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The rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire’s religiously inspired status symbols Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-08-31 Fulya Hisarlıoğlu, Lerna K. Yanık
How do status symbols rise and fall? Or better said, how does a status symbol become a status symbol and then cease to be one? We examine the rise and the fall of the Ottoman Empire’s two socialization practices with the international society as status symbols: sending and receiving envoys/establishing permanent representation abroad and granting capitulations/extraterritoriality—economic and legal
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Is world politics class politics? States, social forces and voting in the United Nations General Assembly 1946–2020 Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-08-29 Nicholas Lees
Class is often neglected as a factor influencing foreign policy. While recent research explains the foreign policy positions of states in terms of the preferences of a ruling regime’s key constituencies of support, these accounts have not investigated how inter-state relations are influenced by specific class-based social forces. Influenced by liberal pluralism, they are agnostic about the role of
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‘Recognising Merit’ in late British colonial Cyprus Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-08-03 Maria Hadjiathanasiou
By interrogating the role of status symbols in Britain’s (de)colonial management practices, this article joins an emerging body of International Relation (IR) scholarship that conducts historical analyses of international status dynamics. Situated within the context of the age of the mid-20th century, at a time when empires were increasingly contested by their colonial subjects via near-simultaneous
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The importance of being civilized: Opera houses as status symbols in International Relations Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-07-26 Halvard Leira, Benjamin de Carvalho
(Ouverture) By making the case for opera houses as symbols of civilized status in International Relations (IR), this article addresses the discrepancy between the waning popularity of opera and the veritable boom in new opera houses we are witnessing across the globe. We foreground the multivocality of status symbols—they may be intended to communicate more than one meaning, by and to more than one
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Forum on Heikki Patomäki’s World Statehood: The Future of World Politics Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-07-26 Mathias Albert, Ian Crawford, Eva Erman, Oliver Kessler, Jens Bartelson, Mitja Sienknecht, Heikki Patomäki
In this forum, six scholars discuss Heikki Patomäki’s book World Statehood: The Future of World Politics, published in 2023. The editor’s introduction situates it in the discursive contexts of cosmopolitanism, deep history and functional differentiation. Ian Crawford looks at the concept of world statehood from an astrobiologist’s point of view, putting the debate in the context of research on the
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Deterrence icons as status symbols: American forces in NATO’s eastern flank Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-05-25 Maria Mälksoo
How can a signal of extended deterrence, such as prepositioning of foreign military forces, signify status for the beneficiaries of the allied deterrence/reassurance chain? This article explores how the manifestation and communication of allied deterrence can concurrently constitute an affectively charged status symbol for the protégé states of this international security practice. It does so on the
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Gendered labor: Appearance management and the unequal extraction of effort and time among ambassadors Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-05-15 Ann E. Towns
This article examines the gendered appearance management ambassadors do to properly represent states. Drawing on feminist sociologist theorizations of labor, and attentive to intersections with sexuality, class, and Western standards, the study shows the unequal extraction of time and effort from men and women as they manage their appearance in diplomacy. Theoretically, I argue that the gendered management
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When personalism matters: Nuclear latency and conflict propensity Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-05-14 Yu Bin Kim
While some scholars conclude that there is a positive relationship between the possession of nuclear latency and the initiation of international conflict, others conclude that there is no relationship between them. As such, these findings are in need of reconciliation, but there have been almost no scholarly efforts to do so. In this article, I argue and find that latent nuclear states with personalist
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Martial(ling) peace at the war museum: Emotion, desires and representations of the war-peace dichotomy Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-05-08 Nicole Wegner
This article investigates the role of emotions and the conceptual use of peace to justify martial violence. Drawing upon empirical evidence collected at the Canadian War Museum, the article explores how representations of war history present militarized violence as both a threat to, and the solution for, global peace. Building on scholarship in IR and Peace Studies that theorizes the relationship between
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Pragmatist Power Europe: Resilience and evolution in planetary organic crisis Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Ana E Juncos, Simon Frankel Pratt
In this article, we join others in revisiting the concept of Normative Power Europe (NPE) through the lenses of pragmatist theory to engage with the emergent challenges of the planetary organic crisis. We argue that NPE rests on the binary distinction between moral and instrumental action and this, we argue, limits our ability to conceptualise resilience as evolutionary and to develop responses to
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Prospects for intergenerational peace leadership: Reflections from Asia and the Pacific Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-18 Katrina Lee-Koo, Lesley Pruitt
In this article, we develop a model of intergenerational peace leadership (IPL) with a particular focus upon young women’s peace leadership. IPL remains under-theorised and under-recognised in both global policy and academic scholarship. We therefore outline and advocate for a young women-focussed IPL model as an opportunity for robust and sustainable peace leadership that aligns with broader UN-driven
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An inquiry into the EU’s role in global domination: Thinking normative power through the Frankfurt School Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-18 Veit Bachmann, Sami Moisio
The European Union (EU) functions as a productive power in the process of expanding the global knowledge economy. As such, it contributes to the planetary organic crisis – as opposed to its claim of countering it. In making this argument, we focus on two of the five dimensions identified by Manners as constitutive of the planetary organic crisis: sociomaterial inequality and ethnonationalism. Both
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Normative power at its unlikeliest: EU democratic norms and security service reform in Ukraine Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-18 Gergana Noutcheva, Kateryna Zarembo
This article traces the effects of European Union (EU) normative power on security sector reform in Ukraine. We argue that to get a better grasp of how normative power works in practice, we need to scrutinize more closely the domestic journey of EU norms. This local lens allows us to uncover the inherent contestation involved in the transnational travel of norms, emphasizing the importance of local
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From the incoming editors: A leading International Relations journal with a Nordic touch Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-12
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Normative power in the planetary organic crisis Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-11 Ian Manners
The lead intervention article argues that the new reality of the planetary organic crisis awaits a normative critical social theory of planetary politics, a means of understanding the sharing of relationships within International Relations and an agenda for action in concert found in the normative power approach. The article and subsequent 20th anniversary special issue provide an opportunity to reflect
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Business as usual like never before! Continuity, rupture and anxiety management in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum campaign Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-09 Ian Paterson
Ontological security-seeking has traditionally been considered to rest upon the stability and continuity of core auto-biographical narratives and everyday routines. ‘Critical situations’ which fundamentally destabilise these foundations of ontological security have thus hitherto carried a negative valence. Constitutional referenda proposing a radical re-organisation of collective political identities
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The reality and power of international law: Georg Schwarzenberger’s forgotten theory of International Relations Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-06 Carmen Chas
Georg Schwarzenberger’s oeuvre has remained significantly underexplored in International Relations literature despite his status as one of the most important thinkers in International Relations and international law of the twentieth century. Ahead of their time, his works reveal a picture of law that transcends academic boundaries and challenges the traditional portrayal of both realist theory and
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‘Russian warship, go fuck yourself’: Humour and the (geo) political limits of vicarious war Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-28 James Brassett, Christopher S Browning
With Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, vicarious identification (VI) with the Ukrainian fight swept across the West becoming the de facto and normatively prescribed response and a source of status, self-esteem and jouissance for all those vicariously participating. For their part, and with some success, the Ukrainians encouraged such a response through carefully curated acts of vicarious
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“I needed him to tell the world”: People’s evaluation of political apologies for human rights violations in El Salvador, the Republic of Korea, and the United Kingdom Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Marieke Zoodsma, Juliette Schaafsma, Thia Sagherian-Dickey, María Sol Yáñez de la Cruz, Jimin Kim, HaJung Cho, Iwan Dinnick, Youjoung Kim
Across the world, an increasing number of states or state representatives have offered apologies for human rights violations, particularly since the 1990s. There is debate, however, on how valuable such gestures are and what impact they have. To address this, we examined what the perspectives of victim community members and the general public are in this regard, in different parts of the world. We
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UN peacekeeping upon deployment: Peacekeeping activities in theory and practice Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Sabine Otto, Felix Kube, Hannah Smidt
United Nations peacekeeping operations (UNPKO) have been deployed in conflict-affected countries for decades. While we thoroughly understand what UNPKOs are mandated to do, there is little research on what activities peacekeepers actually do upon deployment in their host countries and in which sequence, if any. To address this gap, we formulate descriptive hypotheses about the number of implemented
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Climate institutions matter: The challenges of making gender-sensitive and inclusive climate policies Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Gunnhildur Lily Magnusdottir, Annica Kronsell
Climate institutions such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with its expert panel the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the European Union, as well as national and local authorities in various sectors (such as transport, industry, energy, and agriculture), play a central role in developing and enacting climate strategies. Climate institutions
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Imaging welcome culture: Visual border politics and Holocaust postmemory during Germany’s long summer of migration Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-17 Laura Holderied
This article contributes to debates on visuality in international politics by focusing on how images come to matter in the context of migration and border politics. It examines how political actors mobilized photographic images during Germany’s so-called “refugee crisis” 2015 and how the mobilization of images influenced bordering practices. The article suggests understanding visual (border) politics
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Wager upon wager: Assessing Iver B. Neumann’s contribution to International Relations Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-13 Vincent Pouliot, Ole Jacob Sending
A key player in the Scandinavian rise in the International Relations discipline, Iver B. Neumann has made significant contributions to several research programs, from Russian and European identity politics to practice theory and discourse analysis, through longue durée analyses of governmentality and diplomacy. At the theoretical level, Neumann has borrowed multiple social-theoretical resources that
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Bourdieu the ethnographer: Grounding the habitus of the ‘far-right’ voter Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-12 Emma Mc Cluskey
This article pushes the work of Bourdieu to more ethnographic directions within international social sciences, particularly studies of everyday (in)security. Thematically, it looks at how transform...
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Small states shelter diplomacy: Balancing costs of entrapment and abandonment in the alliance dilemma Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-07 Rasmus Pedersen
Shelter theory has emerged as a promising but unrealized alternative to existing theories of bandwagon and hiding in the literature. It describes how small states can utilize the structural power o...
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What makes strategic narrative efficient: Ukraine on Russian e-news platforms Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 Natalia Chaban, Svitlana Zhabotynska, Michèle Knodt
Contributing to the ‘narrative turn’ in International Relations and offering an answer to the question ‘What makes a strategic narrative efficient?’, this article adds to the methodological theoriz...
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Post-colonial gaslighting and Greenlandic independence: When ontological insecurity sustains hierarchy Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Emil Sondaj Hansen
This article proposes the concept of ‘post-colonial gaslighting’ to analyse subtle forms of colonialism and domination in international relations and the persistence of hierarchies in the internati...
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The emerging corporate turn in transitional justice Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-15 Line Jespersgaard Jakobsen
This essay reviews recent developments in transitional justice (TJ) scholarship that represent an emerging corporate turn in TJ. TJ has traditionally focused primarily on states and state-like acto...
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Regional international organizations in Africa as recipients of foreign aid: Why are some more attractive to donors than others? Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-01-30 Sören Stapel, Diana Panke, Fredrik Söderbaum
Foreign aid to regional international organizations (RIOs) has increased tremendously in recent decades. The vast differences between RIOs give rise to the question of why some RIOs attract conside...
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Resource mobilization in security partnerships: Explaining cooperation and coercion in the EU’s partnership with the African Union Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-01-30 Ueli Staeger
Security partnerships between unequal partners walk a fine line between mutually beneficial cooperation and coercion. This article theorizes resource provision in security partnerships in which a f...
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Constitutional inclusion in divided societies: Conceptual choices, practical dilemmas and the contribution of the grassroots in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-01-17 Joanne McEvoy, Jennifer Todd
Processes of constitutional discussion increasingly invite widespread popular inclusion and participation. Conceptual and practical problems remain, not least the respects in which inclusion is to ...
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Interlocking peace processes: Between competing and complementing peacemaking efforts in interlocking conflicts Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-12-28 Lior Lehrs
What is the dialectical influence between interlocking peace processes? The scholarship in the field of conflict analysis has identified the occurrence of “interlocking conflicts”—namely, linked co...
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The other side of resistance: Challenges to inclusivity within civil society and the limits of international peace mediation Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-12-04 Jamie Pring
Research on resistance to the inclusion of civil society in peace mediation focuses on armed parties and elites as sites of resistance. Such focus grounds policies that prescribe various strategies...
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Can small states wage proxy wars? A closer look at Lithuania’s military aid to Ukraine Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-09-02 Vytautas Isoda
Proxy wars are an increasingly common feature of great power competition in the 21st century. In this context, the role of the small states is less clear and has not been properly addressed in the ...
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United clubs of Europe: Informal differentiation and the social ordering of intra-EU diplomacy Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-08-19 Kristin Haugevik
This article makes the case for integrating informal, social and minilateral dynamics in analyses of ‘differentiated integration’ in the European Union (EU) context. In EU studies, differentiated i...
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Re-conceptualizing triangular coercion in International Relations Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-08-10 Daniel Sobelman
Although coercion literature has traditionally focused on two-actor dyads, coercion in three-actor settings is a prevalent yet understudied strategy in International Relations. Such cases of “trian...
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Societal multiplicity for international relations: Engaging societal interaction in building global governance from below Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-08-02 Antje Wiener
This article discusses the societal multiplicity proposition as a welcome conceptual proposition for IR. First, it argues that against the background of the discipline’s trajectory and especially A...
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Multiplicity, the corporation and human rights in global value chains Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Christian Scheper
Human rights in global value chains have become a key field of study in international law and corporate governance. The analysis often starts with a gap – a ‘governance gap’ in human rights protect...
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State commitments and inhumane conventional weapons: An explanatory analysis of treaty ratification Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Jan Karlas
In the last 40 years, the international community has made considerable progress towards the regulation of inhumane conventional weapons (ICWs) by adopting treaties that regulate or ban these weapo...
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Logics of Othering: Sweden as Other in the time of COVID-19 Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-23 Linus Hagström, Charlotte Wagnsson, Magnus Lundström
‘Othering’ – the view or treatment of another person or group as intrinsically different from and alien to oneself – is a central concept in the International Relations literature on identity const...
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Food, multiplicity and imperialism: Patterns of domination and subversion in the modern international system Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-21 Alejandro Colás
This article mobilises the notion of global food regime to explore ways in which modern International Relations are reproduced through distinctive patterns of alimentary domination and subversion. ...
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Political economy of Catholicism: The case of the sacred-market network at World Youth Day in Panama Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-15 Petr Kratochvíl
This article explores the everyday political economy of the Catholic World Youth Day in Panama, which was organized in January 2019. The aim is to shed more light on the relationship between the ma...
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Stereotyped images and role dissonance in the foreign policy of right-wing populist leaders: Jair Bolsonaro and Donald Trump Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-12 Leslie E Wehner
Populist leaders unfold anti-elite rhetoric to sustain the ‘in-group’ morale of the ‘people’ they represent. Populist projects contain an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ dimension constituted by the stereotyped...
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Better not talk? A mixed-methods experimental analysis of avoiding sensitive issues in post-conflict settings Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-05 Juan E Ugarriza, Diana C Acuña, Monica A Salazar
Ex-combatants, war victims, and violence-affected community members are typically forced to live together as neighbors in post-conflict settings. Cases all over the world accumulate evidence on the fact that living together after war is a far from a harmonic endeavor, and individuals usually rely on contention mechanisms to keep on with their daily lives while in proximity of former and present-day
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A processual framework for analysing liberal policy interventions in conflict contexts Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Mariam Salehi
The article proposes a heuristic framework based on processual sociology to analyse policy interventions aimed at change within conflict contexts. Such a framework is valuable because it creates an opportunity for a more open approach to empirical research that may allow us to research evolving processes and to see things we might miss otherwise. The article aims to complement goal-oriented and predominantly
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What’s the point of being a discipline? Four disciplinary strategies and the future of International Relations Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-06-28 Olaf Corry
While disciplinary identities are among the most fraught subjects in academia, much less attention has been given to what disciplinarity actually entails and what risks different disciplinary strategies involve. This article sets out a theory of disciplinarity that recognises not only their coercive but also their redeeming features, particularly in view of the coexistince of multiple competing disciplines
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Kraftwerk and the international ‘re-birth of Germany’: Multiplicity, identity and difference in music and International Relations Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-06-10 Benjamin Tallis
Kraftwerk are widely recognised as one of the most important groups in the history of popular music – and for (West) German national identity in the 20th century. They have been labelled as both typically German and thoroughly cosmopolitan, but, rather than being paradoxical (as some have claimed), this tension reveals an under-explored international politics at work. Using the emerging approach of
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Defence cooperation and change: How defence industry integration fostered development of the European security community Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-06-10 Ondrej Ditrych, Tomas Kucera
This article situates recent initiatives to deepen security and defence cooperation in the European Union in the historical perspective. It proposes a model of constitutive relationship between the process of change in a security community and the formation of a transnational defence industry community of practice which yields positive feedback (‘productive returns’) to the security community as a
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Spatialities of peace zones Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Nerve V. Macaspac
Peace zones are popularly understood as demilitarized geographic areas. While many peace zones have been documented around the world, scholarly research on the topic is surprisingly sparse. Furthermore, the existing literature focuses toward analyzing the complex social and temporal dynamics of peace zones. There is less work that examines the spatial processes that are mobilized in making the peace
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Introduction: The international of everything Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-06-08 Justin Rosenberg, Benjamin Tallis
This text introduces the Special Issue on Multiplicity. It sets out the broad research programme of Multiplicity, considers some criticisms that have been made of this programme and then summarises the contributions to the Special Issue.
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Of Stag Hunts and secret societies: Cooperation, male coalitions and the origins of multiplicity Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-06-08 Nicholas Lees
In many circumstances where multiple, autonomous actors exist, cooperation is only a viable strategy if other actors also pursue a strategy of cooperation. Such situations can be characterised in terms of the Stag Hunt, based on a parable told by Rousseau. Although traditionally interpreted as a device for understanding how mutually beneficial cooperation can emerge, Harrison Wagner points out that
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The unspoken red-line in Colombia: Gender reordering of women ex-combatants and the transformative peace agenda Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-05-30 José A Gutiérrez, Emma Murphy
Academic perspectives on women in conflict have been consistently moving away from the reductionist narrative of victimhood or deviation from gender norms. Yet, this narrative is still predominant in humanitarian discourses, while it is assumed that women’s participation in peacebuilding derives from their natural proclivities. These narratives, we argue, reinforce the gendered patriarchal post-conflict
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Problematizing norms of heritage and peace: Militia mobilization and violence in Iraq Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-05-25 Benjamin Isakhan, Ali Akbar
The destruction of heritage in conflict has emerged as a key challenge to global security and the prospects of peace. In response to the deliberate targeting of heritage sites by the Islamic State (IS) and other actors in recent years, the international community has launched a number of initiatives designed to protect and reconstruct key heritage sites in complex (post-)conflict contexts. However
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Precarious multiplicity: France, ‘foreign fighters’ and the containment of difference Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-05-25 Xavier Mathieu
This article investigates the portrayal by French policy-makers of the so-called Islamic State ‘foreign fighters’. I provide an in-depth analysis of the discursive construction of these ‘foreign fighters’ as different and detached from the (French) Self. I do so through a questioning of the notion of multiplicity, revealing how it exists precariously and the consequences this precariousness has on
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Claims to ignorance as a form of participation in transitional justice Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-05-18 Ivor Sokolić
Transitional justice is premised on participation that allows local publics to construct, critique and have some ownership over the process. The current scholarship assumes that individuals openly express their views of the process, or that they remain silent. The scholarship has neglected a third, significant form of participation: active withholding of views by saying ‘I don’t know’. This article
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Rules of recognition? Explaining diplomatic representation since the Congress of Vienna Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-05-15 Jan Teorell
The aim of this article is to explore the establishment of diplomatic representation as a measure of de facto recognition by other state units and to explain its causes in the “long 19th century” (1817–1914) and the post–World War II (WWII) era (1950–2000). Drawing on the Correlates of War diplomatic exchange data, the article explores the underlying drivers of dyadic acts of recognition in two series
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Unbowed, unbent, unbroken? Examining the validity of the responsibility to protect Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-05-08 Johannes Scherzinger
How has the sentiment around the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) changed over time? Scholars have debated far and wide whether the political norm enjoys widespread discursive acceptance or is on the brink of decline. This article contends that we can use sentiment analysis as an important indicator for norm validity. My analysis provides three crucial insights. First, despite the well-known fear
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Challenging civil society perceptions of NATO: Engaging the Women, Peace and Security agenda Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-18 Katharine AM Wright
Engagement with the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda by military actors has caused concern among some of its civil society advocates. For example, NATO has adopted the WPS agenda as an increasingly visible part of its self-narrative. Yet what had distinguished NATO’s engagement with WPS from many other actors is that it came without civil society involvement. The establishment of a Civil Society
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Better together? Civil society coordination during peace negotiations Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Nathanael Eschmann, Desirée Nilsson
Extensive research has been conducted in the field of peacebuilding concerning the role of civil society in peace negotiations. However, although research has stressed the importance of coordination among civil society groups, we have limited knowledge concerning the impact civil society coordination can have on the content of a peace agreement. This article addresses this gap by examining how the
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In defence of common values: The Finnish EU Council Presidency 2019 Cooperation and Conflict (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2022-02-25 Hanna Tuominen
Finland promoted a value-based agenda as the President of the European Union (EU) Council in 2019. The focus was especially on the defence of the rule of law principle. A role as a strong value promoter departs from the pragmatic and cautious tradition of Finnish EU policy. In this article, I will ask why Finland chose to promote values, and what kind of political debate preceded its Presidency term