed model of individual ‘planning agency’, and, more recently, models of joint action and aspects of social life that he argues such planning agency helps support. How might we empirically investigate whether these models capture what is going on in actual human lives? In this article, we critically engage with this broad question by focusing
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The Welfare Argument for Free Time Protection Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-17 Malte Jauch
Demands for free time protections are often justified with appeal to a concern for individuals' welfare. The idea is that people would enjoy greater levels of welfare if they had more access to free time. This article shows that the currently most sophisticated version of the welfare argument is inconclusive. It then shows how this argument can be modified and extended to become conclusive. The main
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Functionalisms and the Philosophy of Action Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-03 Manuel Vargas
Focusing on the recent work of Michael Bratman as emblematic of several important developments in the philosophy of action, I raise four questions that engage with a set of interlocking concerns about systemic functionalism in the philosophy of action. These questions are: (i) Are individual and institutional intentions the same kind of thing? (ii) Can the risk of proliferation of systemic functional
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Inequality in Planning Capacity Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-11 Jennifer M. Morton
Planning allows us to coordinate our actions over time, and the ability to plan is crucial in many areas of our lives. I argue that while planning is deeply embedded in contemporary societies, not all individuals have equal access to the structures that support such planning. This article explores how external planning-support structures are essential to our capacity to plan and how inequality in access
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The Ethics of Viewing Illegally Shared Pornography Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-27 Andrés G. Garcia
I argue that the consumption of illegally shared pornography is often morally problematic. My argument is not based on any general condemnation of pornography or even illegal content sharing as such. Instead, my argument emphasizes that commercial pornography that is illegally shared risks violating the consent and thus the dignity of its performers. In this way, illegally shared pornography is akin
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(Not So) Happy Cows: An Autonomy-Based Argument for Regulating Animal Industry Misleading Commercial Speech Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Rubén Marciel, Pablo Magaña
‘Happy cow messages’ are instances of commercial speech by the animal industry which, by action or by omission, mislead consumers about the harmful effects that the industry has for non-human animals, the environment, or human health. Despite their ubiquity, happy cow messages have received little philosophical scrutiny. This article aims to call attention to this form of speech, and to make the case
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The Know-How of Virtue Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-21 Kathleen Murphy-Hollies
It is widely accepted that virtuous behaviour ought to be motivated in the right way, done for the right reasons, and an appropriate response to the values manifested in a situation. In this article I describe how cases of individuals having poor understanding of the reasons for their behaviour, can nevertheless be conducive to the development of virtue. One way in which giving reasons for one's own
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Access to Non-reimbursed Expensive Cancer Treatments: A Justice Perspective Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-21 Jilles Smids, Eline M. Bunnik
When the cost-effectiveness of newly approved cancer treatments is insufficient or unclear, they may not (immediately) be eligible for reimbursement through basic health insurance in publicly funded healthcare systems. Patients may seek access to non-reimbursed treatment through other channels, including individual funding requests made to hospitals, health insurers, or pharmaceutical companies. Alternatively
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Beyond Ideals of Friendship Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-20 Simon Keller
What makes a friendship a good friendship? One way of answering that question, taken by Aristotle and many philosophers since, is to describe an ideal friendship, and then say that a friendship is a good friendship insofar as it resembles the ideal. An ideal of friendship, so presented, is intended to capture the qualities that all good friendships share, regardless of who the friends are and regardless
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Indifference, Indeterminacy, and the Uncertainty Argument for Saving Identified Lives Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Eric Gilbertson
In some cases where we are faced with a decision of whether to prioritize identified lives over statistical lives, we have no basis for assigning specific probabilities to possible outcomes. Is there any reason to prioritize either statistical or identified lives in such cases? The ‘uncertainty argument’ purports to show that, provided we embrace ex ante contractualism, we should prioritize saving
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After Objectification: Locating Harm Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Rosa Vince
In this article I offer an analysis of harms associated with sexual objectification. Objectification can be benign, but harm tends to occur in three circumstances: (i) when objectification is non-consensual, (ii) when a phenomenon that I term ‘context-creeping’ occurs, and (iii) when the objectification is also enacting or reinforcing some kind of oppression. I defend the view that objectification
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The Present Functions and the Future Persistence of Planning Agency Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Luca Ferrero
Following Bratman, I distinguish between the Cummins or component-function of the planning capacity (its role as a component of larger forms of practical organizations) and its Wright or existence-function – the planning capacity's effect that explains its existence. I agree with Bratman that these functions are distinct. The planning capacity's role within larger practical organizations need not explain
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Work Emails at the Breakfast Table: Proximity of Labour and Capital as an Unexamined Difficulty for the (Just) Distribution of Discretionary Time Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-24 Alastair James
This article examines an omission in the study of discretionary time that bears on proposals currently being evaluated in this part of political philosophy. Specifically, this is the tendency in many jobs for work time to bleed into what is meant to be protected or discretionary time. I refer to this phenomenon as the relative proximity of labour and capital, which has become more prevalent in the
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Ubuntu Thinking on Biodiversity Loss: The Inadequacies of Egalitarian and Communitarian Solutions Journal of Applied Philosophy (IF 0.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-10 Olusegun Steven Samuel, Rotimi Omosulu
This article evaluates the moral implications of two leading theories on biodiversity preservation/conservation (Paul Taylor's biocentric egalitarianism and J. Baird Callicott's holistic communitarianism). Taylor argues for the moral equality of all members of the Earth's community of life, calling for an ethic of respect for nature to conserve biodiversity. Callicott argues for the moral consideration