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Reclaiming Logic Modeling for Evaluation: A Theory of Action Framework American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Rebecca H. Woodland, Rebecca Mazur
Logic modeling, the process that explicates how programs are constructed and theorized to bring about change, is considered to be standard evaluation practice. However, logic modeling is often experienced as a transactional, jargon-laden, discrete task undertaken to produce a document to comply with the expectations of an external entity, the consequences of which have minimal or even negative influence
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Mapping Evaluation Use: A Scoping Review of Extant Literature (2005–2022) American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Michelle Searle, Amanda Cooper, Paisley Worthington, Jennifer Hughes, Rebecca Gokiert, Cheryl Poth
Factors influencing evaluation use has been a primary concern for evaluators. However, little is known about the current conceptualizations of evaluation use including what counts as use, what efforts encourage use, and how to measure use. This article identifies enablers and constraints to evaluation use based on a scoping review of literature published since 2009 ( n = 47). A fulsome examination
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Challenges and Adjustments in a Multisite School-Based Randomized Field Trial American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Debbie L. Hahs-Vaughn, Christine Depies DeStefano, Christopher D. Charles, Mary Little
Randomized experiments are a strong design for establishing impact evidence because the random assignment mechanism theoretically allows confidence in attributing group differences to the intervention. Growth of randomized experiments within educational studies has been widely documented. However, randomized experiments within education have received criticism for implementation challenges and for
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Program Plan Evaluation: A Participatory Approach to Bridge Plan Evaluation and Program Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2024-03-06 Huey T. Chen, Liliana Morosanu, Victor H. Chen
Most program evaluation efforts concentrate on assessments of program implementation and program outcomes. However, another area of programs that has not received sufficient attention in the literature is evaluating the plan of the program. Since the quality of the plan and planning process can influence program implementation and outcomes, there is a need to expand program evaluation efforts to cover
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Evaluation Capacity Building Through Community-University Partnership American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Sarah Suiter, Kathryn Y. Morgan, Sara Eccleston
Evaluation is essential to achieving program outcomes, especially when stakeholders engage with evaluation and make use of the findings. Both of these activities require evaluation capacity that might not be present in community-based organizations. In this paper, we describe how community-university partnership models can support evaluation capacity building (ECB). The basic framework for our ECB
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A Protocol to Assess Contextual Factors During Program Impact Evaluation: A Case Study of a STEM Gender Equity Intervention in Higher Education American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-05-02 Suzanne Nobrega, Kasper Edwards, Mazen El Ghaziri, Lauren Giacobbe, Serena Rice, Laura Punnett
Program evaluations that lack experimental design often fail to produce evidence of impact because there is no available control group. Theory-based evaluations can generate evidence of a program's...
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“A Lot of It Really Does Come Down to Values”: An Empirical Study of the Values Advanced by Seasoned Evaluators American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-04-26 Rebecca M. Teasdale, Jennifer R. McNeilly, Maria Isabel Ramírez Garzón, Judit Novak, Jennifer C. Greene
This study challenges persistent misrepresentations of evaluation as a value-neutral inquiry process by presenting an empirical study that deepens understanding of evaluators’ values and how they “...
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Social Ontology and Evaluation—A Comment on “Framing Evaluation in Reality: An Introduction to Ontologically Integrative Evaluation” American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-04-13 Robert Picciotto
According to Jennifer Billman, western evaluation bias against indigenous thinking is due to ontological incompetence. If so, the solution she offers (a highly abstract list of criteria) is inadequ...
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Digital Evaluation Stories: A Case Study of Implementation for Monitoring and Evaluation in an Australian Community not-for-Profit American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-02-20 Samantha Abbato
The merit of narrative film methods to support participatory approaches and professional development has been increasingly demonstrated by research in several fields and education. However, the use...
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Feminist Evaluation Using Feminist Participatory Action Research: Guiding Principles and Practices American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-02-20 Kaisha Crupi, Naomi Joy Godden
There is a lack of instructional literature on how to conduct a feminist evaluation to highlight and transform systemic issues in gendered and intersecting power relations. Feminist Participatory A...
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Decolonizing Community Development Evaluation in Rakhine State, Myanmar American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-02-13 Leanne M. Kelly, Phyo Pyae Thida (aka Sophia) Htwe
This paper unpacks our efforts as external evaluators to work toward decolonizing our evaluation practice. Undertaking this writing exercise as a form of reflective practice demonstrated that decol...
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Cultural Competence: 10-Year Comparison of Program Evaluators’ Perceptions American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-02-13 Krystall Dunaway, Kristine Gardner, Karly Grieve
As part of its Guiding Principles for Evaluators, the American Evaluation Association (AEA) requires that evaluators develop cultural competencies. Using a successive-independent-samples design, th...
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Challenges and Lessons Learned Conducting a Formative Evaluation of a Multicomponent Care Delivery Intervention American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-02-13 Rosalind E. Keith, Shannon Heitkamp, Jasmine Little, Victoria Peebles, Rumin Sarwar, Dana M. Petersen, Ann S. O’Malley
Formative evaluation provides stakeholders with timely feedback to support an intervention's improvement during implementation to maximize its effectiveness. We describe the qualitative methods tha...
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The Importance of Context for Determining Causal Mechanisms in Program Evaluation: The Case of Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention Among the Luo in Western Kenya American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-02-13 Margaret Kabare, Jeremy Northcote
The importance of considering wider contexts when evaluating the success or failure of programs has been increasingly acknowledged with the shift towards culturally responsive evaluation. But one o...
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Evaluating Collective Impact Initiatives: A Systematic Scoping Review American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-02-01 Sonya Panjwani, Taylor Graves-Boswell, Whitney R. Garney, Daenuka Muraleetharan, Mandy Spadine, Sara Flores
Collective impact (CI) is a structured approach that helps drive multi-sector collaborations to address social problems through systems changes. While the CI approach is gaining popularity, practit...
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Outcome Trajectory Evaluation (OTE): An Approach to Tackle Research-for-Development’s Long-Causal-Chain Problem American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-01-31 Boru Douthwaite, Claudio Proietti, Vivian Polar, Graham Thiele
This paper develops a novel approach called Outcome Trajectory Evaluation (OTE) in response to the long-causal-chain problem confronting the evaluation of research for development (R4D) projects. O...
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How Many Cases per Cluster? Operationalizing the Number of Units per Cluster Relative to Minimum Detectable Effects in Two-Level Cluster Randomized Evaluations with Linear Outcomes American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-01-23 E. C. Hedberg
In cluster randomized evaluations, a treatment or intervention is randomly assigned to a set of clusters each with constituent individual units of observations (e.g., student units that attend scho...
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The Mechanistic Rewards of Data and Theory Integration for Theory-Based Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-01-23 Corrado Matta, Jannika Lindvall, Andreas Ryve
In this article, we discuss the methodological implications of data and theory integration for Theory-Based Evaluation (TBE). TBE is a family of approaches to program evaluation that use program th...
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Anthropology in Evaluation: Free-Listing to Generate Cultural Models American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2023-01-22 Caitlyn D. Placek, Eric Budzielek, Lillian White, Deanna Williams
Free-listing is a quick, semi-quantitative methodology commonly used by anthropologists to uncover information within a cultural domain. In this method note, we review how anthropologists have used...
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Laying a Solid Foundation for the Next Generation of Evaluation Capacity Building: Findings from an Integrative Review American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-26 Isabelle Bourgeois, Sebastian Thomas Lemire, Leslie Ann Fierro, Ann Marie Castleman, Minji Cho
Evaluation capacity building (ECB) continues to attract the attention and interest of scholars and practitioners. Over the years, models, frameworks, strategies, and practices related to ECB have b...
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Enabling Young People’s Involvement in Research: Principles for a Family Youth Alcohol and Other Drug Program Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-21 Lynda Berends, Horace Wansbrough
We developed principles drawn from empowerment and realist evaluation theories to guide a family youth alcohol and drug program evaluation, before reflecting on our experience to develop additional...
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The Prevalence of Evaluator Anxiety in Practice: An Empirical Examination American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Jessica Renger, Stewart I. Donaldson
Anxiety is a multifaceted force that can negatively impact the ability of evaluators to succeed in practice. In the evaluation literature, discussions concerning anxiety have primarily been limited...
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Evaluation Quality Assessment Frameworks: A Comparative Assessment of Their Strengths and Weaknesses American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Alison Pollard, Kim Forss
Quality Assessment Frameworks (QAFs) are standardized templates that include pre-defined criteria, open questions, or a combination to assess the quality of evaluations. They support organizations ...
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Translating Evaluation Policy Into Practice in Government Organizations American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Isabelle Bourgeois, Stéphanie Maltais
Organizational evaluation policies describe how evaluation practices should be structured and implemented. As such, they provide key insights into organizational priorities and values regarding eva...
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The Process of Applying Principles-Focused Evaluation to the Sexual Violence Prevention Field: Implications for Practice in Other Social Services Fields American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Erin A. Casey, Jan Vanslyke, Blair Beadnell, N. Tatiana Masters, Kirstin McFarland
Principles focused evaluation (PFE) can complement existing formative and outcome evaluation plans by identifying Effectiveness Principles (EPs), an operationalization of values and standards that ...
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Beyond the Buzzword: A Framework for an Indigenous Relational Evaluation in Traditional Communities in Ghana American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Evans S. Boadu, Isioma Ile
The notions of indigenous knowledge and cultural philosophies are becoming ubiquitous in many social inquiries and evaluation is no exception. Nonetheless, the pursuit to making evaluation impulses...
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Measuring Evaluator Competencies: Developing and Validating the Evaluator Competencies Assessment Tool American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Minji Cho, Ann Marie Castleman, Haley Umans, Mike Osiemo Mwirigi
Evaluation scholars have committed decades of work to the development of evaluator competencies. The 2018 American Evaluation Association (AEA) Evaluator Competencies may be useful for evaluators t...
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Fidelity and Adaptation of Programs: Does Adaptation Thwart Effectiveness? American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Kate L. Nolt, Laura C. Leviton
Evidence-based programs and grassroots programs are often adapted during implementation. Adaptations are often hidden, ignored, or punished. Although some adaptations stem from lack of organization...
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Social Justice as Ontology: The Intersection of Black Evaluators’ Identities, Roles, and Practice American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Ayesha S. Boyce, Aileen Reid, Cherie Avent, Adeyemo Adetogun, J.R. Moller, Brianna Hooks Singletary
Violence, marginalization, oppression, exploitation, erasure, and injustice are cornerstones of the Black experience in the United States. Despite seemingly insurmountable challenges, Black people ...
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Integrative Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Osvaldo Feinstein
“Integrative evaluation” is an approach with two main phases: identification of plausible rival hypotheses and integration of rival hypotheses. The first phase may correspond to traditional adversa...
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Principles for Stakeholder Involvement in Evaluation in Latin America American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-19 Julia Espinosa-Fajardo, Pablo Rodríguez-Bilella, Esteban Tapella
In the last three decades, the promotion of stakeholder involvement in evaluation has been gaining relevance in the Latin American and internationally, across varied agencies, institutions, and civ...
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Supporting Evaluation Practice Through Mindfulness American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-19 James M. Pann, Elizabeth DiLuzio, Anne T. Coghlan, Scott D. Hughes
This article explores the utility of mindfulness in the field of evaluation. Mindfulness is a translation of the ancient Indian word, Sati, which means awareness, attention, and remembering. While ...
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Professionalizing Evaluation: A Time-Bound Comparison of the American Evaluation Association's Foundational Documents American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-12-04 Susan Tucker, Laurie Stevahn, Jean A. King
This article compares the purposes and content of the four foundational documents of the American Evaluation Association (AEA): the Program Evaluation Standards, the AEA Public Statement on Cultura...
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Exploring NSF-Funded Evaluators’ and Principal Investigators’ Definitions and Measurement of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-11-30 Ayesha S. Boyce, Tiffany L.S. Tovey, Onyinyechukwu Onwuka, J.R. Moller, Tyler Clark, Aundrea Smith
More evaluators have anchored their work in equity-focused, culturally responsive, and social justice ideals. Although we have a sense of approaches that guide evaluators as to how they should atte...
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A Comparison of Fidelity Implementation Frameworks Used in the Field of Early Intervention American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-11-10 Colombe Lemire, Michel Rousseau, Carmen Dionne
Implementation fidelity is the degree of compliance with which the core elements of program or intervention practices are used as intended. The scientific literature reveals gaps in defining and as...
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Just Give Me an Example! Exploring Strategies for Building Public Understanding of Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-11-03 Sarah Mason
Evaluators often lament that the general public does not understand what we do. Yet, there is limited empirical research on what the general public does know—and think—about program evaluation. Thi...
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Thinking Outside the Self-Report: Using Evaluation Plans to Assess Evaluation Capacity Building American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-10-22 Lori A. Wingate, Kelly Robertson, Michael FitzGerald, Lana Rucks, Takara Tsuzaki, Carla Clasen, Jeremy Schwob
In this study, we investigated the impact of the evaluation capacity building (ECB) efforts of an organization by examining the evaluation plans included in funding proposals over a 14-year period....
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What Is and What Should Be Needs Assessment Scales: Factors Affecting the Trustworthiness of Results American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-10-19 James W. Altschuld, Hsin-Ling (Sonya) Hung, Yi-Fang Lee
Surveys are frequently employed in needs assessment to collect information about gaps (the needs) in what is and what should be conditions. Double-scale Likert-type instruments are routinely used f...
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The Tentative Promise of Social Return on Investment American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-09-23 Kim M. Siegal
Social return on investment (SROI), an evaluation method that compares monetized social value generated to costs invested, is in ascendance. Conceptually akin to cost–benefit analysis, it shares so...
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Program Value-Added: A Feasible Method for Providing Evidence on the Effectiveness of Multiple Programs Implemented Simultaneously in Schools American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-09-20 Robert Shand, Stephen M. Leach, Fiona M. Hollands, Florence Chang, Yilin Pan, Bo Yan, Dena Dossett, Samreen Nayyer-Qureshi, Yixin Wang, Laura Head
We assessed whether an adaptation of value-added analysis (VAA) can provide evidence on the relative effectiveness of interventions implemented in a large school district. We analyzed two datasets,...
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Evaluating Youth Empowerment: The Construction and Validation of an Inventory of Dimensions and Indicators American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-08-29 Anna Planas-Lladó, Xavier Úcar
Empowerment is a concept that has become increasingly used over recent years. However, little research has been undertaken into how empowerment can be evaluated, particularly in the case of young p...
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Economic Evaluation Section from the Section Editor American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-08-22 A. Brooks Bowden
The Economic Evaluation section of the American Journal of Evaluation was created as a space for methodological papers that advance economic evaluation and for exemplary studies that deepen our understanding of what we can learn and contribute to policy through these methods. Economic evaluation builds on our knowledge of effectiveness by incorporating research on the costs to produce effects, examinations
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Statistical Power for Detecting Moderation in Partially Nested Designs American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-07-12 Kyle Cox, Benjamin Kelcey
Analysis of the differential treatment effects across targeted subgroups and contexts is a critical objective in many evaluations because it delineates for whom and under what conditions particular...
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What to Expect When You Don’t Know What You are Expecting: Vigilance and the Monitoring and Evaluation of an Uncertain World American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-07-05 Rob Goble, Edward R. Carr, Jon Anderson
Complexity and uncertainty are long-standing challenges for global development projects. Coping with both requires flexibility and adaptation, the ability to identify unexpected circumstances, seiz...
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Developing Evaluation Approaches for an Anti-Human Trafficking Housing Program American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Rebecca J. Macy, Amanda Eckhardt, Christopher J. Wretman, Ran Hu, Jeongsuk Kim, Xinyi Wang, Cindy Bombeeck
The increasing number of anti-trafficking organizations and funding for anti-trafficking services have greatly out-paced evaluative efforts resulting in critical knowledge gaps, which have been und...
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A Systematic Review of Meta-Evaluations: Lessons for Evaluation and Impact Analysis American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Joanne Xiaolei Qian-Khoo, Kiros Hiruy, Rebecca Willow-Anne Hutton, Jo Barraket
Impact evaluation and measurement are highly complex and can pose challenges for both social impact providers and funders. Measuring the impact of social interventions requires the continuous exploration and improvement of evaluation approaches and tools. This article explores the available evidence on meta-evaluation—the “evaluation of evaluations”—as an analytical tool for improving impact evaluation
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Transforming the Paradigm for LGBTQ + Evaluation: Advancing a Praxis of LGBTQ + Inclusion and Liberation in Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Gregory Phillips, II, Dylan Felt, Esrea Perez-Bill, Megan M. Ruprecht, Erik Elías Glenn, Peter Lindeman, Robin Lin Miller
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, Two-Spirit, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ + ) individuals encounter numerous obstacles to equity across health and healthcare, education, housing, employment, and other domains. Such barriers are even greater for LGBTQ + individuals who are also Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC), as well as those who are disabled, and
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From the Interim Co-Editors American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Jori N. Hall, Laura R. Peck
After the untimely passing of the American Journal of Evaluation’s (AJE’s) Editor-in-Chief, George Julnes, the two of us—Jori Hall and Laura Peck—agreed to step in and serve as Interim Co-Editors-in-Chief while the American Evaluation Association (AEA) secured a new, permanent lead for our journal. We are grateful to George and Rachael Lawrence, AJE’s most recent Managing Editor, for ushering through
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Teaching Evaluation Through Community-Engaged Learning Courses American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-05-09 Corrie B. Whitmore
This paper describes a framework for educating future evaluators and users of evaluation through community-engaged, experiential learning courses and offers practical guidance about how such a class can be structured. This approach is illustrated via a reflective case narrative describing how an introductory, undergraduate class at a mid-size, public university in the northwest partnered with a community
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George Julnes: Scholar of Evaluation and of Life American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-04-19 Melvin M. Mark
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A Tribute to George Julnes from a Devoted Mentee American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-04-19 Justus Randolph
In this tribute, I describe my wonderful experience having George Julnes as a long-time evaluation mentor and I pass on some of the sage wisdom that he passed on to me.
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A Letter From the Interim Editor American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Rachael B. Lawrence
Dear Readers of the American Journal of Evaluation:
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Section Editor’s Note: Insights into the Generalizability of Findings from Experimental Evaluations American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Laura R. Peck
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Site visit Standards Revisited: A Framework for Implementation American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-02-24 Rachael R. Kenney, Leah M. Haverhals, Krysttel C. Stryczek, Kelty B. Fehling, Sherry L. Ball
Site visits are common in evaluation plans but there is a dearth of guidance about how to conduct them. This paper revisits site visit standards published by Michael Patton in 2017 and proposes a framework for evaluative site visits. We retrospectively examined documents from a series of site visits for examples of Patton's standards. Through this process, we identified additional standards and organized
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Building a Welcoming Evaluation Community in Remembrance of George Julnes American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-02-14 Guili Zhang
The passing of George Julnes, Editor of the American Journal of Evaluation (AJE), brought deep sorrow to the evaluation community. We lost a dedicated colleague and even better friend. George was a welcoming face of the American Evaluation Association (AEA) and an exemplary leader. He supported AEA membership and leadership, contributed to an internationally inclusive AEA, maintained a strong AJE editorial
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Riding Shotgun Down Evaluations’ Highways: A Tribute to the Legacy of George Julnes American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Stewart I. Donaldson
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Findings From an Empirical Exploration of Evaluators’ Values American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-01-31 John M. LaVelle, Clayton L. Stephenson, Scott I. Donaldson, Justin D. Hackett
Psychological theory suggests that evaluators’ individual values and traits play a fundamental role in evaluation practice, though few empirical studies have explored those constructs in evaluators. This paper describes an empirical study on evaluators’ individual, work, and political values, as well as their personality traits to predict evaluation practice and methodological orientation. The results
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Addressing the Elephant in the Room: Exploring the Impostor Phenomenon in Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-01-31 John M. LaVelle, Natalie D. Jones, Scott I. Donaldson
The impostor phenomenon is a psychological construct referring to a range of negative emotions associated with a person's perception of their own "fraudulent competence" in a field or of their lack of skills necessary to be successful in that field. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many practicing evaluators have experienced impostor feelings, but lack a framework in which to understand their experiences
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Framing Evaluation in Reality: An Introduction to Ontologically Integrative Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-01-31 Jennifer A.H. Billman
For over 30 years, calls have been issued for the western evaluation field to address implicit bias in its theory and practice. Although many in the field encourage evaluators to be culturally competent, ontological competence remains unaddressed. Grounded in an institutionalized distrust of non-western perspectives of reality and knowledge frameworks, this neglect threatens the validity, reliability
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Citizens and Evaluation: A Review of Evaluation Models American Journal of Evaluation (IF 1.507) Pub Date : 2022-01-28 Pirmin Bundi, Valérie Pattyn
Evaluations are considered of key importance for a well-functioning democracy. Against this background, it is vital to assess whether and how evaluation models approach the role of citizens. This paper is the first in presenting a review of citizen involvement in the main evaluation models which are commonly distinguished in the field. We present the results of both a document analysis and an international