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Can Social Norms Explain Long-Term Trends in Alcohol Use? Insights from Inverse Generative Social Science. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 Tuong Manh Vu,Charlotte Buckley,João A Duro,Alan Brennan,Joshua M Epstein,Robin C Purshouse
Social psychological theory posits entities and mechanisms that attempt to explain observable differences in behavior. For example, dual process theory suggests that an agent's behavior is influenced by intentional (arising from reasoning involving attitudes and perceived norms) and unintentional (i.e., habitual) processes. In order to pass the generative sufficiency test as an explanation of alcohol
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Inverse Generative Social Science: Backward to the Future. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 Joshua M Epstein
The agent-based model is the principal scientific instrument of generative social science. Typically, we design completed agents-fully endowed with rules and parameters-to grow macroscopic target patterns from the bottom up. Inverse generative science (iGSS) stands this approach on its head: Rather than handcrafting completed agents to grow a target-the forward problem-we start with the macro-target
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Sharing Risk Under Heterogeneity: Exploring Participation Patterns in Situations of Incomplete Information Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Eva Vriens,Vincent Buskens
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A Comparative Study on Apprenticeship Systems Using Agent-Based Simulation Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Amir Hosein Afshar Sedigh,Martin Purvis,Tony Bastin Roy Savarimuthu,Christopher Konstantin Frantz,Maryam Purvis
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Particle Swarm Optimization for Calibration in Spatially Explicit Agent-Based Modeling Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Alexander Michels,Jeon-Young Kang,Shaowen Wang
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On the Interplay Among Multiple Factors: Effects of Factor Configuration in a Proof-Of-Concept Migration Agent-Based Model Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Woi Sok Oh,Alvaro Carmona-Cabrero,Rafael Muñoz-Carpena,Rachata Muneepeerakul
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Agent-Based Modelling of Future Dairy and Plant-Based Milk Consumption for UK Climate Targets Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Matthew Gibson,Joana Portugal Pereira,Raphael Slade,Joeri Rogelj
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An Integrated Ecological-Social Simulation Model of Farmer Decisions and Cropping System Performance in the Rolling Pampas (Argentina) Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Sebastián Pessah,Diego Omar Ferraro,Daniela Blanco,Rodrigo Castro
Changes in agricultural systems are a multi-causal process involving climate change, globalization and technological change. These complex interactions regulate the landscape transformation process by imposing landuseandcover change (LUCC)dynamics. Inorder tobetterunderstandand forecast theLUCCprocess we developed a spatially explicit agent-based model in the form of a Cellular Automata: the AgroDEVS
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Natural-Language Multi-Agent Simulations of Argumentative Opinion Dynamics Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Gregor Betz
This paper develops a natural-language agent-based model of argumentation (ABMA). Its artificial deliberative agents (ADAs) are constructed with the help of so-called neural language models recently developed in AI and computational linguistics. ADAs are equipped with a minimalist belief system and may generate and submit novel contributions to a conversation. The natural-language ABMA allows us to
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Fear, Behaviour, and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A City-Scale Agent-Based Model Using Socio-Demographic and Spatial Map Data Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Carl Orge Retzlaff,Laura Burbach,Lilian Kojan,Patrick Halbach,Johannes Nakayama,Martina Ziefle,André Calero Valdez
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A Bad Barrel Spoils a Good Apple: How Uncertainty and Networks Affect Whether Matching Rules Can Foster Cooperation Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Carlos A. de Matos Fernandes,Andreas Flache,Dieko M. Bakker,Jacob Dijkstra
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Calibrating Agent-Based Models Using Uncertainty Quantification Methods Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Josie McCulloch,Jiaqi Ge,Jonathan A. Ward,Alison Heppenstall,J. Gareth Polhill,Nick Malleson
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Generation of Synthetic Populations in Social Simulations: A Review of Methods and Practices Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Kevin Chapuis,Patrick Taillandier,Alexis Drogoul
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An Agent-Based Model of Motor Insurance Customer Behaviour in the UK with Word of Mouth Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Rei England,Iqbal Owadally,Douglas Wright
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ReMoTe-S. Residential Mobility of Tenants in Switzerland: An Agent-Based Model Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Anna Pagani,Francesco Ballestrazzi,Emanuele Massaro,Claudia R. Binder
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PolicySpace2: Modeling Markets and Endogenous Public Policies Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Bernardo Alves Furtado
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Arguments as Drivers of Issue Polarisation in Debates Among Artificial Agents Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Felix Kopecky
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The Role of Reinforcement Learning in the Emergence of Conventions: Simulation Experiments with the Repeated Volunteer’s Dilemma Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Hendrik Nunner,Wojtek Przepiorka,Chris Janssen
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A Noisy Opinion Formation Model with Two Opposing Mass Media Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Hirofumi Takesue
Processes of individual attitude formation and their macroscopic consequences have become an intriguing research topic, and agent-based models of opinion formation have been proposed to understand this phenomenon. This study conducted an agent-based simulation and examined the role of mass media in a noisy opinion formation process, where opinion heterogeneity is preserved by a weak intensity of assimilation
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Youth and Their Artificial Social Environmental Risk and Promotive Scores (Ya-TASERPS): An Agent-Based Model of Interactional Theory of Delinquency Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 JoAnn Lee,Andrew Crooks
Risk assessments are designed to measure cumulative risk and promotive factors for delinquency and recidivism, and are used by criminal and juvenile justice systems to inform sanctions and interventions. Yet, these risk assessments tend to focus on individual risk and o en fail to capture each individual’s environmental risk. This paper presents an agent-based model (ABM) which explores the interaction
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Sustaining Collective Action in Urban Community Gardens Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Arthur Feinberg,Elena Hooijschuur,Nicole Rogge,Amineh Ghorbani,Paulien Herder
This paper presents an agent-based model that explores the conditions for ongoing participation in community gardening projects. We test the e ects of Ostrom’s well-known Design Principles for collective action anduse an extensive database collected in 123 cases inGermany and two case studies in theNetherlands to validate it. Themodel uses the Institutional Analysis andDevelopment (IAD) framework and
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Comparing Mechanisms of Food Choice in an Agent-Based Model of Milk Consumption and Substitution in the UK Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Matthew Gibson,Raphael Slade,Joana Portugal Pereira,Joeri Rogelj
Substitution of food products will be key to realising widespread adoption of sustainable diets. We present an agent-based model of decision-making and influences on food choice, and apply it to historically observed trends of British whole and skimmed (including semi) milk consumption from 1974 to 2005. We aim to give a plausible representation of milk choice substitution, and test di erent mechanisms
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Agent-Based Social Simulation of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Fabian Lorig,Emil Johansson,Paul Davidsson
When planning interventions to limit the spread of Covid-19, the current state of knowledge about the disease and specific characteristics of the population need to be considered. Simulations can facilitate policy making as they take prevailing circumstances into account. Moreover, they allow for the investigation of the potential effects of different interventions using an artificial population. Agent-based
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Introducing the Argumentation Framework Within Agent-Based Models to Better Simulate Agents' Cognition in Opinion Dynamics: Application to Vegetarian Diet Diffusion Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Patrick Taillandier,Nicolas Salliou,Rallou Thomopoulos
This paper introduces a generic agent-basedmodel simulating the exchange and the di usion of pro andconarguments. It is applied to the caseof thedi usionof vegetariandiets in the context of apotential emergence of a second nutrition transition. To this day, agent-based simulation has been extensively used to study opinion dynamics. However, the vast majority of existing models have been limited to
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Can Ethnic Tolerance Curb Self-Reinforcing School Segregation? A Theoretical Agent Based Model Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Lucas Sage,Andreas Flache
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Where Does Theory Have It Right? A Comparison of Theory-Driven and Empirical Agent Based Models Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Firouzeh Taghikhah,Tatiana Filatova,Alexey Voinov
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Modeling COVID-19 for Lifting Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Matthew Koehler,David M Slater,Garry Jacyna,James R Thompson
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Finding Core Members of Cooperative Games Using Agent-Based Modeling Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Daniele Vernon-Bido,Andrew Collins
Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a powerful paradigm to gain insight into social phenomena. One area that ABM has rarely been applied is coalition formation. Traditionally, coalition formation is modeled using cooperative game theory. In this paper, a heuristic algorithm is developed that can be embedded into an ABM to allow the agents to find coalition. The resultant coalition structures are comparable
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Opinion Dynamics and Collective Risk Perception: An Agent-Based Model of Institutional and Media Communication About Disasters Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Francesca Giardini,Daniele Vilone
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Justified Stories with Agent-Based Modelling for Local COVID-19 Planning Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Jennifer Badham,Pete Barbrook-Johnson,Camila Caiado,Brian Castellani
This paper presents JuSt-Social, an agent-based model of the COVID-19 epidemic with a range of potential social policy interventions It was developed to support local authorities in North East England who are making decisions in a fast moving crisis with limited access to data The proximate purpose of JuSt-Social is description, as the model represents knowledge about both COVID-19 transmission and
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Using Agent-Based Modelling to Assess Scenarios for Enhanced Soil and Water Conservation in the Boset District, Ethiopia Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Samuel Assefa,Aad Kessler,Luuk Fleskens
Thesustainabilityof theongoingCampaign-BasedWatershedManagement (CBWM)programinEthiopia is questionable due to poor planning and implementation of the Soil andWater Conservation (SWC) structures. This study uses an empirically based, agent-based model to explore the e ect of six scenarios on both area of land covered by, as well as the quality of SWC structures in three Kebeles (villages) of Boset
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Long-Term Dynamics of Institutions: Using ABM as a Complementary Tool to Support Theory Development in Historical Studies Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Molood Ale Ebrahim Dehkordi,Amineh Ghorbani,Giangiacomo Bravo,Mike Farjam,René van Weeren,Anders Forsman,Tine De Moor
Historical data are valuable resources for providing insights into general sociological patterns in the past. However, thesedatao en informusat themacro-level of analysisbutnotabout the roleof individuals’ behaviours in the emergence of long-term patterns. Therefore, it is di icult to infer ‘how’ and ‘why’ certain patterns emerged in the past. Historians use various methods to draw hypotheses about
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Modeling Interaction in Collaborative Groups: Affect Control Within Social Structure Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Nikolas Zöller,Jonathan H. Morgan,Tobias Schröder
This paper studies the dynamics of identity and status management within groups in collaborative settings. We present an agent-based simulation model for group interaction rooted in social psychological theory. The model integrates a ect control theory with networked interaction structures and sequential behavior protocols as they are o en encountered in task groups. By expressing status hierarchy
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Actor Behaviour and Robustness of Industrial Symbiosis Networks: An Agent-Based Modelling Approach Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Kasper Lange,Gijsbert Korevaar,Igor Nikolic,Paulien Herder
Industrial Symbiosis Networks (ISNs) consist of firms that exchange residual materials and energy locally, in order to gain economic, environmental and/or social advantages. In practice, ISNs regularly fail when partners leave and the recovery of residual streamsends. Regarding the current societal need for a shi towards sustainability, it is undesirable that ISNs should fail. Failures of ISNs may
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Cascades Across Networks Are Sufficient for the Formation of Echo Chambers: An Agent-Based Model Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Jan-Philipp Fränken,Toby Pilditch
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Using Agent-Based Models for Prediction in Complex and Wicked Systems Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 J. Gareth Polhill,Matthew Hare,Tom Bauermann,David Anzola,Erika Palmer,Doug Salt,Patrycja Antosz
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Social Network Metric-Based Interventions? Experiments with an Agent-Based Model of the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Metropolitan Region Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Ben Vermeulen,Matthias Müller,Andreas Pyka
We present and use an agent-based model to study interventions for suppression, mitigation, and vaccination in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. Unlike metapopulation models, our agent-based model permits experimenting with micro-level interventions in social interactions at individual sites. We compare common macro-level interventions applicable to everyone (e.g., keep distance, close all schools)
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Generating a Two-Layered Synthetic Population for French Municipalities: Results and Evaluation of Four Synthetic Reconstruction Methods Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Boyam Fabrice Yameogo,Pierre-Olivier Vandanjon,Pascal Gastineau,Pierre Hankach
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No Free Lunch when Estimating Simulation Parameters Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Ernesto Carrella
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The Use of Surrogate Models to Analyse Agent-Based Models Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Guus ten Broeke,George van Voorn,Arend Ligtenberg,Jaap Molenaar
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An Argument Communication Model of Polarization and Ideological Alignment Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Sven Banisch,Eckehard Olbrich
A multi-level model of opinion formation is presented which takes into account that attitudes on different issues are usually not independent. In the model, agents exchange beliefs regarding a series of facts. A cognitive structure of evaluative associations links different (partially overlapping) sets of facts to different political issues and determines an agents' attitudinal positions in a way borrowed
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On the Macroeconomic Effect of Extortion: An Agent-Based Approach Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Alejandro Platas-López,Alejandro Guerra-Hernández,Francisco Grimaldo
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Agent-Based Simulation of West Asian Urban Dynamics: Impact of Refugees Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Ali Termos,Stefano Picascia,Neil Yorke-Smith
Abstract: Rapid international migration of significant populations generates profound implications for countries in West Asia, Europe, and other regions. The motivation of this work is to develop an agent-based model (ABM) to capture the existence of suchmigrant and refugee flows, and to explore the e ects of these flows on urban dynamics. Advances in agent-basedmodelling have led to theoretically-grounded
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Cultural Dissemination: An Agent-Based Model with Social Influence Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Ngan Nguyen,Hongfei Chen,Benjamin Jin,Walker Quinn,Conrad Tyler,Adam Landsberg
We study cultural dissemination in the context of an Axelrod-like agent-based model describing the spread of cultural traits across a society, with an added element of social influence. Thismodification produces absorbing states exhibiting greater variation in number and size of distinct cultural regions compared to the original Axelrodmodel, and we identify the mechanism responsible for this amplification
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Hard Work, Risk-Taking, and Diversity in a Model of Collective Problem Solving Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Amin Boroomand,Paul E. Smaldino
We studied an agent-based model of collective problem solving in which teams of agents search on an NK landscape and share information about newly found solutions. We analyzed the e ects of team members’ behavioral strategies, team size, and team diversity on overall performance. Depending on the landscape complexity and a team’s features a teammay eventually find the best possible solution or become
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PastoralScape: An Environment-Driven Model of Vaccination Decision Making Within Pastoralist Groups in East Africa Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Matthew Sottile,Richard Iles,Craig McConnel,Ofer Amram,Eric Lofgren
Economicandcultural resilienceamongpastoralists inEastAfrica is threatenedby the interconnected forces of climate change and contagious diseases spread. A key factor in the resilience of livestock dependent communities is human decision making regarding vaccination against preventable diseases such as Ri Valley fever and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia. The relationship between healthy and productive
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The Role of Mistrust in the Modelling of Opinion Adoption Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Johnathan Adams,Gentry White,Robyn Araujo
Societies tend to partition into factions based on shared beliefs, leading to sectarian conflict in society. This paper investigatesmistrust as a cause for this partitioningby extending an establishedopiniondynamics model with Bayesian updating that specifies mistrust as the underlying mechanism for disagreement and, ultimately, polarisation. We demonstrate that mistrust is at the foundation of polarisation
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VIDA: A Simulation Model of Domestic Violence in Times of Social Distancing Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Lígia Mori Madeira,Bernardo Alves Furtado,Alan Dill
Violence against women occurs predominantly in the family and domestic context. The COVID-19 pan-demic has led Brazil to recommend and at times, impose social distancing, with the partial closure of economic activities, schools, and restrictions on events and public services. Preliminary evidence shows that intense co-existence increases domestic violence, while social distancing measures may have
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An Agent Based Model of a Thinly Traded Land Market in an Urbanizing Region Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Yong Chen,Elena Irwin,Ciriyam Jayaprakash,Kyoung Jin Park
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Dynamics of Public Opinion: Diverse Media and Audiences’ Choices Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Zhongtian Chen,Hanlin Lan
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Targeting Your Preferences: Modelling Micro-Targeting for an Increasingly Diverse Electorate Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Toby Pilditch,Jens Koed Madsen
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Leveraging Modularity During Replication of High-Fidelity Models: Lessons from Replicating an Agent-Based Model for HIV Prevention. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2020-10-31 Wouter Vermeer,Arthur Hjorth,Samuel M Jenness,Hendrick Brown,Uri Wilensky
High-fidelity models are increasingly used to predict, and guide decision making. Prior work has emphasized the importance of replication in ensuring reliable modeling, and has yielded important replication strategies. However, this work is based on relatively simple theory generating models, and its lessons might not translate to high-fidelity models used for decision support. Using NetLogo we replicate
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RecovUS: An Agent-Based Model of Post-Disaster Household Recovery Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Saeed Moradi,Ali Nejat
The housing sector is an important part of every community. It directly affects people, constitutes a major share of the building market, and shapes the community. Meanwhile, the increase of developments in hazard-prone areas along with the intensification of extreme events has amplified the potential for disaster-induced losses. Consequently, housing recovery is of vital importance to the overall
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A Weighted Balance Model of Opinion Hyperpolarization Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Simon Schweighofer,Frank Schweitzer,David Garcia
Polarization is threatening the stability of democratic societies. Until now, polarization research has focused on opinion extremeness, overlooking the correlation between di erent policy issues. In this paper, we explain the emergence of hyperpolarization, i.e., the combination of extremeness and correlation between issues, by developing a new theory of opinion formation called “WeightedBalance Theory
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Impacts of Consensus Protocols and Trade Network Topologies on Blockchain System Performance Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Xianhua Wei,Aiya Li,Zhou He
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Metamodels for Evaluating, Calibrating and Applying Agent-Based Models: A Review Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Bruno Pietzsch,Sebastian Fiedler,Kai G. Mertens,Markus Richter,Cédric Scherer,Kirana Widyastuti,Marie-Christin Wimmler,Liubov Zakharova,Uta Berger
The recent advancement of agent-based modeling is characterized by higher demands on the parameterization, evaluation and documentation of these computationally expensivemodels. Accordingly, there is also a growing request for “easy to go” applications just mimicking the input-output behavior of such models. Metamodels are being increasingly used for these tasks. In this paper, we provide an overview
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Reflexivity in a Diffusion of Innovations Model Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Carlos Córdoba,César García-Díaz
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Agent-Based Land Change Modeling of a Large Watershed: Space-Time Locations of Critical Threshold Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Wenwu Tang,Jianxin Yang
Land use and land cover change has been recognized to have significant environmental impacts in a watershed, such as regulation of water quality. However, the identification of potential regions that are sensitive to land change activities for the protection of water quality poses a grand challenge particularly in a large watershed. These potential regions are o en associated with critical thresholds
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Theory Development Via Replicated Simulations and the Added Value of Standards Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Jonas Hauke,Sebastian Achter,Matthias Meyer
Using the agent-based model of Miller et al. (2012), which depicts how di erent types of individuals’ memory a ect the formation and performance of organizational routines, we show how a replicated simulation model can be used to develop theory. We also assess how standards, such as the ODD (Overview, Design concepts, and Details) protocol and DOE (design of experiments) principles, support the replication
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BEN: An Architecture for the Behavior of Social Agents Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (IF 2.2) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Mathieu Bourgais,Patrick Taillandier,Laurent Vercouter
Over the last few years, the use of agent-based simulations to study social systems has spread to many domains (e.g., geography, ecology, sociology, economy). These simulations aim to reproduce real life situations involving human beings and thus need to integrate complex agents to match the behavior of the simulated people. Therefore, notions such as cognition, emotions, personality, social relationships