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Mapping and Counter-Mapping COVID-19: From Crisis to Cartocracy The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Alexander J. Kent
(2020). Mapping and Counter-Mapping COVID-19: From Crisis to Cartocracy. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 187-195.
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Herbert Bayer’s World Geo-Graphic Atlas of 1953: A Modern Atlas, Then and Now The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Francis Harvey
ABSTRACT Herbert Bayer (1900–1985) created the World Geo-Graphic Atlas (published in 1953) – an influential atlas that followed modernist design principles associated with the Bauhaus. This paper focuses on the modernist exhibition design concepts he refined in his work on this seminal atlas of the twentieth century. The Atlas stands out in its successful expansion of the predominant map-centric atlas
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The Role of the Magnitude of Change in Detecting Fixed Enumeration Units on Dynamic Choropleth Maps The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Paweł Cybulski, Vassilios Krassanakis
ABSTRACT Dynamic maps are commonly used for the depiction of quantitative information. However, their users often fail to notice changes in the intensity of geographic phenomena. Moreover, if the distribution of colour values between two scenes changes, the user might have a problem with recalling the colour arrangement from the previous scene. A commonly occurring mistake is indicating that the colour
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Not Just Navigation: Thinking About the Movements of Maps in the Mobility and Humanities Field The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Tania Rossetto
ABSTRACT At a time characterized by the pervasive presence of – and enthusiasm for – maps in everyday life, interest in the cartographic humanities is growing among map scholars who approach cartography through a cultural lens. A mobility and humanities approach helps us move beyond the factual consideration of maps as mobile navigational devices that are used to move from one location to another.
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Elements of Vivid Cartography The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Carolyn S. Fish
ABSTRACT As maps become more common and popular in the media to illustrate large social and environmental problems such as climate change, cartographers who are given this task are searching for ways to present information to persuade readers to care and take action. Research has shown that simply presenting facts is often not enough for someone to take action to solve these types of socio-environmental
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Cartography: the ideal and its history The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-08 Steven Seegel
(2020). Cartography: the ideal and its history. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 284-285.
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Islamic Maps The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-08 Moin Ahmad Nizami
(2020). Islamic Maps. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 285-287.
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The Atlas of Unusual Borders The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-08 Martin Davis
(2020). The Atlas of Unusual Borders. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 287-288.
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An Uncommon Atlas: 50 New Views of Our Physical, Cultural and Political World The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-08 Alastair Pearson
(2020). An Uncommon Atlas: 50 New Views of Our Physical, Cultural and Political World. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 288-289.
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Mapping the Great Game: Explorers, Spies and Maps in 19th Century Asia The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-08 Joy Slappnig
(2020). Mapping the Great Game: Explorers, Spies and Maps in 19th Century Asia. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 290-291.
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Erratum The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-06
(2020). Erratum. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 292-292.
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Assessing Damage – Can the Crowd Interpret Colour and 3D Information? The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-06 Gaëlle Seffers, Julia Åhlén, Stefan Seipel, Kristien Ooms
ABSTRACT The goal of this study is to investigate how efficiently and effectively collapsed buildings – due to the occurrence of a disaster – can be localized by a general crowd. Two types of visualization parameters are evaluated in an online user study: (1) greyscale images (indicating height information) versus true colours; (2) variation in the vertical viewing angle (0°, 30° and 60°). Additionally
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Quadrature Rules to Calculate Distortions of Map Projections The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 Krisztián Kerkovits
ABSTRACT In map projection theory, it is usual to utilize numerical quadrature rules to estimate the overall map distortion. However, it is not known which method is the most efficient to approximate this integral. In this paper, overall map distortion is calculated analytically by a computer algebra system. Various integration methods are compared to the exact results. Some calculations are also performed
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The Information Value of Tactile Maps: A Comparison of Maps Printed with the Use of Different Techniques The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 Jakub Wabiński, Albina Mościcka, Marta Kuźma
ABSTRACT Visually impaired people use tactile maps that can be read by the sense of touch or, to a limited extent, with their eyes. This article concerns the methods of assessing tactile maps in terms of their information value. In the research, methods used to assess traditional maps have been adopted to assess tactile maps. Tactile elements of two maps – one developed with the use of traditional
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Charting Newly Created Statehood: A Maritime Survey of the Adriatic by the Joint Forces of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Hydrographic Offices The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 Mirela Altić
ABSTRACT The process of political and territorial unification of the Kingdom of Italy (1860) and Austria-Hungary (1867) highlighted the issues of territoriality both on land and at sea. As a part of that effort, a need of maritime survey of the Adriatic conducted by the joint forces of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian hydrographic offices appeared. The purpose of this endeavour was to enable the production
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Detection of Pictorial Map Objects with Convolutional Neural Networks The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-09-11 Raimund Schnürer, René Sieber, Jost Schmid-Lanter, A. Cengiz Öztireli, Lorenz Hurni
ABSTRACT In this work, realistically drawn objects are identified on digital maps by convolutional neural networks. For the first two experiments, 6200 images were retrieved from Pinterest. While alternating image input options, two binary classifiers based on Xception and InceptionResNetV2 were trained to separate maps and pictorial maps. Results showed that the accuracy is 95–97% to distinguish maps
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Cartographic Design as Visual Storytelling: Synthesis and Review of Map-Based Narratives, Genres, and Tropes The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-09-02 Robert E. Roth
ABSTRACT In this article, I review considerations and techniques for approaching cartographic design as visual storytelling. Stories, like maps, are a method for documenting and explaining, for meaningfully abstracting our experiences, for communicating and sharing, and for asserting a particular worldview. I argue that visual storytelling offers an entry point for hybridization in cartography, uniting
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Putting the UN SDGs on the Map: The Role of Cartography in Sustainability Education The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-04-02 Alexander J. Kent, Peter Vujakovic, Gwilym Eades, Martin Davis
The fragility of our environmental, social and economic systems has never been so obvious, from the floods, fires and other crises associated with global climate change in 2019 to the debilitating impacts of COVID-19 this year. These are a stark reminder of the urgent need to address the UN’s Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs), essentially, a ‘call-to-arms’ to reverse the vulnerability inherent
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An Alternative to Desktop GIS? Evaluating the Cartographic and Analytical Capabilities of WebGIS Platforms for Teaching The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-04-02 Victoria Fast, Fahim Hossain
The increasing prevalence of (open) geospatial data has amplified the demand for online tools to input, manage, and analyse data and generate cartographic outputs. WebGIS platforms are responding to this demand by delivering cost-effective, relatively easy to use compared to desktop GIS software, and increasingly sophisticated tools. The continued advancement of webGIS platforms highlights the necessary
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Ambiguous Use of Geographical Information Systems for the Rectification of Large-Scale Geometric Maps The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-03-13 Anders Wästfelt
Unlike modern maps, geometric maps lack a coordinate system and contain unsystematic geometric inaccuracies. This paper illuminates four aspects concerning the problem of uniting geographical infor...
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Exploring Evocative Places and their Characteristics The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-03-02 Alenka Poplin
ABSTRACT The main goal of this article is to study how people describe emotions related to places and to improve understanding of evocative places, their locations and characteristics as described by the citizens. Evocative places are places that evoke an especially emotional response in terms of images, memories and/or emotions. We aim to contribute to a better understanding of emotions in relation
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Graphic Design and Button Placement for Mobile Map Applications The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-03-02 Tymoteusz Horbiński, Paweł Cybulski, Beata Medyńska-Gulij
The following paper is an analysis of user preferences for the placement of buttons on a mobile map application. The authors focused on six public web mapping services, analysing them in terms of t...
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The Influence of Web Maps and Education on Adolescents’ Global-scale Cognitive Map The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-03-02 Lieselot Lapon, Philippe De Maeyer, Bart De Wit, Lien Dupont, Nina Vanhaeren, Kristien Ooms
Several factors influence the global-scale cognitive map. The use of school books, atlases and web maps all play an essential role in the development of geographical knowledge of adolescents. This ...
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Soviet Cold War Maps: Examining the Organization and Practices of Production Through the Case of Denmark The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-03-02 Stig Roar Svenningsen, M. L. Perner
During the Cold War, the Soviet military carried out an ambitious mapping programme, which resulted in a global series of topographic maps. Although recent advances in scholarship have increased ou...
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Territory and Claims in the Antarctic Treaty Region: A Disquisition on Historical and Recent Developments The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-02-27 Robert Keith Headland
ABSTRACT Formal specifications of territorial claims over Antarctic regions south of 60° south latitude, the region under the ægis of the Antarctic Treaty made on 1st December 1959, have been significant from their origin, early in the twentieth century, until several of the conundrums they raised went into abeyance after the Treaty came into force in 1961. Nevertheless, the history of such claims
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Breaking the Eyes: How Do Users Get Started with a Coordinated and Multiple View Geovisualization Tool? The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-02-26 Izabela Golebiowska, Tomasz Opach, Jan Ketil Rød
Maps are frequently combined with data displays in the form of coordinated and multiple views (CMV). Although CMV are valuable geovisualization tools, novice users may find them complex and thus re...
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The Evolution of Cadastral Systems in Austria and Galicia (Poland): Different Approaches to a Similar System from a Common Beginning The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-01-21 Józef Hernik, Barbara Prus, Robert Dixon-Gough, Jarosław Taszakowski, Gerhard Navratil, Reinfried Mansberger
ABSTRACT The main aim of this paper is to document the gradual evolution of cadastral maps and associated land books in the area of today’s Austria as well as the more dramatic development of the cadastral system in Galicia (Poland). The continuous development of the Austrian system is compared to the more gradual evolution of the Polish system, the development of which was more complex because of
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Emplaced Distances The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-01-21 Giovanni Spissu
ABSTRACT In the Sardinian artist’s Maria Lai’s works, Geografie and Geogafie Spaziali, she depicted the cosmic pathways of the Sardus Pater, using a cartographic representation of one of the island’s most popular legends. One of these works’ key features is the use of embroidery techniques learned from women of her village. She considers the Sardinian territory not only an object of representation
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The British Cartographic Society Annual Report for the Year Ended 30th June 2019 The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-01-10
(2019). The British Cartographic Society Annual Report for the Year Ended 30th June 2019. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 368-374.
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The British Cartographic Society Awards 2019 The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-01-10 Jim Goldsmith
(2019). The British Cartographic Society Awards 2019. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 375-376.
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A Picture and an Argument: Mapping for Peace with a Cartography of Hope The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-01-10 Alexander J. Kent
(2019). A Picture and an Argument: Mapping for Peace with a Cartography of Hope. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 275-279.
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All that Glitters: Art, Fire and Post-Cartographic Design The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2020-01-02 Alexander J. Kent
We begin this new Volume with a tale of two cities. Or, more precisely, with a reflection on the two most recent winners of the British Cartographic Society Award that offer a new perspective of Paris (the 3D wooden cartefact by David Kidd; see Issue 56.1) and of London (Streets of Gold, an aureate portrait of the city byWarren Vick and Ewan David Eason; see front cover and Figure 1). The success of
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Remapping Fictional Worlds: A Comparative Reconstruction of Fictional Maps The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-12-03 Primož Gašperič, Blaž Komac
ABSTRACT This article presents a quantitative analysis of fictional maps and their relation to historic maps from different periods. Fictional maps are maps of imaginary territories. This type of map is now common in fiction, but they arose relatively late, in the second half of the nineteenth century, and are considered an independent branch of cartography today. They stand out through the way they
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Medieval Macrospace Through GIS: The Norse World Project Approach The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-09-25 Alexandra Petrulevich, Agnieszka Backman, Jonathan Adams
ABSTRACT The project ‘The Norse Perception of the World’ is building a digital infrastructure to facilitate interdisciplinary research on medieval worldviews as recorded in East Norse texts. It does so by collecting spatial material, i.e. attestations of place names and other location-based data from medieval vernacular manuscripts, early prints, and runic inscriptions from fictional, non-biblical
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Typology of Meteorological Weather Forecast Maps Printed in World Newspapers The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-08-13 Jaromir Kolejka, Hana Svobodova
ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of the analysis of more than 150 different printed newspaper weather forecasting maps, representing 91 global, national, regional and local daily news periodicals from 33 countries in 4 continents. The classification attention focused both on the character of the localizing background layer of the analysed maps as well as on the meteorological thematic layer
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British National Report to the International Cartographic Association for the Period 2015–2019 The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-07-30 David Forrest
(2019). British National Report to the International Cartographic Association for the Period 2015–2019. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, UKCC NATIONAL REPORT TO ICA 2015-2019, pp. 193-194.
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UK National Report 2015–2019 The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-07-30
(2019). UK National Report 2015–2019. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, UKCC NATIONAL REPORT TO ICA 2015-2019, pp. 195-273.
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Scope of Information in the Legends of Topographical Maps in the Nineteenth Century – Urmesstischblätter The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-06-19 Dariusz Lorek, Beata Medyńska-Gulij
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine the informational resource of maps (two folios) of the Urmesstischblätter with reference to the legend (three editions). Visual analysis was used as the basis for acquiring information that could be gleaned from the legends, contents of the folios, marginalia and later map. The information gathered was grouped applying the geoinformational method. The
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Cartographic Delimitation of the City Centre Using Mental Sketches The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-06-19 Kamil Nieścioruk
ABSTRACT The paper deals with the problem of the city centre delimitation. The direct, survey research of almost one hundred respondents has been conducted. The test groups were teenagers, students of two Lublin schools. The research method was a freehand, basic mental sketch map, giving surveyed people a freedom of both content and form of a sketch. The mental (or cognitive) mapping is a well-established
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World Weary? The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-06-17 Peter Vujakovic
(2019). World Weary? The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 97-100.
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Enhanced Conceptual Model for Spatial References in Works of Fiction: Mapping Vilnius Literature The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-06-12 Giedrė Beconytė, Julija Snežko, Andrius Balčiūnas, Inga Vidugirytė-Pakerienė
ABSTRACT This paper presents a data model developed during the project of mapping the literature of Vilnius, capital of Lithuania. The city has for centuries been an important place for Lithuanian, Polish, Jewish and Russian culture. Various literary texts reflect different spatial conceptualizations. The diversity of spatial references in the literature of Vilnius calls for a comprehensive literary
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Military Cartography of WWII: The British Geographical Section of the General Staff and the US Army Map Service and their Production of the Topographic Map Series of the Balkans (1939–1945) The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-06-10 Mirela Altić
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the methods and processes of the compilation of the British/US topographic maps of the Balkans created for the purpose of military operations during World War II. It presents the challenges that the cartographers of the British Geographical Section of the General Staff and the US Army Map Service faced during the compilation of their editions of the map of the Balkans.
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Cartographic Symbol Design Considerations for the Space–Time Cube The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-05-29 Christopher League, Patrick Kennelly
ABSTRACT The cartographic representation of geographic phenomena in the space–time cube comes with special challenges and opportunities when compared with two-dimensional maps. While the added dimension allows the display of attributes that vary with time, it is difficult to display rapidly varying temporal data given the limited display height. In this study, we adapt 2D cyclic point symbols to construct
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The Social Life of Maps in America, 1750–1860 The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-05-13 Karim M. Tiro
(2019). The Social Life of Maps in America, 1750–1860. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 94-95.
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Cartography The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-05-13 Richard Oliver
(2019). Cartography. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 91-92.
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Maps, Materiality and Tactile Aesthetics The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-05-13 Alexander J. Kent
(2019). Maps, Materiality and Tactile Aesthetics. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 1-3.
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Map Men: Transnational Lives and Deaths of Geographers in the Making of East Central Europe The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-05-13 Timothy Barney
(2019). Map Men: Transnational Lives and Deaths of Geographers in the Making of East Central Europe. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 92-93.
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Mapping Shakespeare: An Exploration of Shakespeare’s World Through Maps The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-05-13 Philip Parker
(2019). Mapping Shakespeare: An Exploration of Shakespeare’s World Through Maps. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 93-94.
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Cartographic Style in the First Urban Maps of Cadiz, Spain: A Technique in Transition The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-05-13 Gabriel Granado-Castro, Joaquín Aguilar-Camacho
ABSTRACT This article deals with the cartometric analysis of various seventeenth-century urban maps of the city of Cadiz (Spain), from among which the so-called Vista Arámburu and the map belonging to the atlas of the Marquis of Heliche, discovered in the Krigsarkivet (Military Archive) of Stockholm, stand out for their uniqueness. These hitherto relatively unknown documents present evidence of an
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TIN-based Tag Map Layout The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-04-01 Nai Yang, Alan M. MacEachren, Liping Yang
ABSTRACT With the widespread use of tag clouds, multiple map-based variations have been proposed. Like standard tag clouds (also called word clouds), these ‘tag maps’ all share the basic strategy of displaying words within a ‘geographic space’ and scaling the word size to depict frequency (or importance) of those words within some dataset. While some tag maps simply plot a standard tag cloud on top
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A Cartographic Analysis of Matrakci Nasuh's Miniatures The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-29 Huseyin Zahit Selvi, Gaye Bekiroglu Keskin
Within Ottoman cartography, the maps of Piri Reis (1470–1553) are more widely known than the miniature maps of Matrakci Nasuh (c.1480–1564). The maps of Piri Reis are important in the history of marine cartography and Matrakci’s miniatures are valuable in terms of landscape cartography. This paper examines the miniatures of Istanbul, Galata, Konya and Kutahya, which were designed by Matrakci Nasuh
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Semantic Visual Variables for Augmented Geovisualization The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-20 Yun Li, Qing Zhu, Xiao Fu, Bin Feng, Mingwei Liu, Junxiao Zhang, Jun Zhu, Huagui He, Weijun Yang
ABSTRACT The human–cyber–physical world produces a considerable volume of multi-modal spatio-temporal data, thus leading to information overload. Visual variables are used to transform information into visual forms that are perceived by the powerful human vision system. However, previous studies of visual variables focused on methods of ‘drawing information’ without considering ‘intelligence’ derived
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Cutting the Cord: A Corrective for World Navels in Cartography and Science The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-11 Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther
ABSTRACT A map is not its territory. Taking a map too seriously may lead to pernicious reification: map and world are conflated. As one family of cases of such reification, I focus on maps exuding the omphalos syndrome, whereby a centred location on the map is taken to be the world navel of, for instance, an empire. I build on themes from my book When Maps Become the World, in which I analogize scientific
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How to lie with maps (third edition) The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 Barbara Belyea
(2018). How to lie with maps (third edition) The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 55, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, pp. 400-401.
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War Map: Pictorial Conflict Maps 1900–1950 The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 Alexander J. Kent
(2018). War Map: Pictorial Conflict Maps 1900–1950. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 55, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, pp. 402-402.
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Cartographies of Disease: Maps, Mapping, and Medicine The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 Celia McMichael
(2018). Cartographies of Disease: Maps, Mapping, and Medicine. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 55, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, pp. 403-404.
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Ann Sutherland: An Unforgettable Map Curator The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 Chris Board
(2018). Ann Sutherland: An Unforgettable Map Curator. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 55, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, pp. 405-406.
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The British Cartographic Society Annual Report for the Year Ended 30th June 2018 The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-01
(2018). The British Cartographic Society Annual Report for the Year Ended 30th June 2018. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 55, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, pp. 407-414.
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The British Cartographic Society Awards 2018 The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-01
(2018). The British Cartographic Society Awards 2018. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 55, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, pp. 415-415.
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Challenges in Converting the Polish Topographic Database of Built-Up Areas into 3D Virtual Reality Geovisualization The Cartographic Journal (IF 0.571) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 Łukasz Halik
ABSTRACT Virtual reality (VR) is a display and control technology. VR creates artificial worlds of sensory experience or immerses the user in representations of real spatial environments that might otherwise be inaccessible by virtue of distance, scale, time or physical incompatibilities of the user and the environment. The idea of VR is not new the first instances of VR were created in 1960s. But
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