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Optimal metacognitive control of memory recall. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-21 Frederick Callaway,Thomas L Griffiths,Kenneth A Norman,Qiong Zhang
Most of us have experienced moments when we could not recall some piece of information but felt that it was just out of reach. Research in metamemory has established that such judgments are often accurate; but what adaptive purpose do they serve? Here, we present an optimal model of how metacognitive monitoring (feeling of knowing) could dynamically inform metacognitive control of memory (the direction
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Inductive reasoning in minds and machines. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-21 Sudeep Bhatia
Induction-the ability to generalize from existing knowledge-is the cornerstone of intelligence. Cognitive models of human induction are largely limited to toy problems and cannot make quantitative predictions for the thousands of different induction arguments that have been studied by researchers, or to the countless induction arguments that could be encountered in everyday life. Leading large language
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Discounting and the portfolio of desires. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Peter R Killeen
The additive utility theory of discounting is extended to probability and commodity discounting. Because the utility of a good and the disutility of its delay combine additively, increases in the utility of a good offset the disutility of its delay: Increasing the former slows the apparent discount even with the latter, time-disutility, remaining invariant, giving the magnitude effect. Conjoint measurement
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In search of better practice in executive functions assessment: Methodological issues and potential solutions. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Marc Yangüez,Benoit Bediou,Julien Chanal,Daphne Bavelier
The multicomponent nature of executive functions (EF) has long been recognized, pushing for a better understanding of both the commonalities and the diversity between EF components. Despite the advances made, the operationalization of performance in EF tasks remains rather heterogeneous, and the structure of EF as modeled by confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) is still a topic of debate (Karr et al
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A social inference model of idealization and devaluation. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-08-21 Giles W Story,Ryan Smith,Michael Moutoussis,Isabel M Berwian,Tobias Nolte,Edda Bilek,Jenifer Z Siegel,Raymond J Dolan
People often form polarized beliefs, imbuing objects (e.g., themselves or others) with unambiguously positive or negative qualities. In clinical settings, this is referred to as dichotomous thinking or "splitting" and is a feature of several psychiatric disorders. Here, we introduce a Bayesian model of splitting that parameterizes a tendency to rigidly categorize objects as either entirely "Bad" or
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Differentiating mental models of self and others: A hierarchical framework for knowledge assessment. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Aakriti Kumar,Padhraic Smyth,Mark Steyvers
Developing an accurate model of another agent's knowledge is central to communication and cooperation between agents. In this article, we propose a hierarchical framework of knowledge assessment that explains how people construct mental models of their own knowledge and the knowledge of others. Our framework posits that people integrate information about their own and others' knowledge via Bayesian
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Updating, evidence evaluation, and operator availability: A theoretical framework for understanding belief. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Joseph Sommer,Julien Musolino,Pernille Hemmer
Decades of findings in psychology suggest that human belief is thoroughly irrational. At best, beliefs might be formed by heuristic processes that predictably lead to suboptimal outcomes. At worst, they are slaves to motivated reasoning, which allows people to come to whichever conclusions they prefer. In this article, we suggest that belief updating, narrowly construed, may be a rational process that
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A unified model of arithmetic with whole numbers, fractions, and decimals. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 David W Braithwaite,Robert S Siegler
This article describes UMA (Unified Model of Arithmetic), a theory of children's arithmetic implemented as a computational model. UMA builds on FARRA (Fraction Arithmetic Reflects Rules and Associations; Braithwaite et al., 2017), a model of children's fraction arithmetic. Whereas FARRA-like all previous models of arithmetic-focused on arithmetic with only one type of number, UMA simulates arithmetic
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Reconciling truthfulness and relevance as epistemic and decision-theoretic utility. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Theodore R Sumers,Mark K Ho,Thomas L Griffiths,Robert D Hawkins
People use language to influence others' beliefs and actions. Yet models of communication have diverged along these lines, formalizing the speaker's objective in terms of either the listener's beliefs or actions. We argue that this divergence lies at the root of a longstanding controversy over the Gricean maxims of truthfulness and relevance. We first bridge the divide by introducing a speaker model
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A maturational frequency discrimination deficit may explain developmental language disorder. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-07-27 Samuel David Jones,Hannah Jamieson Stewart,Gert Westermann
Auditory perceptual deficits are widely observed among children with developmental language disorder (DLD). Yet, the nature of these deficits and the extent to which they explain speech and language problems remain controversial. In this study, we hypothesize that disruption to the maturation of the basilar membrane may impede the optimization of the auditory pathway from brainstem to cortex, curtailing
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A signal detection-based confidence-similarity model of face matching. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Daniel Fitousi
Face matching consists of the ability to decide whether two face images (or more) belong to the same person or to different identities. Face matching is crucial for efficient face recognition and plays an important role in applied settings such as passport control and eyewitness memory. However, despite extensive research, the mechanisms that govern face-matching performance are still not well understood
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Productive pluralism: The coming of age of ecological psychology. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Jelle Bruineberg,Rob Withagen,Ludger van Dijk
The ecological approach to psychology has been a main antecedent of embodied and situated approaches to cognition. The concept of affordances in particular has gained currency throughout psychological science. Yet, contemporary ecological psychology has seemed inaccessible to outsiders and protective of its legacy. Indeed, some prominent ecological psychologists have presented their approach as a "package
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Processing speed and executive attention as causes of intelligence. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Cody A Mashburn,Mariel K Barnett,Randall W Engle
Individual differences in processing speed and executive attention have both been proposed as explanations for individual differences in cognitive ability, particularly general and fluid intelligence (Engle et al., 1999; Kail & Salthouse, 1994). Both constructs have long intellectual histories in scientific psychology. This article attempts to describe the historical development of these constructs
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Perception and simulation during concept learning. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 Erik Weitnauer,Robert L Goldstone,Helge Ritter
A key component of humans' striking creativity in solving problems is our ability to construct novel descriptions to help us characterize novel concepts. Bongard problems (BPs), which challenge the problem solver to come up with a rule for distinguishing visual scenes that fall into two categories, provide an elegant test of this ability. BPs are challenging for both human and machine category learners
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The memory and identity theory of ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Philip Hyland,Mark Shevlin,Chris R Brewin
The 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) includes complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) as a separate diagnostic entity alongside posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ICD-11 CPTSD is defined by six sets of symptoms, three that are shared with PTSD (reexperiencing in the here and now, avoidance, and sense of current threat) and three (affective dysregulation
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The role of recollection and familiarity in visual working memory: A mixture of threshold and signal detection processes. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Andrew P Yonelinas
Whether working memory reflects a thresholded recollection process whereby only a limited number of items are maintained in memory, or a signal detection process in which each studied item is increased in familiarity strength, is a topic of considerable debate. A review of visual working memory studies that have examined receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) across a broad set of materials and
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The autocorrelated Bayesian sampler: A rational process for probability judgments, estimates, confidence intervals, choices, confidence judgments, and response times. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-06-08 Jian-Qiao Zhu,Joakim Sundh,Jake Spicer,Nick Chater,Adam N Sanborn
Normative models of decision-making that optimally transform noisy (sensory) information into categorical decisions qualitatively mismatch human behavior. Indeed, leading computational models have only achieved high empirical corroboration by adding task-specific assumptions that deviate from normative principles. In response, we offer a Bayesian approach that implicitly produces a posterior distribution
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Counterfactuals and the logic of causal selection. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-06-08 Tadeg Quillien,Christopher G Lucas
Everything that happens has a multitude of causes, but people make causal judgments effortlessly. How do people select one particular cause (e.g., the lightning bolt that set the forest ablaze) out of the set of factors that contributed to the event (the oxygen in the air, the dry weather … )? Cognitive scientists have suggested that people make causal judgments about an event by simulating alternative
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Hierarchical structure in language and action: A formal comparison. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Cas W Coopmans,Karthikeya Kaushik,Andrea E Martin
Since the cognitive revolution, language and action have been compared as cognitive systems, with cross-domain convergent views recently gaining renewed interest in biology, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Language and action are both combinatorial systems whose mode of combination has been argued to be hierarchical, combining elements into constituents of increasingly larger size. This structural
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Linking confidence biases to reinforcement-learning processes. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Nahuel Salem-Garcia,Stefano Palminteri,Maël Lebreton
We systematically misjudge our own performance in simple economic tasks. First, we generally overestimate our ability to make correct choices-a bias called overconfidence. Second, we are more confident in our choices when we seek gains than when we try to avoid losses-a bias we refer to as the valence-induced confidence bias. Strikingly, these two biases are also present in reinforcement-learning (RL)
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Causal inference methods for intergenerational research using observational data. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-04-24 Leonard Frach,Eshim S Jami,Tom A McAdams,Frank Dudbridge,Jean-Baptiste Pingault
Identifying early causal factors leading to the development of poor mental health and behavioral outcomes is essential to design efficient preventive interventions. The substantial associations observed between parental risk factors (e.g., maternal stress in pregnancy, parental education, parental psychopathology, parent-child relationship) and child outcomes point toward the importance of parents
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Contradictory deviations from maximization: Environment-specific biases, or reflections of basic properties of human learning? Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-04-01 Ido Erev,Eyal Ert,Ori Plonsky,Yefim Roth
Analyses of human reaction to economic incentives reveal contradictory deviations from maximization. For example, underinvestment in the stock market suggests risk aversion, but insufficient diversification of financial assets suggests risk-seeking. Leading explanations for these contradictions assume that different choice environments (e.g., different framings) trigger different biases. Our analysis
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Simultaneous modeling of choice, confidence, and response time in visual perception. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-03-13 Sebastian Hellmann,Michael Zehetleitner,Manuel Rausch
How can choice, confidence, and response times be modeled simultaneously? Here, we propose the new dynamical weighted evidence and visibility (dynWEV) model, an extension of the drift-diffusion model of decision-making, to account for choices, reaction times, and confidence simultaneously. The decision process in a binary perceptual task is described as a Wiener process accumulating sensory evidence
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Evaluating the complexity and falsifiability of psychological models. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-03-09 Manuel Villarreal,Alexander Etz,Michael D Lee
Understanding model complexity is important for developing useful psychological models. One way to think about model complexity is in terms of the predictions a model makes and the ability of empirical evidence to falsify those predictions. We argue that existing measures of falsifiability have important limitations and develop a new measure. KL-delta uses Kullback-Leibler divergence to compare the
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Word meaning is both categorical and continuous. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-03-09 Sean Trott,Benjamin Bergen
Most words have multiple meanings, but there are foundationally distinct accounts for this. Categorical theories posit that humans maintain discrete entries for distinct word meanings, as in a dictionary. Continuous ones eschew discrete sense representations, arguing that word meanings are best characterized as trajectories through a continuous state space. Both kinds of approach face empirical challenges
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Serial order depends on item-dependent and item-independent contexts. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-03-09 Gordon D Logan,Gregory E Cox
We address four issues in response to Osth and Hurlstone's (2022) commentary on the context retrieval and updating (CRU) theory of serial order (Logan, 2021). First, we clarify the relations between CRU, chains, and associations. We show that CRU is not equivalent to a chaining theory and uses similarity rather than association to retrieve contexts. Second, we fix an error Logan (2021) made in accounting
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A process model of mindsets: Conceptualizing mindsets of ability as dynamic and socially situated. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Naomi M P de Ruiter,Sander Thomaes
Mindsets of ability (i.e., "fixed" and "growth" mindsets) play a pivotal role in students' academic trajectories. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying mindset development. Identifying these mechanisms is vital for understanding, and potentially influencing, how mindsets emerge and change over time. In this article, we formulate a comprehensive theoretical model that purports
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Suboptimal choice: A review and quantification of the signal for good news (SiGN) model. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Roger M Dunn,Jeffrey M Pisklak,Margaret A McDevitt,Marcia L Spetch
As first reported several decades ago, pigeons (Columba livia) sometimes choose options that provide less food over options that provide more food. This behavior has been variously referred to as suboptimal, maladaptive, or paradoxical because it lowers overall food intake. A great deal of research has been directed at understanding the conditions under which animals and people make suboptimal choices
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Cultural evolutionary pragmatics: Investigating the codevelopment and coevolution of language and social cognition. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-03-02 Paula Rubio-Fernandez
Language and social cognition come together in communication, but their relation has been intensely contested. Here, I argue that these two distinctively human abilities are connected in a positive feedback loop, whereby the development of one cognitive skill boosts the development of the other. More specifically, I hypothesize that language and social cognition codevelop in ontogeny and coevolve in
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Point estimate observers: A new class of models for perceptual decision making. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-02-20 Heiko H Schütt,Aspen H Yoo,Joshua Calder-Travis,Wei Ji Ma
Bayesian optimal inference is often heralded as a principled, general framework for human perception. However, optimal inference requires integration over all possible world states, which quickly becomes intractable in complex real-world settings. Additionally, deviations from optimal inference have been observed in human decisions. A number of approximation methods have previously been suggested,
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Human hunger as a memory process. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Richard J Stevenson,Martin R Yeomans,Heather M Francis
Hunger refers to (1) the meaning of certain bodily sensations; (2) a mental state of anticipation that food will be good to eat; and (3) an organizing principal, which prioritizes feeding. Definitions (1) and (2) are the focus here, as (3) can be considered their consequent. Definition (1) has been linked to energy-depletion models of hunger, but these are no longer thought viable. Definition (2) has
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Further perceptions of probability: In defence of associative models. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Mattias Forsgren,Peter Juslin,Ronald van den Berg
Extensive research in the behavioral sciences has addressed people's ability to learn stationary probabilities, which stay constant over time, but only recently have there been attempts to model the cognitive processes whereby people learn-and track-nonstationary probabilities. In this context, the old debate on whether learning occurs by the gradual formation of associations or by occasional shifts
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Perspectival shapes are viewpoint-dependent relational properties. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-12-22 Tony Cheng,Yi Lin,Chen-Wei Wu
Recently, there is a renewed debate concerning the role of perspective in vision. Morales et al. (2020) present evidence that, in the case of viewing a rotated coin, the visual system is sensitive to what has often been called "perspectival shapes." It has generated vigorous discussions, including an online symposium by Morales and Cohen, an exchange between Linton (2021) and Morales et al. (2021)
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Seeking connection, autonomy, and emotional feedback: A self-determination theory of self-regulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-12-22 Rebecca E Champ,Marios Adamou,Barry Tolchard
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent and highly debated diagnosis for mental disorder in practice today. Two decades of research have substantially contributed to evolving conceptualizations and understanding of the condition. However, this evolution has not been extended to theoretical research. Current cognitive behavioral-based theories aim to identify the
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Modeling face similarity in police lineups. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-12-22 Kyros J Shen,Melissa F Colloff,Edward Vul,Brent M Wilson,John T Wixted
Police investigators worldwide use lineups to test an eyewitness's memory of a perpetrator. A typical lineup consists of one suspect (who is innocent or guilty) plus five or more fillers who resemble the suspect and who are known to be innocent. Although eyewitness identification decisions were once biased by police pressure and poorly constructed lineups, decades of social science research led to
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Conditioned inhibition, inhibitory learning, response inhibition, and inhibitory control: Outlining a conceptual clarification. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-12-22 Rodrigo Sosa
Inhibition can be defined as a phenomenon in which an agent prevents or suppresses a behavioral state that would otherwise occur. Associative learning studies have extensively examined how experiences shape the acquisition of inhibitory behavioral tendencies across many species and situations. Associative inhibitory phenomena can be studied at various levels of analysis. One could focus on the trajectory
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Metacognition and self-control: An integrative framework. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-12-15 Marie Hennecke,Sebastian Bürgler
Self-control describes the processes by which individuals control their habits, desires, and impulses in the service of long-term goals. Research has identified important components of self-control and proposed theoretical frameworks integrating these components (e.g., Inzlicht et al., 2021; Kotabe & Hofmann, 2015). In our perspective, these frameworks, however, do not yet fully incorporate important
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Facilitation of simultaneous control? A meta-analysis of the inhibitory spillover effect. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-11-03 Julian Vöhringer, Philipp A. Schroeder, Mandy Hütter, Jennifer Svaldi
Impaired inhibitory control is a core transdiagnostic mechanism in psychopathology. Directly targeting inhibitory control in intervention studies has, however, produced only little improvement. Recently, promising improvements in inhibitory control were shown by capitalizing on the inhibitory spillover effect (ISE). The central requirement of ISE is a simultaneous execution of two tasks, allowing for
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Cognitive and personality predictors of school performance from preschool to secondary school: An overarching model. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-10-31 Andreas Demetriou, George Spanoudis, Constantinos Christou, Samuel Greiff, Nikolaos Makris, Mari-Pauliina Vainikainen, Hudson Golino, Eleftheria Gonida
In this article, existing research investigating how school performance relates to cognitive, self-awareness, language, and personality processes is reviewed. We outline the architecture of the mind, involving a general factor, g, that underlies distinct mental processes (i.e., executive, reasoning, language, cognizance, and personality processes). From preschool to adolescence, g shifts from executive
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Higher-order conditioning: A critical review and computational model. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-11-01 Robert C Honey,Dominic M Dwyer
Higher-order conditioning results from a simple training procedure: Pairing two relatively neutral conditioned stimuli, A and X, allows properties separately conditioned to X (e.g., through pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus, US) to be evident during A. The phenomenon extends the range of ways in which Pavlovian conditioned responding can be expressed and increases its translational relevance
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Transformer networks of human conceptual knowledge. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-10-27 Sudeep Bhatia, Russell Richie
We present a computational model capable of simulating aspects of human knowledge for thousands of real-world concepts. Our approach involves a pretrained transformer network that is further fine-tuned on large data sets of participant-generated feature norms. We show that such a model can successfully extrapolate from its training data, and predict human knowledge for new concepts and features. We
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What makes people feel respected? Toward an integrative psychology of social worth. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-10-13 Adrian Rothers, J. Christopher Cohrs
People care a great deal about their social worth in other people’s eyes, and social worth is an important factor in many social scientific theories. At the same time, social worth phenomena are scattered across diverse literatures under different conceptual labels, with little correspondence between them. In the present article, we attempt to integrate social worth research by focusing on three core
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Free association in a neural network. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Russell Richie, Ada Aka, Sudeep Bhatia
Free association among words is a fundamental and ubiquitous memory task. Although distributed semantics (DS) models can predict the association between pairs of words, and semantic network (SN) models can describe transition probabilities in free association data, there have been few attempts to apply established cognitive process models of memory search to free association data. Thus, researchers
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ViSpa (Vision Spaces): A computer-vision-based representation system for individual images and concept prototypes, with large-scale evaluation. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Fritz Günther, Marco Marelli, Sam Tureski, Marco Alessandro Petilli
Quantitative, data-driven models for mental representations have long enjoyed popularity and success in psychology (e.g., distributional semantic models in the language domain), but have largely been missing for the visual domain. To overcome this, we present ViSpa (Vision Spaces), high-dimensional vector spaces that include vision-based representation for naturalistic images as well as concept prototypes
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Mood-congruent memory revisited. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Leonard Faul, Kevin S. LaBar
Affective experiences are commonly represented by either transient emotional reactions to discrete events or longer term, sustained mood states that are characterized by a more diffuse and global nature. While both have considerable influence in shaping memory, their interaction can produce mood-congruent memory (MCM), a psychological phenomenon where emotional memory is biased toward content affectively
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A dynamical scan-path model for task-dependence during scene viewing. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-10-03 Lisa Schwetlick, Daniel Backhaus, Ralf Engbert
In real-world scene perception, human observers generate sequences of fixations to move image patches into the high-acuity center of the visual field. Models of visual attention developed over the last 25 years aim to predict two-dimensional probabilities of gaze positions for a given image via saliency maps. Recently, progress has been made on models for the generation of scan paths under the constraints
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Accumulating evidence for myriad alternatives: Modeling the generation of free association. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-10-03 Isaac Fradkin, Eran Eldar
The associative manner by which thoughts follow one another has intrigued scholars for decades. The process by which an association is generated in response to a cue can be explained by classic models of semantic processing through distinct computational mechanisms. Distributed attractor networks implement rich-get-richer dynamics and assume that stronger associations can be reached with fewer steps
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The general theory of deception: A disruptive theory of lie production, prevention, and detection. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-08-25 Camille Srour, Jacques Py
The general theory of deception (GTD) aims to unify and complete the various sparse theoretical units that have been proposed in the deception literature to date, in a comprehensive framework fully describing from end to end the process by which deceptive messages are produced, and how this can inform more effective prevention and detection. As part of the elaboration of the theory, the different ways
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More than language: Mental time travel, mentalizing, executive attention, and the left-hemisphere interpreter in human origins. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-08-25 Ronald T. Kellogg
The ensemble hypothesis proposes that language is but one of five cognitive capacities that separate human cognition qualitatively from other animal cognition as a result of their interactions. The ensemble consists of an episodic memory capable of mental time travel, mentalizing to augment social cognition, language for overt communication, advanced executive attention for governing working memory
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Respiratory rhythms of the predictive mind. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-08-18 Micah Allen, Somogy Varga, Detlef H. Heck
Respiratory rhythms sustain biological life, governing the homeostatic exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Until recently, however, the influence of breathing on the brain has largely been overlooked. Yet new evidence demonstrates that the act of breathing exerts a substantive, rhythmic influence on perception, emotion, and cognition, largely through the direct modulation of neural oscillations
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Perceptual dehumanization theory: A critique. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-28 Harriet Over, Richard Cook
Central to perceptual dehumanization theory (PDT) is the claim that full engagement of a putative module for the visual analysis of faces is necessary in order to recognize the humanity or personhood of observed individuals. According to this view, the faces of outgroup members do not engage domain-specific face processing fully or typically and are instead processed in a manner akin to how the brain
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The emergence of language in the human mind and brain—Insights from the neurobiology of language, thought and action. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 Nicolas J. Bourguignon
The capacity for language has evolved remarkably quickly in recent human history. Its advent likely coincided with a range of cognitive innovations not found elsewhere at this level of complexity in the rest of the animal kingdom. This late yet near-simultaneous florescence of higher language and cognition is difficult to account for in terms of strictly modular neurocognitive systems, each with its
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A unified theory of discrete and continuous responding. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-21 Peter D. Kvam, A. A. J. Marley, Andrew Heathcote
Understanding the cognitive processes underlying choice requires theories that can disentangle the representation of stimuli from the processes that map these representations onto observed responses. We develop a dynamic theory of how stimuli are mapped onto discrete (choice) and onto continuous response scales. It proposes that the mapping from a stimulus to an internal representation and then to
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As within, so without, as above, so below: Common mechanisms can support between- and within-trial category learning dynamics. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Emily R. Weichart, Matthew Galdo, Vladimir M. Sloutsky, Brandon M. Turner
Two fundamental difficulties when learning novel categories are deciding (a) what information is relevant and (b) when to use that information. Although previous theories have specified how observers learn to attend to relevant dimensions over time, those theories have largely remained silent about how attention should be allocated on a within-trial basis, which dimensions of information should be
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The integrated self-categorization model of autism. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Daniel P. Skorich, S. Alexander Haslam
In this article, we formally present the Integrated Self-Categorization model of Autism (ISCA). This model brings together the cognitive–perceptual and social–communication features of autism under a single explanatory framework. Specifically, ISCA proposes that the social–communication features that are related to theory of mind dysfunction emerge from the cognitive–perceptual features related to
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A theory of perceptual number encoding. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-14 Stella F. Lourenco, Lauren S. Aulet
There has long been interest in how the mind represents numerical magnitude, particularly in the absence of symbols. For humans and nonhuman animals, number represents a core dimension of perceptual experience by which objects in the physical world are delineated. The physical world is also well characterized by other dimensions, many of which covary with number. Yet, the general consensus is that
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Relational reasoning and generalization using nonsymbolic neural networks. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-14 Atticus Geiger, Alexandra Carstensen, Michael C. Frank, Christopher Potts
The notion of equality (identity) is simple and ubiquitous, making it a key case study for broader questions about the representations supporting abstract relational reasoning. Previous work suggested that neural networks were not suitable models of human relational reasoning because they could not represent mathematically identity, the most basic form of equality. We revisit this question. In our
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Open science: Friend, foe, or both to an antiracist psychology? Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-14 Milton A. Fuentes, David G. Zelaya, Edward A. Delgado-Romero, Mamona Butt
The open science framework has garnered increased visibility and has been partially implemented in recent years. Open science underscores the importance of transparency and reproducibility to conduct rigorous science. Recently, several journals published by the American Psychological Association have begun adopting the open science framework. At the same time, the field of psychology has been reckoning
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Trouble doing two differently timed actions at once: What is the problem? Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-11 Dana Maslovat, Stuart T. Klapp
It is nearly impossible to concurrently initiate and execute two motor actions with independent timing. For example, it is difficult to tap one rhythm with the right hand while tapping a different rhythm with the left hand, even after these rhythms have been practiced individually. However, if this task is restructured so that it is represented internally as one action done by two hands rather than
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Individual differences fill the uncharted intersections between cognitive structure, flexibility, and plasticity in multitasking. Psychological Review (IF 5.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-07 Laura Broeker, Jovita Brüning, Yana Fandakova, Neda Khosravani, Andrea Kiesel, Veit Kubik, Sebastian Kübler, Dietrich Manzey, Irina Monno, Markus Raab, Torsten Schubert
It has been recently suggested that research on human multitasking is best organized according to three research perspectives, which differ in their focus on cognitive structure, flexibility, and plasticity. Even though it is argued that the perspectives should be seen as complementary, there has not been a formal approach describing or explaining the intersections between the three perspectives. With