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Connecting through public transport: accessibility to health and education in major African cities Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-06-28 Aiga Stokenberga, Eulalie Saïsset, Tamara Kerzhner, Xavier Espinet Alegre
Transport matters for health and education outcomes, by ensuring physical access to crucial facilities. Using spatial modelling techniques and routable public transport service data, this study ass...
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Is there an agglomeration economy in Eastern Russia? Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-06-12 Evgeniya Kolomak
This analysis has disproved the widespread opinion that, in Eastern Russia, where the settlement structure and transport network are less dense, agglomeration effects are either absent or negligibl...
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FDI and industrial development in a mega-city region: a modelling study on the Pearl River Delta Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-06-06 Yuyuan Wen, Karima Kourtit, Peter Nijkamp, Yuanzhao Liu
Foreign direct investment (FDI) and regional development are mutually interwoven phenomena. This paper introduces an analytical framework to investigate the interaction mechanism between FDI and re...
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Navigating the challenges in the land intervention practices of peri-urban areas in Indian cities using CRITIC-TOPSIS approach Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-05-24 Somi Sareen, Mazharul Haque
Peri-urbanisation is a dynamic phenomenon that is perpetually altering the territories of the metropolises and land management regimes for peri-urban areas have left a void in combating the acceler...
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Accessibility and the ‘everyday mobility–work–household’ triad: an exploration during the COVID-19 crisis in low-income peripheries of Lima and Bogotá Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-22 Jérémy Robert, Omar Pereyra, Hernando Sáenz-Acosta, Vincent Gouëset
How do people make decisions on where, when, and how to commute? And how did the pandemic crisis affect their commuting patterns? Based on exploratory interviews in Lima and family chronicles colle...
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Interurban accessibility of job opportunities in Uruguay’s secondary cities Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-18 Diego Hernández, Martin Hansz
The ability to overcome geographical distance is necessary to participate in social inclusion activities, such as employment. This paper seeks to describe the accessibility of job opportunities out...
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Capitalism qua development in an era of planetary crisis Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Joel Wainwright
Ecological crisis, massive inequality and war: our world is at a dangerous tipping point. Yet the present global crisis defies simple description and is difficult to explain. To clarify, it is argu...
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Regional accessibility impacts of integrating high-speed railway and conventional rail: spatial analysis of the Mumbai Ahmedabad region, India Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Omkar Deepak Karmarkar, Arnab Jana, Nagendra R. Velaga
The high-speed rail (HSR) significantly improves the accessibility between cities. However, these benefits are not uniformly distributed in the region that HSR connects. This study hypothesises tha...
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How does a name shape a place? The performativity of urban branding in the case of Songdo, South Korea Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 HaeRan Shin, Boah Lee
Socially constructed urban branding not only revises the identity and structure of a city but also influences legislation, planning and policy mobility. To overcome the narrow view of the existing ...
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Cybersecurity, cyberspace and cyberthreats at the beginning of the 21st century: a Latin America typology and review Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Ekaterina Kosevich
Concepts of ‘cyberspace’, ‘cybersecurity’ and ‘cyberthreats’ and an analysis of policy documents are employed to explore the character and evolution of cybersecurity policies in Mexico, Colombia an...
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Capitalist development, the impossibility of ‘green’ capitalism, and the absence of alternatives to it Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Ray Hudson
Can a transition to a green capitalism remain within the planet’s ecological and environmental capacities and could such a transition prove socially just? A transition to new sources of energy and ...
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Why multinational development corridors don’t move ahead: insights from the Bioceanic Corridor in South America Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Sören Scholvin, Ledys Franco, Miguel Atienza
Development corridors have become a key tool of economic policy in the Global South. Yet, it appears that many of these mega-projects already fail at the stage of implementation. The article deals ...
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A community group decomposition of the willingness to accept: evidence from sand, stone and gravel mining activities in Padang Pariaman, West Sumatra, Indonesia Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Idris Idris, Joan Marta, Doni Satria, Melti Roza Adry, Dewi Zaini Putri
Households in the immediate vicinity of sand, stone and gravel river mining all receive negative externalities, but some of them also benefit from mining activities. Differences in the perceived ef...
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Correction Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-12
Published in Area Development and Policy (Ahead of Print, 2024)
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The anatomy of COVID mortality in Russia’s regions, 2020–22 Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-04 Gregory Brock
Counterfactual estimates of excess deaths in Russian regions in the period 2020–21 are compared with officially reported COVID deaths to analyse underreporting. COVID mortality levels at the end of...
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Understanding accessibility as lived experience: the case of walking and cycling in Porto Alegre, Brazil Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-02 Júlio Celso Borello Vargas, Ben Spencer, Tim Jones
Brazilian cities are typically unequal and car dominated, where poorer communities mainly rely on public transport, walking and cycling. Yet, understanding the experience of using these modes withi...
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Legitimate network governance in small-scale fisheries in northern Chile Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-21 Cristian Albornoz, Robert Panitz, Johannes Glückler
By introducing Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (TURF), the Chilean government has devolved authority over the appropriation of benthic fisheries to local fishers’ organisations. Yet there is l...
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Drone strikes and spaces of exception. Reflections on Derek Gregory’s “Midnight’s victims” Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Katharine Hall
Starting from Derek Gregory’s analysis of the well-documented and deadly 2010 US drone strike in Afghanistan and the 28 August 2021 strike targeting Zamarai Ahmadi in Kabul and his important questi...
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Distance, detachment, and division: a response to “Midnight’s victims” Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Jennifer L. Fluri
This response to Derek Gregory’s essay “Midnight’s victims” focuses on ordinariness and the everyday to address the ways in which ordinary and everyday activities were continually misread and misun...
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Editorial board 2023 Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-29
Published in Area Development and Policy (Vol. 8, No. 4, 2023)
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Elucidating the women’s work continuum in India using time-use data Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-21 Aishwarya Rajeev, Dipa Sinha
Understanding women’s work along the paid-underpaid-unpaid continuum presents a more holistic conceptualisation of women’s work, recognising work burdens across the spheres of production and reprod...
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Midnight’s victims Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Derek Gregory
The last US drone strike during its occupation of Afghanistan took place in Kabul on 29 August 2021. The target was identified as an Islamic State–Khorosan (ISIS-K) cell preparing to attack Hamid K...
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Greensill Capital and the securitisation of supply chain financing Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 Sally Weller
The non-bank financial institution Greensill Capital pioneered platform-based supply chain financing and the securitisation of supply chain debt, then controversially extended the business to lendi...
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Dimensions and dynamics of spatial wage inequality in Seoul, 2006 to 2018 Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-25 Sam Ock Park, Homin Yang, Jong-Sung You
ABSTRACT This study analysed the dimensions and patterns of spatial wage income inequality in Seoul from 2006 to 2018. A Theil decomposition was applied to National Health Insurance Service administrative big data of all Seoul residents. Three distinct dimensions of spatial wage inequality (‘regional wage income differences’, ‘within-regions income inequality’ and ‘between-regions income inequality’)
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Region-specific turning points in territorial economic resilience: a business cycle approach to Turkey Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-25 Hasan Engin Duran, Zeynep Elburz, Karima Kourtit, Peter Nijkamp
Almost all regional economic resilience studies measure resilience by referring to national time patterns of recessions. This study of region-specific patterns of resilience of 81 Turkish regions i...
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The Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: conflict with the host community over natural resources in Cox’s Bazar district Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-04 Md. Reza Habib, Arnab Roy Chowdhury
ABSTRACT More than 1 million Rohingya have fled Myanmar to live in Bangladesh, mostly in Cox’s Bazar district. The government of Bangladesh has been praised worldwide for sheltering them, but this enormous influx has strained its limited resources. As the host communities struggle with the Rohingya for control over, and access to, the scarce natural resources on which they depend for their livelihood
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Debt in the time of COVID-19: creditor choice and the failures of sovereign debt governance Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-02-27 Shaina Potts
ABSTRACT While countries in the Global North have staved off the worst economic and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic through massive stimulus spending, this option has been unavailable to many low- and middle-income countries, largely because high debt burdens have constrained fiscal spending. Nevertheless, almost no debt relief has materialized. The ad hoc approach to sovereign debt governance
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Coalitions and urban transformation: contributions and limits Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-02-08 Lalitha Kamath
ABSTRACT Diana Mitlin assesses the contributions of reform coalitions for more inclusive and equitable urban outcomes. This commentary examines three aspects of Mitlin’s arguments. First, it elaborates on the nature of knowledge that coalitions catalyse, suggesting that this could contribute to building a theory of practice on coalitions and city-making. Second, it examines the nature of the transformations
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The contribution of reform coalitions to inclusion and equity: lessons from urban social movements Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-22 Diana Mitlin
ABSTRACT Coalitional politics is being used by multiple urban social movements – and agencies that support their work – to address the scale and nature of disadvantage in towns and cities of the Global South. To advance our understanding about how coalitions might form and function effectively, this paper introduces and analyses four diverse exemplars that illustrate the approaches used. We find that
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What counts as infrastructural labour? Community action as waste work in South Africa Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-13 Kathleen Stokes, Mary Lawhon
Studies of waste work have largely focused on labourers who collect and process materials in exchange for money, including informal waste reclaimers and those now working precariously due to neolib...
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How the pandemic affected interregional inequality in Russia Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-12 Marina Malkina
ABSTRACT Analysis of trends in interregional inequality in Russia in 2015–21 and of the actual outcome during the 2020 pandemic and the subsequent recovery in 2021 reveals short-term regional convergence in seven indicators, albeit of different depth and duration. Sub-federal budget revenue experienced the most significant and persistent reduction in interregional disparities, the main sources of which
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Correction Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-30
Published in Area Development and Policy (Vol. 8, No. 1, 2023)
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Correction Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-14
Published in Area Development and Policy (Vol. 8, No. 3, 2023)
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Area Development and Policy, the Greater BRICS and a new world order? Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-04 Michael Dunford, Weidong Liu, Christophe Pompeani
ABSTRACT The establishment of new international economic, political and financial institutions (BRICS, SCO, BRI, EAEU, New Development Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank) by emerging economies was associated with a wave of interest in the way their relative growth was reshaping the global order. Most comparisons drew on gross domestic product (GDP) data. A succession of recent crises (Western
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Editorial Board 2022 Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-04
Published in Area Development and Policy (Vol. 7, No. 4, 2022)
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Karnataka land reforms 2020: what is in it for Dalits? Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-01 Soundarya Iyer, Basawa Prasad Kunale
In order to understand how Dalits stand to be impacted by the 2020 Amendment to the Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961 as caste remains invisible in the legislation, the amendment is examined in the ...
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Tourism industry in a ‘new reality’ and regional development opportunities: the case of Russia Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-10-23 Andrei Yakovlev, Olga Balaeva, Marina Predvoditeleva, Nina Ershova
ABSTRACT The COVID-19-related crisis had a strong negative effect on the world tourism industry, as has the current military conflict in Ukraine. However, with crises come opportunities as this research shows in the case of the Russian tourism industry. The 2020 crisis created the preconditions and opportunities to change the tourism industry’s historically distorted outward-oriented structure and
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Types of occupational relatedness and branching processes across Brazilian regions Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-10-13 Jefferson R. B. Galetti, Milene Simone Tessarin, Paulo César Morceiro
This article draws on a large occupational database of 2514 occupations required for 581 industries in 558 microregions and five macroregions in Brazil and shows that occupational relatedness is as...
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Connectivity and competition: the emerging geographies of Africa’s ‘Ports Race’ Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-10-12 Ricardo Reboredo, Elisa Gambino
ABSTRACT This paper critically analyses Africa’s ‘Ports Race’, the massive increase in port infrastructure investment taking place across the continent since the mid-2000s. It argues that the phenomenon shapes, and is shaped by, three interconnected trends: (1) an emerging material–political–institutional lock-in to a new extractivist paradigm of capital accumulation; (2) continental governments’ growing
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The transcalar politics of urban master planning: the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in Africa Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-09-30 Sylvia Croese, Yohei Miyauchi
ABSTRACT This article sheds light on the growing, but understudied role of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in supporting the local production of master plans across the African continent as a tool for guiding long-term investments in urban development. To explore the multiple logics, actors and interests driving the conception, preparation and implementation of these plans, we approach
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The Staples Thesis, local models and competitiveness: the Western Australian economy over the 2001–2011 resource boom Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-09-13 Paul Plummer, Neil Argent
ABSTRACT Conventionally, the Staples Thesis constitutes a hypothesis about both the historical and the geographical particularity of the developmental trajectories of resource-dependent economies (Staples Theory) and a methodology that prioritizes contextual or local knowledge (Staples Method). Situating the Staples Thesis in the conceptual framework of regulation theory, this paper develops a spatial
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The political economy of a North–South trade agreement and the development prospects for Mexico: from NAFTA to USMCA Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-09-13 Alejandra Trejo-Nieto
ABSTRACT In the 1980s, Mexico switched from a policy of import substitution to export-oriented development. From 1994, it participated in a North–South free trade agreement with the United States and Canada (North American Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA). The agreement strongly reflected the asymmetric power of the three participants, although some Mexico’s regions served as production platforms in global
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What can evolutionary economic geography learn from global value chain and global production network research on developing and emerging economies? Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-05-17 Shengjun Zhu, Canfei He
ABSTRACT Although evolutionary economic geography (EEG) and global production network (GPN) and global value chain (GVC) research into regional industrial restructuring and development have developed in parallel and with little mutual engagement, they provide important complementary insights. This article concentrates on what the EEG approach can learn from the GVC/GPN approach by focusing on extra-regional
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Analysis of depopulation trends and models of rural settlements in Khorasan Razavi province, 1986–2017 Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-04-07 Maryam Ghasemi, Alireza Moeini
ABSTRACT As a result of the speed and direction of rural depopulation, between 1986 and 2006, 59% of rural settlements were deserted in Iran’s second most populous province, Khorasan Razavi. In Iran as a whole, 37% were abandoned. A Moran’s I = 0.56 suggests that the desertion of villages in Khorasan Razavi followed a clustered pattern, with the highest rate of depopulation being in rural areas covering
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The creative economy and its linkages in the metropolitan areas of Mexico Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-04-05 Marcos Valdivia, Luis Quintana-Romero, Miguel A. Mendoza
ABSTRACT This paper analyses the linkages of the creative and cultural industries (CCIs) in the metropolitan areas of Mexico and identifies two regionally differentiated ‘locational-pull factors’: the city’s industrial base and amenities. These factors have been reinforced by the deconcentration of the Mexican urban system. The industrial base locational-pull factors plays an important role in cities
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Evaluating well-being in low-income mass housing in India with specific reference to natural ventilation Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-04-04 Arnab Jana, Ahana Sarkar, Ronita Bardhan
ABSTRACT The social well-being and health of the occupants of low-income housing depends not just on improved infrastructure and security of tenure but also on neighbourhood and apartment design characteristics. This study compares 14 best-practice habitat design models for low-income mass housing in nine Indian states, with Dharavi slum and slum rehabs in Mumbai paying particular attention to the
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‘Capital as power’: an alternative reading of India’s post-2011 economic slowdown Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-04-04 Gouthami Kothakapa, Rahul A. Sirohi
ABSTRACT A study of the post-2011 economic slowdown in India that challenges liberal and Keynesian interpretations by drawing on Nitzan and Bichler’s argument of 2009 that modern-day capitalist activity is shaped primarily by differential rather than absolute accumulation and the accumulation of power so as to squeeze and lock out competitors, monopolize resources, sabotage production and acquire unused
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Global value chains from an evolutionary economic geography perspective: a research agenda Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-03-28 Ron Boschma
ABSTRACT The research agendas of evolutionary economic geography (EEG) and global value chains (GVCs) have developed more or less independently from each other, with little interaction so far. This is unfortunate because both streams of literature have a lot to offer each other. This paper explores how, looking at four strands in the GVC literature. Promising crossovers between EEG and the GVC literature
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Pro-poor tourism and income distribution in the second-tier provinces in Thailand Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-03-07 Sasatra Sudsawasd, Taweechai Charoensedtasin, Nuttawut Laksanapanyakul, Piriya Pholphirul
ABSTRACT In Thailand, promoting tourism in 55 second-tier (non-major) tourism provinces is a recent policy tool for reducing poverty and income inequality. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model linked with socio-economic household survey data shows that increasing domestic and foreign tourism demand in 22 first-tier tourism provinces can reduce the poverty rate, but overall national income inequality
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Growth elasticity of poverty and pro-poor growth during post reform period: a tale of two Indian states Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-02-17 Priyabrata Sahoo, Kirtti Ranjan Paltasingh
ABSTRACT In 1991, India embarked on economic reform. This research asked if post-reform growth in the two newly formed states of Undivided Andhra Pradesh was or was not pro-poor. In both states, real monthly per capita expenditure increased, but poverty declined faster in 2004–05 to 2011–12 than in 1993–94 to 2004–05. Even though Telangana’s economic growth was lower than that of Andhra Pradesh, its
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From global value chains to corporate production and innovation systems: exploring the rise of intellectual monopoly capitalism Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-02-14 Cecilia Rikap
ABSTRACT This article argues that contemporary leading global corporations are intellectual monopolies that base their power on the systematic concentration (and predation) of knowledge which they turn into intangible assets. By monopolizing access to portions of society’s knowledge, these companies’ capacity to plan portions of capitalism exceeds their legally owned assets. The article defines each
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Contrasting mobilities of locals, expatriates and international tourists in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: insights into transport and tourism development in the Global South Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-02-02 Kevin Yin Kiu Leung, Hiu Yan Lee
ABSTRACT Urban mobility is a major worldwide challenge. Increased urbanization of the capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, and its increased attractiveness to business travellers and cultural tourists have not been matched by adequate improved and sustainable urban transport provision. An analysis of the different mobilities of local residents, expatriates and international tourists and of their perceptions
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Covid-19, public health and social policy in MENA Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2021-12-21 Mahmood Messkoub
ABSTRACT Covid-19 had major socio-economic impacts on the populations and societies of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Government reactions depended on their public health institutions/infrastructures, official ideologies and understanding of the situation, as well as wars/conflicts and sanctions. To counter the impact of the pandemic, countries adopted a combination of cash payments
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Sustainability in the study of Gandhian economic philosophy Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2021-12-16 Bhaskar Kumar Kakati
ABSTRACT Sustainability is one of the significant development paradigms of the present world because of increasing concerns about environmental deterioration. Sustainability depends on the interaction among various social, economic and environmental factors. Thus, the role of people, resources and technologies become vital. Although people, resources and technologies play an essential role in ensuring
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The urban system of Russia from 1991–2020: gradual development instead of radical transformation Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2021-12-14 Evgeniya Kolomak
ABSTRACT An analysis of the evolution of the urban system of the Russian Federation in the period from 1991 to 2020 reveals an increase in heterogeneity of city development due to the growth of large cities and a decrease in the population of small cities, alongside a spatial shift in an east–west direction, although these changes are far less marked and slower than originally anticipated at the start
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Assessment of sustainable development of Russian regions Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2021-12-06 Vladimir V. Klimanov, Sofia M. Kazakova
ABSTRACT Regions as socio-economic systems face various challenges caused by global processes including world market fluctuations, large-scale migrations and environmental problems. Identifying the factors capable of throwing a regional system off the path of sustainable development will allow decision-makers to find effective remedies. In Russia, the transition to sustainable development has been
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Resilience, robustness and adaptivity: Large urban Russian Federation regions during the COVID-19 crisis Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-15 Irina D. Turgel, Olga A. Chernova, Anastasiia A. Usoltceva
ABSTRACT An analysis of the response of highly urbanized Russian regions to the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic shows that regions with a high urban population share and many small and medium-sized businesses were most vulnerable; that regional differences were largely determined by the severity of health-related restrictions on business and social activity; and the extent to which regionally differentiated
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Israeli Occupation and water service policy making in the Occupied West Bank, Palestine Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2021-10-27 Feras Ali Qawasmeh, Raja Noriza Raja Ariffin, Kuppusamy Singaravelloo
ABSTRACT The public policy field generally answers the question as to what a government should or should not do. In the case of Palestine, the Water Reform Process has however been characterized by a gap between the design of policies and their implementation that reinforced a status quo and has severe negative impacts on water service policymaking. This gap derives from geopolitical realities created
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Regional value chains as new pathways to development? Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 Sören Scholvin, Ivan Turok, Justin Visagie, Javier Revilla Diez
ABSTRACT There is growing scepticism about global value chains because of their association with an unequal global trading system. Regionally coordinated and integrated production in Asia appears to have served as a better mechanism for promoting economic prosperity than direct integration into global markets. This is founded upon regional cooperation on investment, trade and value chains. This research
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Transfers, taxes and tariffs: fiscal instruments and urban statecraft in Cape Town, South Africa Area Development and Policy (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2021-08-31 Liza Rose Cirolia, Glen Robbins
ABSTRACT Municipal revenue is an important site of urban statecraft. Against the backdrop of the metropolitan consolidation of Cape Town’s urban governance in 2000, this paper traces two key revenue sources: national transfers to local government, with a focus on conditional grants; and the City’s own sources, including property tax and service charges. While the design of these instruments intends