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Prototypes of Victims of Workplace Harassment Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-03-16 Ignazio Ziano, Evan Polman
What do people think of when they think of workplace harassment? In 13 pre-registered studies with French, British, and U.S. American adult participants ( N = 3,892), we conducted a multi-method investigation into people’s social prototypes of victims of workplace harassment. We found people imagined such victims in physically, socially, psychologically, and economically different ways compared with
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Volitional Change in Pathological Traits: Can People Change Their Maladaptive Traits? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-03-16 Sierra M. Rufino, Nathan W. Hudson, Julia L. Briskin
Research suggests people want to change their normative personality traits—and they can volitionally do so. However, studies have not yet addressed volitional change in pathological personality. Consequently, the current study examined (a) people’s desires to change pathological traits, (b) whether these change goals predict subsequent trait change, (c) whether this withstands controlling normative
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On Creating Deeper Relationship Bonds: Felt Understanding Enhances Relationship Identification Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Emilie Auger, Sabrina Thai, Carolyn Birnie-Porter, John E. Lydon
Relational experiences play a critical role in shaping how individuals see themselves. In four studies ( N=945) using person-perception, longitudinal, and experimental designs, we demonstrate that feeling understood changes individuals’ self-concept by increasing the centrality of a specific relationship (relationship identification). Study 1 showed that participants perceived an individual to be more
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When What Is Beautiful Is Not Good: The Role of Trait Self-Control in Resisting Eye Candy Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Michelle R. vanDellen, William M. Schiavone, Julian W. C. Wright, Jerica X. Bornstein
People are drawn to and like others who are physically attractive. In the present research, we investigated the influence of trait self-control on individuals’ interest in relationships with physically attractive others. We hypothesized that high (vs. low) self-control individuals would approach relationships by considering information beyond appearance about potential partners, including partners’
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Populism, Economic Distress, Cultural Backlash, and Identity Threat: Integrating Patterns and Testing Cross-National Validity Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Efisio Manunta, Maja Becker, Vivian L. Vignoles, Paul Bertin, Eleonora Crapolicchio, Camila Contreras, Alin Gavreliuc, Roberto González, Claudia Manzi, Thomas Salanova, Matthew J. Easterbrook
Populism is on the rise across liberal democracies. The sociopsychological underpinnings of this increasing endorsement of populist ideology should be uncovered. In an online cross-sectional survey study among adult samples from five countries (Chile, France, Italy, Romania, and the United Kingdom; N = 9,105), we aimed to replicate an economic distress pattern in which relative deprivation and identity
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Exploring Asymmetries in Self-Concept Change After Discrepant Feedback Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Franziska Brotzeller, Mario Gollwitzer
Receiving self-relevant feedback that is discrepant from one’s self-concept can lead to self-concept change. However, it is currently unclear whether positive or negative feedback has a larger effect on self-concept change. Across four studies (total N = 1,438), we demonstrate that intentions for self-concept change (Study 1) as well as actual self-concept change (Studies 2, 3, and 4) are larger (a)
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Following Prejudiced Behavior, Confrontation Restores Local Anti-Bias Social Norms Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Anna Haoyang Li, Elisabeth S. Noland, Margo J. Monteith
Does confronting, or calling out prejudiced statements or behaviors, signal anti-bias norms? The current studies ( N = 1,308) examined this question by assessing observers’ perceptions of descriptive and injunctive anti-bias local norms after a prejudiced comment was confronted. Studies 1 and 2 revealed a restorative function of confrontation: Confrontation of bias expressed toward Mexican people strengthened
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Evaluating the Structure of Subjective Well-Being: Evidence From Three Large-Scale, Long-Term, National Longitudinal Studies Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Michael A. Busseri
To inform the tripartite structure of subjective well-being (SWB), national longitudinal studies from the United States, Germany, and Australia were used to estimate random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) in which between- and within-individual variation in life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) was examined over periods of up to two decades. The RI-CLPMs
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Personality Trait Change Across a Major Global Stressor Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Kalista M. Kyle, Brett Q. Ford, Emily C. Willroth
The current research examined three related questions in a 21-month longitudinal study of a diverse sample of U.S. participants ( N = 504): (a) How did Big Five traits change during the COVID-19 pandemic? (b) What factors were associated with individual differences in trait change? and (c) How was Big Five trait change associated with downstream well-being, mental health, and physical health? On average
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Perceived Relational Support Is Associated With Everyday Positive, But Not Negative, Affectivity in a U.S. Sample Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Virginia Ulichney, Helen Schmidt, Chelsea Helion
Research suggests that perceived social support bolsters emotional well-being. We tested whether perceived support from friends, family, and spouses/partners was associated with reduced negative and greater positive affectivity (i.e., everyday affective baseline), and whether perceived strain in these relationships had opposite effects, accounting for age and relevant covariates. Using data from the
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Small Sample Size and Group Homogeneity: A Crucial Ingredient to Inter-Group Bias Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Johannes Ziegler, Klaus Fiedler
Applying a recently developed framework for the study of sample-based person impressions to the level of group impressions resulted in convergent evidence for a highly robust judgment process. How stimulus traits mapped on the resulting group impressions was subject to two distinct moderators, diagnosticity of traits, and the amplifying impact of early sample truncation. Three indices of diagnosticity—negative
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Personality and Well-Being Across and Within Relationship Status Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Elaine Hoan, Geoff MacDonald
Trends of increasing singlehood call for understanding of well-being correlates across and within relationship status. While personality is a major predictor of well-being, descriptive trait profiles of singles have not been developed. In the present research ( N = 1,811; 53% men; Mage = 29), single and partnered individuals completed measures of personality and well-being, including life, relationship
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Values in Context: The (Dis)connections Between Moral Foundations and Moral Conviction Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Paul E. Teas, Brittany E. Hanson, Ana Leal, Lindsay M. Novak, Linda J. Skitka
Moral foundations theory (MFT) argues that liberals and conservatives form different moral positions because liberals emphasize the values of harm and fairness, whereas conservatives emphasize the values of group loyalty, authority, and purity. In five studies (total N = 3,327), we investigated whether political orientation moderated the relationship between the perceived relevance of each moral foundation
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Secrecy in Everyday Life Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Valentina Bianchi, Katharine H. Greenaway, Ella K. Moeck, Michael L. Slepian, Elise K. Kalokerinos
Secrecy is common, yet we know little about how it plays out in daily life. Most existing research on secrecy is based on methods involving retrospection over long periods of time, failing to capture secrecy “in the wild.” Filling this gap, we conducted two studies using intensive longitudinal designs to present the first picture of secrecy in everyday life. We investigated momentary contextual factors
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How Do Invested Partners Become Invested? A Prospective Investigation of Fledgling Relationship Development Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Samantha Joel, Laura Machia
Investment—the feeling that one has put considerable resources into a relationship—is theorized to play a key role in relationship persistence. Yet, the development of investment is not well-understood. We recruited 256 individuals in new dating relationships and surveyed them each week for up to 25 weeks. This design allows us to test underlying theoretical assumptions about how people become invested
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Need Support and Need Thwarting: A Meta-Analysis of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness Supportive and Thwarting Behaviors in Student Populations Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-31 Joshua L. Howard, Gavin R. Slemp, Xiao Wang
In this meta-analysis, we review the nomological networks of six need-supportive and need-thwarting categories, as defined by self-determination theory (SDT), and as they apply to students in educational contexts. We conducted a synthesis of 8693 correlations from 637 samples ( N = 388,912). A total of 72 covariates were examined, resulting in 183 meta-analytic effects reported. Results indicate that
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Prepare to Compare: Effects of an Intervention Involving Upward and Downward Social Comparisons on Goal Pursuit in Daily Life Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Kathi Diel, Wilhelm Hofmann, Sonja Grelle, Lea Boecker, Malte Friese
In a preregistered ecological momentary intervention study, we alternately instructed participants to adopt an upward and downward comparison focus. In all, 349 participants reported 8,137 social comparison situations across 6 days and three comparison conditions (baseline, upward, downward). For each comparison, participants reported social comparison direction, motivation, effort intentions, and
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Nostalgia and Health: A Longitudinal Network Analysis of Different Nostalgic Experiences Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Kuan-Ju Huang, Raphael Uricher
The study examines the long-term dynamics of the relationship between nostalgia and health using a population-based longitudinal sample in the Netherlands ( N = 958). We identified five types of nostalgia— Home, Peers and shared experiences, Emotional security, Innocence, and Leisure and media—and explored their relationships with health using network analyses. We found bidirectional relationships
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Defend, Deny, Distance, and Dismantle: A New Measure of Advantaged Identity Management Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Eric Shuman, Martijn van Zomeren, Tamar Saguy, Eric Knowles, Eran Halperin
The experience of privilege can trigger psychological conflict among advantaged group members. Nonetheless, little work has explored strategies that advantaged group members use to manage their identities as privileged actors. Building on Knowles et al.’s framework and theories of intergroup relations, we address the conceptualization and measurement of advantaged group identity-management strategies
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Did Descriptive and Prescriptive Norms About Gender Equality at Home Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Cross-National Investigation Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Franziska Magdalena Saxler, Angela R. Dorrough, Laura Froehlich, Katharina Block, Alyssa Croft, Loes Meeussen, Maria Olsson, Toni Schmader, Carolin Schuster, Sanne van Grootel, Colette Van Laar, Ciara Atkinson, Tessa Benson-Greenwald, Andreea Birneanu, Vladimira Cavojova, Sapna Cheryan, Albert Lee Kai Chung, Ivan Danyliuk, Ilan Dar-Nimrod, Soledad de Lemus, Amanda Diekman, Léïla Eisner, Lucía Estevan-Reina
Using data from 15 countries, this article investigates whether descriptive and prescriptive gender norms concerning housework and child care (domestic work) changed after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of a total of 8,343 participants ( M = 19.95, SD = 1.68) from two comparable student samples suggest that descriptive norms about unpaid domestic work have been affected by the pandemic
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Order Matters When Using Two-Sided Messages to Influence Morally Based Attitudes Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Mengran Xu, Richard E. Petty
Contrary to common beliefs, sometimes downplaying or even undermining one’s case can enhance impact, especially for people with strong attitudes. Across four studies ( N = 1,548), we demonstrate that the placement of the undermining information within a two-sided message matters. By manipulating message order within a two-sided message, Study 1 showed that the relative effectiveness of two- over one-sided
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The SAFE Model: State Authenticity as a Function of Three Types of Fit Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-28 Audrey Aday, Yingchi Guo, Smriti Mehta, Serena Chen, William Hall, Friedrich M. Götz, Constantine Sedikides, Toni Schmader
The SAFE model asserts that state authenticity stems from three types of fit to the environment. Across two studies of university students, we validated instruments measuring self-concept, goal, and social fit as unique predictors of state authenticity. In Study 1 ( N = 969), relationships between fit and state authenticity were robust to controlling for conceptually similar and distinct variables
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Children Value Animals More Than Adults Do: A Conceptual Replication and Extension Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Mariola Paruzel-Czachura, Maximilian Maier, Roksana Warmuz, Matti Wilks, Lucius Caviola
Recent psychological research finds that U.S. American children have a weaker tendency than U.S. American adults to value humans more than animals. We aimed to conceptually replicate and extend this finding in a preregistered study ( N = 412). We investigated whether 6- to 9-year-old Polish children (Study 1a) are less likely to prioritize humans over animals than Polish adults are (Studies 1b and
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Liking Predicts Judgments of Authenticity in Real-Time Interactions More Robustly Than Personality States or Affect Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Grace N. Rivera, Jinhyung Kim, Nicholas J. Kelley, Joshua Hicks, Rebecca J. Schlegel
We conducted three studies involving small group interactions ( N = 622) that examined whether Big Five personality states, affect, and/or liking predict judgments of others’ authenticity. Study 1 ( n = 119) revealed that neither self-rated personality states nor affect predicted other-rated authenticity. Instead, other-rated liking was the only predictor of other-rated authenticity. Study 2 ( n =
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Effort Expenditure Increases Risk-Taking for Improbable Rewards Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-05 Huiping Jiang, Ya Zheng
Previous studies have found that exerting effort can lead people to engage in risk-taking behaviors. While effort can be either cognitive or physical, risk-taking can take place in either a risky context with known outcome probabilities or an ambiguous context with unknown outcome probabilities. The goal of the current research is to investigate how effort type and decision context influence risk-taking
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Defensiveness Toward IAT Feedback Predicts Willingness to Engage in Anti-Bias Behaviors Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2024-01-05 Nicole Lofaro, Louis H. Irving, Kate A. Ratliff
People who are more defensive about their feedback on the Race-Attitudes Implicit Association Test (IAT) are less willing to engage in anti-bias behaviors. Extending on this work, we statistically clarified defensiveness constructs to predict willingness to engage in anti-bias behaviors among people who received pro-White versus no-bias IAT feedback. We replicated the finding that U.S. Americans are
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What Comes First, Acculturation or Adjustment? A Longitudinal Investigation of Integration Versus Mental Resources Hypotheses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Marina M Doucerain,Catherine E Amiot,Tomas Jurcik,Andrew G Ryder
A focal point in the acculturation literature is the so-called "integration hypothesis," whereby integration (high mainstream cultural engagement and heritage cultural maintenance) is associated with higher psychosocial adjustment, compared to other strategies. Yet, the vast majority of this literature is cross-sectional, raising questions about how best to understand associations between integration
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Do Chameleons Lead Better? A Meta-Analysis of the Self-Monitoring and Leadership Relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-25 Linghe Lei,Chen Wang,Jonathan Pinto
The relationship between self-monitoring and leadership has been debated. We attempt to resolve this debate through a meta-analysis (N = 9,029 across 55 samples). Since this is the first meta-analysis that focuses on this relationship, we were able to study both focal constructs at a granular level. As hypothesized, self-monitoring is positively associated with leadership emergence and leadership effectiveness
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Extraverts Reap Greater Social Rewards From Passion Because They Express Passion More Frequently and More Diversely. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-25 Kai Krautter,Anabel Büchner,Jon M Jachimowicz
Passion is stereotypically expressed through animated facial expressions, energetic body movements, varied tone, and pitch-and met with interpersonal benefits. However, these capture only a subset of passion expressions that are more common for extraverts. Indeed, in an initial dyadic study of supervisors and their subordinates (N = 330), extraverts expressed their passion more strongly through these
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Income Is a Stronger Predictor of Subjective Social Class in More Economically Unequal Places. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-25 Youngju Kim,Nicolas Sommet
In this research, we examine how the lay conceptualization of subjective social class varies based on economic contexts. We argue that income should be a more central component of subjective social class in areas with higher income inequality. To address the issue of low power in existing research, we combined local-level income inequality indicators with large-scale repeated cross-sectional data,
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Why Do People Sometimes Wear an Anonymous Mask? Motivations for Seeking Anonymity Online. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-24 Lewis Nitschinsk,Stephanie J Tobin,Deanna Varley,Eric J Vanman
Anonymous environments are more accessible than ever. As such, it is important to understand not only how anonymity can change human behavior but also why people are motivated to seek anonymity in online spaces. In four studies, we investigated differences in motivations for seeking anonymity online and their associations with related dispositional factors and online behavior. We found that some people
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Assessing Validity and Bias of Within-Person Variability in Affect and Personality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Farid Anvari,Noëlle Z Rensing,Elise K Kalokerinos,Richard E Lucas,Iris K Schneider
Within-person variability in affect (e.g., Neuroticism) and personality have been linked to well-being. These are measured either by asking people to report how variable they are or to give multiple reports on the construct and calculating a within-person standard deviation adjusted for confounding by the person-level mean. The two measures are weakly correlated with one another and the links of variability
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Biased Beliefs About White Releasees' Sensitivity to Social Pain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-16 Samantha R Pejic,Jason C Deska
The accurate perception of others' pain is a prerequisite to provide needed support. However, social pain perception is prone to biases. Multiple characteristics of individuals bias both physical and social pain judgments (e.g., ethnicity and facial structure). The current work extends this research to a chronically stigmatized population: released prisoners (i.e., releasees). Recognizing the large
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Economic Inequality Fosters the Belief That Success Is Zero-Sum. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Shai Davidai
Ten studies (N = 3,628; including five pre-registered), using correlational and experimental methods and employing various measures and manipulations, reveal that perceived economic inequality fosters zero-sum beliefs about economic success-the belief that one person's gains are inevitably offset by others' losses. As the gap between the rich and the poor expands, American participants increasingly
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Examining the Context and Content of Organizational Solidarity Statements on Black Americans' Expectations of Identity Safety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Veronica Derricks,Eva S Pietri,Tuyen Dinh,India R Johnson
Despite the increasing use of organizational solidarity statements following instances of social injustice, little-to-no research has examined whether these statements signal inclusion for minoritized groups. The present work investigates how different types of solidarity statements affect Black Americans' sense of identity safety and assesses mechanisms underlying their responses. Across three online
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Looking on the (B)right Side of Life: Cognitive Ability and Miscalibrated Financial Expectations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Chris Dawson
It is a puzzle why humans tend toward unrealistic optimism, as it can lead to excessively risky behavior and a failure to take precautionary action. Using data from a large nationally representative U.K. sample (N=36,312), our claim is that optimism bias is partly a consequence of low cognition-as measured by a broad range of cognitive skills, including memory, verbal fluency, fluid reasoning and numerical
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Barriers to Biculturalism: Historical Negation and Symbolic Exclusion Predict Longitudinal Increases in Bicultural Policy Opposition. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Zoe Bertenshaw,Chris G Sibley,Danny Osborne
The colonial ideologies of historical negation and symbolic exclusion (i.e., the "Dark Duo") promote inequality between settler colonizers and Indigenous peoples by denying the contemporary relevance of past injustices and excluding Indigenous culture from the nation's identity, respectively. Although their correlates are established, the temporal ordering of the relationship between the Dark Duo and
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Inferences of Masculinity and Femininity Across Intersections of Social Class and Gender: A Social Structural Perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Andrew D White,Amanda B Diekman
This research employs a social structural perspective to analyze the content of intersectional social class and gender stereotypes. We investigated how the structural positioning of class and gender categories differentially foster inferences of masculinity and femininity. The social structures that organize class and gender differ: Class is marked by access to resources, and gender is marked by a
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Should I Stay or Should I Go? Motives and Barriers for Sustained Collective Action Toward Social Change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-03 Noa Cohen-Eick,Eric Shuman,Martijn van Zomeren,Eran Halperin
Israel's year-long protest calling for Prime Minister Netanyahu's resignation created an opportunity to examine unique factors influencing sustained collective action (SCA; i.e., repeated participation in social movement action for the same cause). As little is known about how to explain such dedication, we compared a well-established set of predictors of one-time collective action (CA) with a new
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The Perks of Pet Ownership? The Effects of Pet Ownership on Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-11-03 William J Chopik,Jeewon Oh,Rebekka Weidmann,Jonathan R Weaver,Rhonda N Balzarini,Giulia Zoppolat,Richard B Slatcher
Pet ownership has often been lauded as a protective factor for well-being, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. We expanded this question to consider how pet (i.e., species, number) and owner (i.e., pet relationship quality, personality, attachment orientations) characteristics affected the association between pet ownership and well-being in a pre-registered mixed method analysis of 767 people
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Some Evidence That Truth-Tellers Are More Attractive Than Liars. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-27 Leanne Ten Brinke,Isaac Raymundo,Merusha Mukherjee,Dana R Carney
Despite the prevalence of deception, people rarely doubt others' sincerity. However, indirect evaluations of liars and truth-tellers may differ even in the absence of suspicion about veracity. Across three studies, we provide evidence for the truth attraction effect in two samples of target stimuli and three samples of participant judges. Target people are perceived as more attractive when telling
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"Cat Ladies" and "Mama's Boys": A Mixed-Methods Analysis of the Gendered Discrimination and Stereotypes of Single Women and Single Men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-24 Hannah E Dupuis,Yuthika U Girme
Do single women and single men differ in their experiences of "singlism"? This mixed-methods research examined whether single women and single men report quantitative differences in amounts of singlehood-based discrimination and explored qualitative reports of stereotypic traits associated with single women and single men. We recruited Canadian and American single adults across two Prolific studies
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Pitch as a Recipient, Channel, and Context Factor Affecting Thought Reliance and Persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-24 Joshua J Guyer,Pablo Briñol,Thomas I Vaughan-Johnston,Leandre R Fabrigar,Lorena Moreno,Borja Paredes,Richard E Petty
Three experiments tested how low versus high pitch generated from sources beyond a message communicator can affect reliance on thoughts and influence recipients' attitudes. First, participants wrote positive or negative thoughts about an exam proposal (Experiments 1, 2) or their academic abilities (Experiment 3). Then, pitch from the message recipient (Experiment 1), channel (Experiment 2), or context
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Gender Prototypes Hinder Bystander Intervention in Women's Sexual Harassment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Rebecca Schachtman,Jonathan Gallegos,Cheryl R Kaiser
Bystander intervention is a powerful response to sexual harassment that reduces victims' burden to respond. However, gender prototypes depicting sexual harassment victims as prototypical women (i.e., stereotypically feminine) may hinder intervention when harassment targets women who deviate from this prototype. Across four preregistered experiments (N = 1,270 Americans), we test whether bystanders
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Why Do People Think Individuals in Poverty Are Less Vulnerable to Harm?: Testing the Role of Intuitions About Adaptation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Nathan N Cheek,Jackson Murray
People often falsely believe that individuals from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds are less harmed than those from higher SES backgrounds by a wide range of negative events. We report three studies (total N = 1,625) that provide evidence that this "thick skin bias" emerges at least in part because people overgeneralize otherwise accurate intuitions about adaptation. Across studies, participants
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Adding Fuel to the Collective Fire: Stereotype Threat, Solidarity, and Support for Change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Clarissa I Cortland,Zoe Kinias
We hypothesize a yet-unstudied effect of experiencing systemic stereotype threat on women's collective action efforts: igniting women's support for other women and motivation to improve organizational gender balance. Hypotheses are supported in two surveys (Study 1: N = 1,365 business school alumnae; Study 2: N = 386 women Master of Business Administration [MBA]), and four experiments (Studies 3-6;
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Stereotypical Questions: How Stereotypes About Conversation Partners Are Reflected in Question Formulations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Camiel J Beukeboom,Christian Burgers,Maxim van Woerkom,Sibren de Meijer,Laura de Vries,Denise Ferdinandus
In conversations, activated stereotypes about conversation partners can influence communicative behaviors. We investigate whether and how stereotypes about categorized conversation partners shape topic choice and the types of questions asked. In three experiments, participants imagined having a conversation. Gender or age stereotypes of the conversation partner were manipulated by means of a picture
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Intraindividual Changes in Political Identity Strength (But Not Direction) Are Associated With Political Animosity in the United States and the Netherlands. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Mark J Brandt,Shree Vallabha
We test if within-person changes in political identities are associated with within-person changes in political animosity in two longitudinal studies (United States N = 552, Waves = 26; Netherlands N = 1,670, Waves = 12). Typical studies examine cross-sectional associations without assessing within-person change. Our work provides a stronger test of the relationship. We find that within-person changes
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Do Measures of Systemizing and Empathizing Reflect Perceptions of Gender Differences in Learning Affordances? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-21 Audrey Aday,Toni Schmader,Michelle Ryan
Gender differences in systemizing and empathizing are sometimes attributed to inherent biological factors. We tested whether such effects are more often interpreted as reflecting men's and women's different learning affordances. Study 1 (N = 624) estimated gender differences in item-level activities from systemizing and empathizing scales (SQ, EQ) in large representative samples. Lay coders (Study
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Funny Date, Creative Mate? Unpacking the Effect of Humor on Romantic Attraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-14 Erika B Langley,Michelle N Shiota
Extensive research shows that people are attracted to funny dating partners, with several competing, sometimes conflicting, explanations for why humor is strongly desired in a mate. The present research asks whether humor is interpreted as a reliable, hard-to-fake indicator of some other, valuable trait. Across six experiments, we manipulated humor in a hypothetical date, online dating profile, or
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They Saw a Hearing: Democrats' and Republicans' Perceptions of and Responses to the Ford-Kavanaugh Hearings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-10-05 Emma L Grisham,Pasha Dashtgard,Daniel P Relihan,E Alison Holman,Roxane Cohen Silver
In several highly publicized hearings, Dr. Christine Blasey Ford and Judge Brett Kavanaugh presented two opposing accounts of an alleged sexual assault. In the wake of these proceedings, partisans appeared similarly divided in how they regarded this political event. Using a U.S. national sample (N = 2,474) and a mixed-methods design, we investigated partisans' perceptions of, and responses to, the
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Diversity of Group Memberships Predicts Well-Being: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-09-30 Sarah J Charles,Clifford Stevenson,Juliet R H Wakefield,Emanuele Fino
Groups have their health and well-being impacted by satisfying their members' needs and providing resources to help cope with threats. Multiple group memberships serve to accumulate these benefits and also provide resilience to the effects of group loss. However, the additional well-being benefits of belonging to multiple different types of group remain to be determined. In a preregistered cross-sectional
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Revisiting the Relation Between Steroid Hormones and Unethicality in an Exploratory, Longitudinal Study With Female Participants. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Julia Stern,Christoph Schild,Ingo Zettler
Research on the relation between hormones and unethical behaviors and tendencies has provided mixed results, hindering the understanding of the potential biological regulation of unethical behaviors and tendencies. We conducted an exploratory, longitudinal study (N = 257 women) allowing to estimate relations between, on the one hand, steroid hormones (testosterone, cortisol, estradiol, and progesterone)
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Give Me a Straight Answer: Response Ambiguity Diminishes Likability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-09-22 Deming Wang,Ignazio Ziano
Across nine experiments (eight preregistered) involving Western and Asian samples, we showed that people providing ambiguous (vs. specific) responses to questions in various social scenarios are seen as less likable. This is because, depending on the social context, response ambiguity may be interpreted as a way to conceal the truth and as a sign of social disinterest. Consequently, people reported
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Which Identities Are Concealable? Individual Differences in Concealability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Joel M Le Forestier,Elizabeth Page-Gould,Alison L Chasteen
Concealment is a common and consequential identity management strategy. But which identities are concealable? In three studies (n = 468; obs = 4,068), we find substantial individual differences in which identities people experience as concealable. These individual differences in concealability manifest as Person × Identity interactions, such that people experience varying levels of concealability for
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An Assimilative Effect of Stimulus Co-Occurrence on Evaluation Despite Contrasting Relational Information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Yahel Nudler,Tal Moran,Yoav Bar Anan
The co-occurrence of a neutral stimulus with affective stimuli typically causes the neutral stimulus's evaluation to shift toward the affective stimuli's valence. Does that assimilative effect occur even when one knows the co-occurrence is due to an opposition relation between the stimuli (e.g., Batman stops crime)? Previous evidence tentatively supported that possibility, based on results compatible
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Empathic Conservatives and Moralizing Liberals: Political Intergroup Empathy Varies by Political Ideology and Is Explained by Moral Judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 James P Casey,Eric J Vanman,Fiona Kate Barlow
Empathy has the potential to bridge political divides. Here, we examine barriers to cross-party empathy and explore when and why these differ for liberals and conservatives. In four studies, U.S. and U.K. participants (total N = 4,737) read hypothetical scenarios and extended less empathy to suffering political opponents than allies or neutral targets. These effects were strongly shown by liberals
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Truthfulness Predominates in Americans' Conceptualizations of Honesty: A Prototype Analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-09-09 Caleb J Reynolds,Emily Stokes,Eranda Jayawickreme,R Michael Furr
Honesty is a near universally valued trait. However, the term honesty captures a litany of traits and behaviors, obscuring research on social perceptions and trait measurement of honesty and creating philosophical difficulties in accounting for what (if anything) unifies this diversity. We applied a prototype analysis approach to identify the most central elements of lay honesty conceptualizations
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Who Do We Turn to and What Do We Get? Cultural Differences in Attachment Structure and Function Among East Asian and Western Individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-09-07 Minjoo Joo,Susan E Cross,Sun W Park
To whom do we turn for support in times of need, and what does the support from close others convey? The present research investigated how the structure and function of attachment differ for individuals in East Asian and Western cultures. In three studies, using survey and daily diary data, we examined the role of the romantic partner as an attachment figure, and the consequences of receiving responsive
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Friendships in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Parental and Friendship Attachment Representations and Intimacy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (IF 4.56) Pub Date : 2023-09-05 Marie G Oldeman,Antonius H N Cillessen,Yvonne H M van den Berg
The current studies addressed the associations between attachment representations with parents and a single best friend, intimacy behaviors (self-disclosure and support-seeking), and friendship quality in emerging adulthood, using the actor-partner interdependence mediation model (APIMeM). Study 1 (N = 186 dyads) examined whether attachment to parents predicted friendship quality, and whether this