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Characterizing Human Habits in the Lab. Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Stephan Nebe,André Kretzschmar,Maike C Brandt,Philippe N Tobler
Habits pose a fundamental puzzle for those aiming to understand human behavior. They pervade our everyday lives and dominate some forms of psychopathology but are extremely hard to elicit in the lab. In this Registered Report, we developed novel experimental paradigms grounded in computational models, which suggest that habit strength should be proportional to the frequency of behavior and, in contrast
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Measuring CHAOS? Evaluating the short-form Confusion, Hubbub And Order Scale. Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Sally A Larsen,Kathryn Asbury,William L Coventry,Sara A Hart,Callie W Little,Stephen A Petrill
The Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) - short form - is a survey tool intended to capture information about home environments. It is widely used in studies of child and adolescent development and psychopathology, particularly twin studies. The original long form of the scale comprised 15 items and was validated in a sample of infants in the 1980s. The short form of the scale was developed in
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The Effect of Stress on Semantic Memory Retrieval: A Multiverse Analysis Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Tom Heyman,Robin Boere,Sebastiaan de Jong,Lotte Hoogeterp,Joyce Kraaijenbrink,Charlotte Kuipers,Martijn van Dijk,Lotte van Rijn,Twan van Wijk
Stress is often associated with negative consequences, and this also applies in the context of memory retrieval. However, Smith, Hughes, et al. (2019) proposed that this relationship only holds for information stored in episodic memory, because it relies on the hippocampus. In contrast, conceptual knowledge is stored in semantic memory, which is associated with neocortical and striatal brain regions
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How Do Researchers in Psychology Perceive the Field? A Qualitative Exploration of Critiques and Defenses Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Jacob F. Miranda,Cassie M. Whitt,Alexander McDiarmid,Jeremy E. Stephens,Dillon Purdue,Clayton Hall,Alexa M. Tullett
As awareness of the replication crisis in psychology has become increasingly widespread, several meta-scientific investigations have focused on the research practices and attitudes of researchers in psychology. Here, we aimed to add to this body of work by exploring academic psychologists’ perceptions of the state of the field using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. As part of a larger
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Which Features of Prosocial Spending Recollections Predict Post-Recall Happiness? A Pre-registered Investigation Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Tiara A. Cash,Lara B. Aknin,Jason D. E. Proulx
People frequently spend money on others and research shows that such prosocial spending often promotes the benefactor’s happiness, even sometimes when reflecting upon past prosocial purchases. But on whom and what do people generally spend their money? And what features of prosocial spending memories are associated with greater post-recall happiness? In a pre-registered examination, human coders and
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Time Spent Playing Two Online Shooters Has No Measurable Effect on Aggressive Affect Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Niklas Johannes,Matti Vuorre,Kristoffer Magnusson,Andrew K. Przybylski
There is a lively debate whether playing games that feature armed combat and competition (often referred to as violent video games) has measurable effects on aggression. Unfortunately, that debate has produced insights that remain preliminary without accurate behavioral data. Here, we present a secondary analysis of the most authoritative longitudinal data set available on the issue from our previous
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Many Labs 4: Failure to Replicate Mortality Salience Effect With and Without Original Author Involvement Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Richard A Klein,Corey L. Cook,Charles R. Ebersole,Christine Vitiello,Brian A. Nosek,Joseph Hilgard,Paul Hangsan Ahn,Abbie J. Brady,Christopher R. Chartier,Cody D. Christopherson,Samuel Clay,Brian Collisson,Jarret T. Crawford,Ryan Cromar,Gwendolyn Gardiner,Courtney L. Gosnell,Jon Grahe,Calvin Hall,Irene Howard,Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba,Miranda Kolb,Angela M. Legg,Carmel A. Levitan,Anthony D. Mancini,Dylan
Interpreting a failure to replicate is complicated by the fact that the failure could be due to the original finding being a false positive, unrecognized moderating influences between the original and replication procedures, or faulty implementation of the procedures in the replication. One strategy to maximize replication quality is involving the original authors in study design. We (N = 17 Labs and
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Does Attention to One’s Own Emotion Relate to the Emotional Interpretation of Other People’s Faces? Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Shaina Munin,Jennifer S. Beer
Do individual differences in attention to one’s own emotion relate to the way individuals interpret emotion in other people? For example, although the accuracy has been debated, people’s facial expressions are often perceived as providing information about their emotional state. Previous research on individual differences in attention to emotion has mostly looked at how individuals categorize the emotions
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Re-analysing the Data From Moffatt et al. (2020): What Can We Learn From an Under-powered Absence of Difference? Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Ladislas Nalborczyk
Moffatt et al. (2020) reported the results of an experiment (N = 26 in the final sample) comparing the facial electromyographic correlates of mental rumination and distraction, following an experimentally induced stressor. Based on the absence of significant difference (and BFs between 3.6 and 4.3) in the perioral muscular activity between the rumination and distraction conditions, Moffatt et al. (2020)
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Ascent of Humans: Investigating Methodological and Ethical Concerns About the Measurement Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Kamil Izydorczak,Tomasz Grzyb,Dariusz Dolinski
In this pre-registered study on a representative Polish sample (n = 1751), we aimed to test two potential critical issues with the Ascent of Humans scale. First, we tested whether the scores may be influenced by peripheral and previously undiscussed properties of the measurement: position of the slider-scale dot and the pattern of groups’ display. Second, we tested whether participation in Ascent of
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Do Registered Reports Make Scientific Findings More Believable to the Public? Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Elaine Costa,Yoel Inbar,David Tannenbaum
Registered reports are an important initiative to improve the methodological rigor and transparency of scientific studies. One possible benefit of registered reports is that they may increase public acceptance of controversial research findings. We test this question by providing participants in a large US-based sample (n = 1,500) with descriptions of the key features of registered reports and the
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Machine Learning Mega-Analysis Applied to the Response Time Concealed Information Test: No Evidence for Advantage of Model-Based Predictors Over Baseline Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Gáspár Lukács,David Steyrl
The response time Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT) can help to reveal whether a person is concealing the knowledge of a certain information detail. During the RT-CIT, the examinee is repeatedly presented with a probe, the detail in question (e.g., murder weapon), and several irrelevants, other details that are similar to the probe (e.g., other weapons). These items all require the same keypress
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Garbage In, Garbage Out? Evaluating the Evidentiary Value of Published Meta-analyses Using Z-Curve Analysis Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Lukas K. Sotola
The purpose of the current work was to examine the evidentiary value of the studies that have been included in published meta-analyses as a way of investigating the evidentiary value of the meta-analyses themselves. The studies included in 25 meta-analyses published in the last 10 years in Psychological Bulletin that investigated experimental mean differences were z-curved. Z-curve is a meta-analytic
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Alone With Our Thoughts: Investigation of Autonomy Supportive Framing as a Driver of Enjoyment During Quiet Time in Solitude Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Thuy-vy Nguyen,Netta Weinstein,Edward Deci
Sitting alone with one’s thoughts could foster a sense of rest and relaxation, yet many find this activity difficult. In two preregistered experiments (Study 1: n = 266, Study 2: n = 369), we focused on autonomy-supportive and controlling framings of solitude as drivers of motivation for solitude, positive experiences such as enjoyment and relaxation, negative experiences such as frustration and boredom
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Emotion-modulated Recall: Congruency Effects of Nonverbal Facial and Vocal Cues on Semantic Recall Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Arianne Herrera-Bennett,Shermain Puah,Lisa Hasenbein,Dirk Wildgruber
The current study had two main goals: First, to replicate the ‘bimodal integration’ effect (i.e. the automatic integration of crossmodal stimuli, namely facial emotions and emotional prosody); and second, to investigate whether this phenomenon facilitates or impairs the intake and retention of unattended verbal content. The study borrowed from previous bimodal integration designs and included a two-alternative
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Is Passive Priming Really Impervious to Verb Semantics? A High-Powered Replication of Messenger Et al. (2012) Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 I Made Sena Darmasetiyawan,Kate Messenger,Ben Ambridge
The aim of the present study was to conduct a particularly stringent pre-registered in-vestigation of the claim that there exists a level of linguistic representation that “includes syntactic category information but not semantic information” (Branigan & Pickering, 2017: 8). As a test case, we focussed on the English passive; a construction for which previous findings have been somewhat contradictory
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Children Expect Leaders to Oust Intruders, Refrain From Unprovoked Aggression, but Not to Be Generally Prosocial Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Ashley J. Thomas,Silvia Navarro Hernandez,Emily Sumner,Barbara Sarnecka
Humans in every society encounter social hierarchies. Previous research has shown that children use various cues to say who is, “in charge”. In the present studies we ask how children think those who are in charge treat others. In Studies 1 and 2, children heard stories and saw drawings of social groups where one character wore a crown and sat on a throne (Study 1) or just wore a crown (Study 2) and
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The (Virtual) Reality of Social Approach-Avoidance Behaviours: Operationalisation Development and Construct Validity Testing Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Ivane Nuel,Marie-Pierre Fayant,Nicolas Morgado,Baptiste Subra,Theodore Alexopoulos
Research suggests that interpersonal approach-avoidance behaviours influence group evaluations. However, previous work partly neglected the multi-sensory and contextual cues at stake during interpersonal interactions and may offer a limited picture of the phenomenon. Here, we argue that immersive virtual reality (IVR) represents a useful tool to address this issue. In IVR, we implemented interpersonal
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Syntactic Representations Contain Semantic Information: Evidence From Balinese Passives Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 I Made Sena Darmasetiyawan,Ben Ambridge
Semantics-based approaches to syntax hold that the basic units of language are constructions: form-meaning pairings that have meanings in and of themselves. The aim of the present study was to test this claim using a previously-unstudied construction: Balinese passives. Using a grammatical acceptability judgment methodology with 60 native adult speakers, we found that independent ratings of 49 verbs’
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Conflict Strength: Measuring the Tension Between Cooperative and Competitive Incentives in Experimental Negotiation Tasks Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Johann M. Majer,Martin Schweinsberg,Hong Zhang,Roman Trötschel
Conflict management scholars study mixed-motive negotiation situations with cooperative and competitive incentives predominantly through multi-issue negotiation tasks in experimental studies. Intriguingly, experimenters currently lack an objective, generalizable, and continuous measure that precisely quantifies the incentives underlying these negotiation tasks. We present the conflict strength coefficient
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When Choosing Implies Losing: Does Flipping a Coin Increase Forfeiture Thoughts? Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Mariela E. Jaffé,Maria Douneva,Rainer Greifeneder
When individuals choose between two options, one strategy they can apply is flipping a coin. Individuals might follow the coin’s suggestion without further thought. Another possibility is that they take advantage of the change in perspective that the random and clear suggestion affords. We here hypothesize that a coin flip increases forfeiture thoughts by making it salient that choosing one option
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What Are the Necessary Conditions for Wisdom? Examining Intelligence, Creativity, Meaning-Making, and the Big-Five Traits Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Mengxi Dong,Marc A. Fournier
We investigated whether intelligence, creativity, meaning-making, and the Big-Five traits are necessary conditions for wisdom. We used Amazon’s TurkPrime to recruit 298 participants who ranged from 20 to 73 years of age. Participants completed measures of intelligence, creativity, meaning-making, and the Big-Five traits, along with a battery of self-report and performance wisdom measures. We used principal
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Rewarding More Is Better for Soliciting Help, Yet More So for Cash Than for Goods: Revisiting and Reframing the Tale of Two Markets With Replications and Extensions of Heyman and Ariely (2004) Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Hirotaka Imada,Wan Fei Chan,Yuk Ki Ng,Lee Hing Man,Mei Sze Wong,Bo Ley Cheng,Gilad Feldman
Heyman and Ariely (2004) demonstrated that the expected effectiveness of soliciting help varied depending on the “market”, a money market represented by cash rewards versus a social market represented by goods as rewards. They showed that, as cash rewards increase, individuals expected others to be more willing to help, yet, when offering social goods as rewards such as candy, expected willingness
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No Evidence That Exposure to Materialistic Advertisements Influence Appearance Overvaluation and Financial Success Overvaluation in the Self-concept Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Isabella R. L. Bossom,Nassim Tabri
Theory and prior research indicate that placing overriding importance on a life domain (e.g., appearance, financial success, health, work, interpersonal relationships) can negatively influence mental and physical health. In particular, people who overvalue appearance have been shown to engage in maladaptive weight-control behaviours and to have eating disorders. Likewise, people who overvalue financial
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Relocation Into Italian Residential Care Homes: A Qualitative Analysis of Decision and Choice: Psychological Implications and Consideration on Health Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Antonio Iudici,Chiara Verzelloni,Daniela Bonato,Jessica Neri,Elena Faccio
The current literature on the geriatric population highlights that relocation into a healthcare facility is a crucial event in the existence of many older people and their families. Guilt, difficulties, concern and restlessness may characterise this transition and even accelerate the ageing process in some. However, the manner in which the decision to relocate is made and communicated has not been
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Parenting an Autistic Child Is Not Associated With the Amount of Facial Emotion Information Needed to Perceive Happiness or Sadness From Faces Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Andrew J. Lampi,Vikram K. Jaswal
One common feature of autism is “flat affect:” Many autistic people do not facially express emotion as intensely as non-autistic people. Although it can be difficult for a casual acquaintance or stranger to infer what someone with flat affect is feeling, some mothers of autistic children report learning to identify their children’s emotions from limited facial emotion information. We investigated whether
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The Influence of Utterance-Related Factors on the Use of Direct and Indirect Speech Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Jianan Li,Joran Jongerling,Katinka Dijkstra,Rolf Zwaan
People routinely shift between direct and indirect speech in everyday communication. The factors that impact the selection between these two modes of reporting during language production are under-investigated. The present study examined how utterance-related factors (the vividness of non-verbal information and the utterance type) influence the use of direct and indirect reported speech in narratives
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What Can We Perceive in Infant Vocalization? Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Alanna A. Beyak,Olivia Cadieux,Matt Cook,Carly S. Cressman,Barbie Jain,Jarod A. Joshi,Spenser L. Martin,Michael Mielniczek,Sara Montazeri,Essence I. Perara,Jolyn Sawatzky,Bradley C. Smith,Jackie Spear,Thomas Thompson,Derek Trudel,Jianjie Zeng,Melanie Soderstrom
Infant language development includes a complex social dynamic between adults and infants. Infant vocalization is a well-studied area of development, however adult perception of infant vocalization is less well-understood. The effectiveness of identifications made by adults may impact the social feedback loops that drive development. We collected data from a final sample of 460 undergraduate students
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Ladies First or Ladies Last: Do Masculine Generics Evoke a Reduced and Later Retrieval of Female Exemplars? Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Nina Keith,Kristine Hartwig,Tobias Richter
The use of masculine generics (i.e., grammatically masculine forms that refer to both men and women) is prevalent in many languages but has been criticized for potentially triggering male bias. Empirical evidence for this claim exists but is often based on small and selective samples. This study is a high-powered and pre-registered replication and extension of a 20-year-old study on this biasing effect
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“They Are Such an Asshole”: Describing the Targets of a Common Insult Among English-Speakers in the United States Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Brinkley M. Sharpe,Courtland S. Hyatt,Donald R. Lynam,Joshua D. Miller
Insults convey information about the speaker’s perception of the target’s personality. Previous research has found that several commonly used insults (“asshole,” “dick,” “bitch”) are uniformly associated with self- and other-reported antagonism (or low Agreeableness). We aimed to replicate and extend these findings by focusing on “asshole,” a common insult used to refer to both men and women. In the
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The Role of Trait Inferences in Evaluative Conditioning Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Tal Moran,Sean Hughes,Pieter Van Dessel,Jan De Houwer
Evaluative Conditioning (EC) effect is a change in evaluative responding to a neutral stimulus (CS) due to its pairing with a valenced stimulus (US). Traditionally, EC effects are viewed as fundamentally different from persuasion effects. Inspired by a propositional perspective to EC, four studies (N = 1,284) tested if, like persuasion effects, EC effects can also be driven by trait inferences. Experiments
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Heterogeneity and Publication Bias in Research on Test-Potentiated New Learning Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Shaun Boustani,David R. Shanks
Prior retrieval practice potentiates new learning. A recent meta-analysis of this test-potentiated new learning (TPNL) effect by Chan, Meissner, and Davis (2018) concluded that it is a robust and reliable finding (Hedges’ g = 0.44). Although Chan et al. discussed three different experimental designs that have been employed to study TPNL, we argue that their meta-analysis failed to adequately distinguish
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Articulatory Suppression Effects on Induced Rumination Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Ladislas Nalborczyk,Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti,Céline Baeyens,Romain Grandchamp,Elsa Spinelli,Ernst H. W. Koster,Hélène Lœvenbruck
This study explores whether the speech motor system is involved in verbal rumination, a particular kind of inner speech. The motor simulation hypothesis considers inner speech as an action, accompanied by simulated speech percepts, that would as such involve the speech motor system. If so, we could expect verbal rumination to be disrupted by concurrent involvement of the speech apparatus. We recruited
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Serious Problems With Interpreting Rubber Hand “Illusion” Experiments Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Warrick Roseboom,Peter Lush
The rubber hand “illusion” (RHI), in which participants report experiences of ownership over a fake hand, appears to demonstrate that subjective ownership over one’s body can be easily disrupted. It was recently shown that existing methods of controlling for suggestion effects in RHI responding are invalid. It was also shown that propensity to agree with RHI ownership statements is correlated with
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For Whom Is the Path the Goal? A Lifespan Perspective on the Development of Goal Focus Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Lea Moersdorf,Moritz M. Daum,Alexandra M. Freund
Goals are an intensely studied concept in various research areas within psychology. They can be defined as cognitive representations of means-ends relations. The relative focus on the means or the ends (i.e., goal focus) can vary between persons and over time. Taking a lifespan perspective, we use the existing developmental, social-cognitive, and motivational literature to portray how goal focus might
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Caring About (COVID-19 Related) Social Issues Signals Trustworthiness: Direct and Conceptual Replication of Zlatev (2019) Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Angela R. Dorrough,Nathalie Bick,Lukas Bring,Caroline Brockers,Charlotte Butz,Iris K. Schneider
With three convenient samples (n = 1,087) and one sample representative for the German population in terms of age and gender (n = 210), we replicate research by Zlatev (2019) showing that perceived benevolence-based and perceived integrity-based trustworthiness increase with a target’s level of caring about a social issue. We show that these results generalize to various issues ranging from environmental
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Leading Us Unto Temptation? No Evidence for an Asymmetry in Automatic Associations Between Goals and Temptations Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Zoë Francis,Aravinth Jebanesan,Michael Inzlicht
The asymmetry hypothesis of counteractive control theory suggests that—at least for successful self-regulators—exposure to temptations facilitates the accessibility of goal-related cognitive constructs, whereas exposure to goals inhibits the accessibility of temptation-related cognitive constructs. Using a lexical decision task, Fishbach et al., 2003 (Study 3) found that this asymmetry existed even
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How Does Heartbeat Counting Task Performance Relate to Theoretically-Relevant Mental Health Outcomes? A Meta-Analysis Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Olivier Desmedt,Maaike Van Den Houte,Marta Walentynowicz,Sarah Dekeyser,Olivier Luminet,Olivier Corneille
The Heartbeat Counting Task (HCT) was designed and is intended to measure the objective ability to detect cardiac signals (also called cardiac interoceptive accuracy). Because interoceptive accuracy is thought to play a key role in biological (e.g., body mass index) and psychological (e.g., trait anxiety) risk factors and indicators of mental health, HCT scores should be associated with these outcomes
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Time Stand Still: Effects of Temporal Window Selection on Eye Tracking Analysis. Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-07-29 Jonathan E Peelle,Kristin J Van Engen
The number of possible approaches to conducting and analyzing a research study-often referred to as researcher degrees of freedom-has been increasingly under scrutiny as a challenge to the reproducibility of experimental results. Here we focus on the specific instance of time window selection for time series data. As an example, we use data from a visual world eye tracking paradigm in which participants
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Eudaemonic Well-Being in Midlife Women: Change in and Correspondence Between Concurrent and Retrospective Reports. Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-03-25 Suzanne C Segerstrom,Tessa R Blevins,Kate A Leger,Rebecca G Reed,Leslie J Crofford
Concurrent and retrospective reports correspond for personality, affect, and coping. The present study described how autonomy, competence, and relatedness components of eudaemonic well-being (EWB) change over days and months and tested correspondences of daily and retrospective reports between and within people. Midlife and older (50-75 years) women (N = 200) completed online diaries daily for 1 week
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Repeated Retrieval Practice to Foster Students’ Critical Thinking Skills Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Lara M. van Peppen,Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen,Anita Heijltjes,Eva Janssen,Tamara van Gog
There is a need for effective methods to teach critical thinking. Many studies on other skills have demonstrated beneficial effects of practice that repeatedly induces retrieval processes (repeated retrieval practice). The present experiment investigated whether repeated retrieval practice is effective for fostering critical thinking skills, focusing on avoiding biased reasoning. Seventy-five students
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Predicting Mental Health From Followed Accounts on Twitter Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Cory Costello,Sanjay Srivastava,Reza Rejaie,Maureen Zalewski
The past decade has seen rapid growth in research linking stable psychological characteristics (i.e., traits) to digital records of online behavior in Online Social Networks (OSNs) like Facebook and Twitter, which has implications for basic and applied behavioral sciences. Findings indicate that a broad range of psychological characteristics can be predicted from various behavioral residue online,
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Personality States of the Union Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 David M. Condon,Sara J. Weston,Susan Marie,James Mojay
Fluctuations in the average daily personality of the United States capture both meaningful affective responses to world events (e.g., changes in anxiety or well-being) and broader psychological responses. We estimate the change in national personality in the months following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate fluctuations in personality states during the year 2020 using data from an
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A Practical Guide to Doing Behavioral Research on Fake News and Misinformation Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Gordon Pennycook,Jabin Binnendyk,Christie Newton,David G. Rand
Coincident with the global rise in concern about the spread of misinformation on social media, there has been influx of behavioral research on so-called “fake news” (fabricated or false news headlines that are presented as if legitimate) and other forms of misinformation. These studies often present participants with news content that varies on relevant dimensions (e.g., true v. false, politically
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Using and Understanding Power in Psychological Research: A Survey Study Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Elizabeth Collins,Roger Watt
Statistical power is key to planning studies if understood and used correctly. Power is the probability of obtaining a statistically significant p-value, given a set alpha, sample size, and population effect size. The literature suggests that psychology studies are underpowered due to small sample sizes, and that researchers do not hold accurate intuitions about sensible sample sizes and associated
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Co-Registration of Eye Movements and Fixation—Related Potentials in Natural Reading: Practical Issues of Experimental Design and Data Analysis Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Federica Degno,Otto Loberg,Simon P. Liversedge
A growing number of studies are using co-registration of eye movement (EM) and fixation-related potential (FRP) measures to investigate reading. However, the number of co-registration experiments remains small when compared to the number of studies in the literature conducted with EMs and event-related potentials (ERPs) alone. One reason for this is the complexity of the experimental design and data
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Assessing the Unidimensionality of Clayton’s Environmental Identity Scale Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (bifactor-ESEM) Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Paulo Moreira,Ana Loureiro,Richard Inman,Pablo Olivos-Jara
A relevant intrapersonal characteristic for understanding intentions and behavior toward environmental sustainability is the degree to which nature is important for a person’s self-definition. Clayton’s Environmental Identity (EID) scale purports to measure this construct. However, a limited number of prior exploratory studies of this measure have supported different factor structures. Hence, our initial
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Enacted Extraversion as a Well-Being Enhancing Strategy in Everyday Life: Testing Across Three, Week-Long Interventions Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Zack M. van Allen,Deanna L. Walker,Tamir Streiner,John M. Zelenski
Lab-based experiments and observational data have consistently shown that extraverted behavior is associated with elevated levels of positive affect. This association typically holds regardless of one’s dispositional level of trait extraversion, and individuals who enact extraverted behaviors in laboratory settings do not demonstrate costs associated with acting counter-dispositionally. Inspired by
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Conducting Language Production Research Online: A Web-based Study of Semantic Context and Name Agreement Effects in Multi-Word Production Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Jieying He,Antje S. Meyer,Ava Creemers,Laurel Brehm
Few web-based experiments have explored spoken language production, perhaps due to concerns of data quality, especially for measuring onset latencies. The present study highlights how speech production research can be done outside of the laboratory by measuring utterance durations and speech fluency in a multiple-object naming task when examining two effects related to lexical selection: semantic context
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Pets and Politics: Do Liberals and Conservatives Differ in Their Preferences for Cats Versus Dogs? Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Chantelle Ivanski,Ronda F. Lo,Raymond A. Mar
Liberals and conservatives are perceived to disagree on most aspects of life, even seemingly trivial things like pet choice. Although the question of whether liberals and conservatives differ in their liking for cats and dogs has been sporadically investigated, few peer-reviewed reports exist, results are mixed, and most reports examine this topic indirectly. In this registered report we employed a
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The Phenomenological Control Scale: Measuring the Capacity for Creating Illusory Nonvolition, Hallucination and Delusion Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Peter Lush,Ryan B. Scott,Anil K. Seth,Zoltan Dienes
Phenomenological control is the ability to generate experiences to meet expectancies. There are stable trait differences in this ability, as shown by responses to imaginative suggestions of, for example, paralysis, amnesia, and auditory, visual, gustatory and tactile hallucinations. Phenomenological control has primarily been studied within the context of hypnosis, in which suggestions are delivered
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A Multi-Site Collaborative Study of the Hostile Priming Effect Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Randy McCarthy,Will Gervais,Balazs Aczel,Rosemary L. Al-Kire,Mark Aveyard,Silvia Marcella Baraldo,Lemi Baruh,Charlotte Basch,Anna Baumert,Anna Behler,Ann Bettencourt,Adam Bitar,Hugo Bouxom,Ashley Buck,Zeynep Cemalcilar,Peggy Chekroun,Jacqueline M. Chen,Ángel del Fresno- Díaz,Alec Ducham,John E. Edlund,Amanda ElBassiouny,Thomas Rhys Evans,Patrick J. Ewell,Patrick S. Forscher,Paul T. Fuglestad,Lauren
In a now-classic study by Srull and Wyer (1979), people who were exposed to phrases with hostile content subsequently judged a man as being more hostile. And this “hostile priming effect” has had a significant influence on the field of social cognition over the subsequent decades. However, a recent multi-lab collaborative study (McCarthy et al., 2018) that closely followed the methods described by
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Hormonal Contraception and Sexuality: Causal Effects, Unobserved Selection, or Reverse Causality? Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Laura J. Botzet,Tanja M. Gerlach,Julie C. Driebe,Lars Penke,Ruben C. Arslan
Many of the women who take hormonal contraceptives discontinue because of unwanted side effects, including negative psychological effects. Yet scientific evidence of psychological effects is mixed, partly because causal claims are often based on correlational data. In correlational studies, possible causal effects can be difficult to separate from selection effects, attrition effects, and reverse causality
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Obtaining Evidence for No Effect Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Zoltan Dienes
Obtaining evidence that something does not exist requires knowing how big it would be were it to exist. Testing a theory that predicts an effect thus entails specifying the range of effect sizes consistent with the theory, in order to know when the evidence counts against the theory. Indeed, a theoretically relevant effect size must be specified for power calculations, equivalence testing, and Bayes
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Cognitive Control and the Implicit Association Test: A Replication of Siegel, Dougherty, and Huber (2012) Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 David J. Johnson,David Ampofo,Serra A Erbas,Alison Robey,Harry Calvert,Victoria Garriques,Julia Hatch,Leigh Gulbransen,Rabbiya Iqbal,Maya Lewis,Elinor Stern,Michael Dougherty
The implicit association test (IAT) is widely used to measure evaluative associations towards groups or the self but is influenced by other traits. Siegel, Dougherty, and Huber (2012, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology) found that manipulating cognitive control via false feedback (Study 3) changed the degree to which the IAT was related to cognitive control versus evaluative associations. We
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Sexual Behavior and Substance Use in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Non-specific Associations Between a Range of Sexual Behaviors and Alcohol, Nicotine, and Marijuana Use Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Hannah Roberts,D. Angus Clark,Claire Kalina,Carter Sherman,Mary M. Heitzeg,Brian M. Hicks
Sexual behaviors and substance use exhibit high rates of co-occurrence and similar patterns of age-related change, with typical initiation in middle adolescence followed by large increases in late adolescence and emerging adulthood. Because adolescent sexual behaviors are associated with negative health consequences including sexually-transmitted infections and substance use, adolescent sexual behaviors
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The Effects of Input Modality, Word Difficulty and Reading Experience on Word Recognition Accuracy Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Merel C. Wolf,Antje S. Meyer,Caroline F. Rowland,Florian Hintz
Language users encounter words in at least two different modalities. Arguably, the most frequent encounters are in spoken or written form. Previous research has shown that – compared to the spoken modality – written language features more difficult words. An important question is whether input modality has effects on word recognition accuracy. In the present study, we investigated whether input modality
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Don’t Forget the Psychology in Analyses of Psychological Data: The Case of Sequential Testing Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 James W. B. Elsey,Anna I. Filmer,Lotte E. Stemerding
Sequential testing enables researchers to monitor and analyze data as it arrives, and decide whether or not to continue data collection depending on the results. Although there are approaches that can mitigate many statistical issues with sequential testing, we suggest that current discussions of the topic are limited by focusing almost entirely on the mathematical underpinnings of analytic approaches
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Strategic Thinking: A Random Walk Into the Rabbit Hole Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 David J. Grüning,Joachim I. Krueger
At its best, strategic thinking yields an advantage needed to beat an opponent. At the least, it protects the person from exploitation. In four studies, conducted in two countries, we used a simple number-guessing game, in which one respondent wins by guessing the number chosen by another. We show that people generate numbers nonrandomly, and, on the basis of this finding, we predict and find that
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Priming Feminine Typical Traits Does Not Change Autobiographical Memory Narrative Content Collabra: Psychology (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Azriel Grysman,Qi Wang
Gender differences in autobiographical memory have been reported in many studies using narrative coding of features including emotion word use, connectedness to others, and event specific details, with women using more of these narrative features than men. The current pair of studies explored if these narrative tendencies are linked to a sense of self being feminine, by priming female participants