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Algorithmic discrimination causes less moral outrage than human discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-27 Yochanan E Bigman,Desman Wilson,Mads N Arnestad,Adam Waytz,Kurt Gray
Companies and governments are using algorithms to improve decision-making for hiring, medical treatments, and parole. The use of algorithms holds promise for overcoming human biases in decision-making, but they frequently make decisions that discriminate. Media coverage suggests that people are morally outraged by algorithmic discrimination, but here we examine whether people are less outraged by algorithmic
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Genetic essentialist beliefs about criminality predict harshness of recommended punishment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-27 Meredith Meyer,Francine L Dolins,Yesenia Grijalva,Susan A Gelman
Genetic essentialism is a set of beliefs holding that certain categories have a heritable, intrinsic, and biological basis. The current studies explore people's genetic essentialist beliefs about criminality, how such essentialism relates to beliefs about appropriate punishment, and the kinds of judgments and motivations that underlie these associations. Study 1 validated a novel task, in which respondents
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Interference and integration in hierarchical task learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Woo-Tek Lee,Eliot Hazeltine,Jiefeng Jiang
A key feature of human task learning is shared task representation: Simple, subordinate tasks can be learned and then shared by multiple complex superordinate tasks as building blocks to facilitate task learning. An important yet unanswered question is how superordinate tasks sharing the same subordinate task affects the learning and memory of each other. Leveraging theories of associative memory,
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I'm in a hurry, I don't want to know! Strategic ignorance under time pressure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Johannes Jarke-Neuert,Johannes Lohse
Information avoidance is common when privately beneficial choices have uncertain and potentially adverse effects on others. A dominant theory holds that such "strategic ignorance" allows decision makers to circumvent inner moral conflict while acting self-servingly. In extension of this theory, we hypothesize that time pressure elevates the prevalence of strategic ignorance. We conduct a laboratory
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Between-item similarity frees up working memory resources through compression: A domain-general property. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Benjamin Kowialiewski,Benoît Lemaire,Sophie Portrat
Compression, the ability to recode information in a denser format, is a core property of working memory (WM). Previous studies have shown that the ability to compress information largely benefits WM performance. Importantly, recent evidence also suggests compression as freeing up WM resources, thus enhancing recall performance for other, less compressible information. Contrary to the traditional view
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Sex, and other important things: Tracking ratios of ecologically significant categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Gary L Brase,Jordann L Brandner
The ratio of males and females in a population (the sex ratio) has been documented as an important factor in calibrating mating behaviors. This implies mental processes of attention, perception, categorization, and memory to obtain these environmental sex ratios. Although recent work has indicated that sex ratio information can be processed quickly, accurately, and with little effort, there are still
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Faster responders are perceived as more extraverted. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Deming Wang,Ignazio Ziano
Personality inferences are fundamental to human social interactions and have far-reaching effects on various social decisions. Fourteen experiments (13 preregistered; total N = 5,160; using audio, video, and text stimuli) involving British, U.S. American, Singaporean, and Australian participants show that people responding to a question immediately (vs. after a slight pause) are seen as more extraverted
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A brief intervention to motivate empathy among middle school students. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Erika Weisz,Patricia Chen,Desmond C Ong,Ryan W Carlson,Marissa D Clark,Jamil Zaki
Empathy tracks socioemotional adjustment during early adolescence, yet adolescents this age tend to show reductions in empathy compared with younger children. Here we took a novel approach to building empathy among early adolescents in four middle schools (n = 857). Rather than addressing the ability to empathize, we targeted the motivation to empathize. To do so, we leveraged strategies demonstrated
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Re-examining the spread of moralized rhetoric from political elites: Effects of valence and ideology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-20 Sze-Yuh Nina Wang,Yoel Inbar
We examine the robustness of previous research finding increased diffusion of Twitter messages ("tweets") containing moral rhetoric. We use a distributed language model to examine the moral language used by U.S. political elites in two corpora of tweets: one from 2016 presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, and one from U.S. Members of Congress. Consistent with previous research,
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Making rights from wrongs: The crucial role of beliefs and justifications for the expression of aversive personality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Benjamin E Hilbig,Morten Moshagen,Isabel Thielmann,Ingo Zettler
Whereas research focusing on stable dispositions has long attributed ethically and socially aversive behavior to an array of aversive (or "dark") traits, other approaches from social-cognitive psychology and behavioral economics have emphasized the crucial role of social norms and situational justifications that allow individuals to uphold a positive self-image despite their harmful actions. We bridge
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Think then act, or act then think? Double-response reaction times shed light on decision dynamics in precrastination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 David A Rosenbaum,Hunter B Sturgill,Iman Feghhi
People often try to complete tasks as soon as possible, even at the expense of extra effort-a phenomenon called precrastination (Rosenbaum et al., 2014). Because precrastination is so widespread-as in answering emails too quickly, submitting papers before they have been polished, or, on larger scales, convicting people in the rush to judgment, or even going to war in the rush for revenge-it is important
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On the latency of object recognition and affect: Evidence from temporal order and simultaneity judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Rainer Reisenzein,Philipp Franikowski
According to the semantic primacy hypothesis of emotion generation, stimuli must be semantically categorized to evoke emotions. This hypothesis was tested for the subjective component of emotions in four chronometric experiments in which the conscious recognition of emotion-eliciting objects and the onset of affect was timed using temporal order judgments (TOJs, Exp. 1a, 1b, and 3) and simultaneity
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Gratitude expressions improve teammates' cardiovascular stress responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Yumeng Gu,Joseph M Ocampo,Sara B Algoe,Christopher Oveis
Gratitude expressions play a key role in strengthening relationships, suggesting gratitude might promote adaptive responses during teamwork. However, little research has examined gratitude's impact on loose tie relationships (like coworkers), and similarly little research has examined how gratitude impacts physiological stress responding or biological responses more generally. The present research
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Are the contributions of processing experience and prior beliefs to confidence ratings domain-general or domain-specific? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Xiao Hu,Chunliang Yang,Liang Luo
Previous studies on domain generality of metacognition showed inconsistent results about cross-domain correlation of metacognitive resolution, which might result from the varied relationship between actual performance and the information utilized during confidence rating across tasks. The current study investigated metacognitive domain generality using the Bayesian inference model for metamemory (BIM)
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Passive visual stimulation induces fatigue under conditions of high arousal elicited by auditory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Stefano Ioannucci,Guillermo Borragán,Alexandre Zénon
Theories of cognitive fatigue disagree on whether performance decrement is caused by motivational or functional alterations. Here, drawing inspiration from the habituation and visual adaptation literature, we tested the assumption that keeping neural networks active for an extensive period of time entails consequences at the subjective and objective level-the defining characteristics of fatigue-when
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It's good and it's bad: Sampling processes can generate decision-framing effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Zachary Adolph Niese,Mandy Hütter
Framing a choice in terms of gains versus losses can have a dramatic impact on peoples' decisions, sometimes completely reversing their choices. This decision-framing effect is often assumed to stem from individuals' inherent motivational biases to react more strongly to negative information. However, more recent work suggests these decision biases can also stem from biases in the information samples
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Young children enlarge the pie: Antecedents of negotiation skills. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Radhika Santhanagopalan,Boaz Keysar,Katherine D Kinzler
Negotiations are critical to interpersonal interactions, yet little is known about how the conceptual skills that support successful negotiations develop in childhood and across societies. Here, we presented 384 3-10-year-old children in the United States and India with tasks that measured children's understanding that people can value the same resources differently (Experiments 1-4) and that underlying
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The allocation of working memory resources determines the efficiency of attentional templates in single- and dual-target search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Stanislas Huynh Cong,Dirk Kerzel
Attentional templates are representations of target features in working memory (WM). Although two attentional templates can guide visual search in dual-target search, search efficiency is reduced compared with one attentional template in single-target search. Here, we investigated whether the allocation of WM resources contributes to these differences. Participants always memorized two colors, but
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Hovering at the polls: Do helicopter parents prefer paternalistic political policies? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Christian A Lindke,Daniel M Oppenheimer
Lakoff's model of political ideology proposes people's beliefs about how government should operate are grounded in beliefs about how families should operate. Previous research shows the left-right political spectrum can be explained by differences in preferences for nurturant (Democrats) and disciplinarian (Republican) parenting styles. We extend the theory to another dimension, helicopter versus free
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Growth algorithms in the phonological networks of second language learners: A replication of Siew and Vitevitch (2020a). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Eva Maria Luef
A recent study by Siew and Vitevitch (2020a) investigated word form lexica and their growth in children acquiring English and Dutch as first languages from a network perspective. They identified a unique developmental trajectory in network growth, with high-density neighborhoods becoming enriched through growth at early acquisition stages (the "preferential attachment" mechanism) but low-density neighborhoods
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The emergence of bifurcated structure in children's language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Susan Nittrouer,Joseph Antonelli,Joanna H Lowenstein
Human language is unique among animal communication systems, in part because of its dual patterning in which meaningless phonological units combine to form meaningful words (phonological structure) and words combine to form sentences (lexicosyntactic structure). Although dual patterning is well recognized, its emergence in language development has been scarcely investigated. Chief among questions still
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The development of adaptation aftereffects in the vibrotactile domain. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Nicola Domenici,Alessia Tonelli,Monica Gori
Sensory adaptation is a feature-specific modulation of neural responses and is potentially fundamental to maximizing perceptual sensitivity. Despite its function being unclear, it has been hypothesized that sensory adaptation modifies the neurons' response codes, increasing the ability to process sensory signals on a larger scale. To better understand how such flexibility of our brain is possible,
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Typological differences influence the bilingual advantage in metacognitive processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-06-06 Leona Polyanskaya,Héctor M Manrique,Antonio Marín,Azucena García-Palacios,Mikhail Ordin
Previous studies showed a bilingual advantage in metacognitive processing (tracking one's own cognitive performance) in linguistic tasks. However, bilinguals do not constitute a homogeneous population, and it was unclear which aspects of bilingualism affect metacognition. In this project, we tested the hypothesis that simultaneous acquisition and use of typologically different languages leads to development
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Self-related primes reduce congruency effects in the Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-05-23 David Dignath,Andreas B Eder,Cornelia Herbert,Andrea Kiesel
Theoretical accounts of self-representation assume a privileged role for information that is linked to the self and suggest that self-relevant stimuli capture attention in a seemingly obligatory manner. However, attention is not only biased toward self-relevant information, but self-relevant information might also tune attention more broadly, for instance, by engaging cognitive control processes that
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Promoting visual long-term memories: When do we learn from repetitions of visuospatial arrays? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-05-23 Alessandra S Souza,Klaus Oberauer
Repeated exposure is assumed to promote long-term learning. This is demonstrated by the so-called "Hebb-effect": when short lists of verbal or spatial materials are presented sequentially for an immediate serial recall test, recall improves with list repetition. This repetition benefit, however, is not ubiquitous. Previous studies found little or no performance improvement for repetitions of visuospatial
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Discordant knowing: A social cognitive structure underlying fanaticism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-05-19 Anton Gollwitzer,Irmak Olcaysoy Okten,Angel Osorio Pizarro,Gabriele Oettingen
Examining the epistemic and social-cognitive structures underlying fanaticism, radicalization, and extremism should shed light on how these harmful phenomena develop and can be prevented. In nine studies (N = 3,277), we examined whether discordant knowing-felt knowledge about something that one perceives as opposed by most others-underlies fanaticism. Across multifaceted approaches, experimentally
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Tenacious instructions: How to dismantle newly instructed task rules? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Elger Abrahamse,Senne Braem,Jan De Houwer,Baptist Liefooghe
Humans excel in instruction following to boost performance in unfamiliar situations. We can do so through so-called prepared reflexes: Abstract instructions are instantly translated into appropriate task rules in procedural working memory, after which imperative stimuli directly trigger their corresponding responses in a ballistic, reflex-like manner. But how much control do we have over these instructed
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Why do people increase effort near a deadline? An opportunity-cost model of goal gradients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Aviv Emanuel,Maayan Katzir,Nira Liberman
People tend to gradually reduce effort when performing lengthy tasks, experiencing physical or mental fatigue. Yet, they often increase their effort near deadlines. How can both phenomena co-occur? If fatigue causes the level of effort to decline, why does effort rise again near a deadline? The present article proposes a model to explain this pattern of behavior and tests three predictions that follow
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Visual and visual association abilities predict skilled reading performance: The case of music sight-reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Pu Fan,Alan C-N Wong,Yetta Kwailing Wong
The role of visual shape processing in skilled reading is an understudied topic. This study focused on the role of visual and visual association skills in a type of skilled reading, music sight-reading, which refers to the ability to play a piece of music when one reads the score for the first time. One hundred and 43 intermediate-to-advanced musicians were assessed on their sight-reading performance
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"Expert musical improvisations contain sequencing biases seen in language production": Correction to Beaty et al. (2021). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-05-01
Reports an error in "Expert musical improvisations contain sequencing biases seen in language production" by Roger E. Beaty, Klaus Frieler, Martin Norgaard, Hannah M. Merseal, Maryellen C. MacDonald and Daniel J. Weiss (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2022[Apr], Vol 151[4], 912-920). In the article, the supplemental materials link on the first page of the article should not appear, as
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Linguistic framing effects in business and refugee aid contexts: A replication and extension of Cooley et al. (2017). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-05-01 Alexander Garinther,Holly Arrow
Cooley et al. (2017) found that subtle shifts in linguistic framing can enhance the amount of "mind" perceived in a target, and in turn increase feelings of sympathy toward that target. The four studies reported here evaluated whether these findings generalize to different populations and contexts. The first two studies served as conceptual replications in a different participant population (university
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Time perception in autistic adults: Interval and event timing judgments do not differ from nonautistics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-04-25 Daniel Poole,Martin Casassus,Emma Gowen,Ellen Poliakoff,Luke A Jones
It has previously been proposed that autistic people have problems with timing which underlie the behavioral and cognitive differences in the condition. However, the nature of this postulated timing issue has not been well specified and the existing experimental literature has generated mixed findings. In the current study, we attempted a systematic investigation of timing processes in autistic adults
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Statistically based chunking of nonadjacent dependencies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-04-25 Erin S Isbilen,Rebecca L A Frost,Padraic Monaghan,Morten H Christiansen
How individuals learn complex regularities in the environment and generalize them to new instances is a key question in cognitive science. Although previous investigations have advocated the idea that learning and generalizing depend upon separate processes, the same basic learning mechanisms may account for both. In language learning experiments, these mechanisms have typically been studied in isolation
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Instrumental learning of social affiliation through outcome and intention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-04-21 Hyeji J Cho,Leor M Hackel
To build social ties, humans need to find others who want to interact with them. How do people learn, over time, to interact with partners who want to affiliate with them? Theories of social cognition suggest that people try to infer whether others value them, but theories of instrumental learning suggest that rewarding outcomes reinforce choices. In three studies, we provide evidence that both social
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When and why "staying out of it" backfires in moral and political disagreements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-04-21 Ike Silver,Alex Shaw
People care where others around them stand on contentious moral and political issues. Yet when faced with the prospect of taking sides and the possibility of alienating observers with whom they might disagree, actors often try to "stay out of it"-communicating that they would rather not to take a side at all. We demonstrate that despite its intuitive appeal for reducing conflict, opting not to take
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The moral repetition effect: Bad deeds seem less unethical when repeatedly encountered. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-04-21 Daniel A Effron
Reports of moral transgressions can "go viral" through gossip, continuous news coverage, and social media. When they do, the same person is likely to hear about the same transgression multiple times. The present research demonstrates that people will judge the same transgression less severely after repeatedly encountering an identical description of it. I present seven experiments (six of which were
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Unity and diversity of metacognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-04-07 Mirko Lehmann,Jana Hagen,Ulrich Ettinger
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Is the juice worth the squeeze? Learning the marginal value of mental effort over time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-04-07 A Ross Otto,Senne Braem,Massimo Silvetti,Eliana Vassena
In keeping with the view that individuals invest cognitive effort in accordance with its relative costs and benefits, reward incentives typically improve performance in tasks that require cognitive effort. At the same time, increasing effort investment may confer larger or smaller performance benefits-that is, the marginal value of effort-depending on the situation or context. On this view, we hypothesized
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The extreme illusion of understanding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-04-04 Becky Ka Ying Lau,Janet Geipel,Yanting Wu,Boaz Keysar
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The origins of the shape bias: Evidence from the Tsimane'. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-28 Julian Jara-Ettinger,Roger Levy,Jeanette Sakel,Tomas Huanca,Edward Gibson
In the United States, children often generalize the meaning of new words by assuming that objects with the same shape have the same name. We propose that this shape bias is influenced by children's exposure to objects of different categories (artifacts and natural kinds) and language to talk about them. We present a cross-cultural study between English speakers in the United States and Tsimane' speakers
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Background music changes the policy of human decision-making: Evidence from experimental and drift-diffusion model-based approaches on different decision tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-24 Agustín Perez Santangelo,Casimir J H Ludwig,Joaquín Navajas,Mariano Sigman,María Juliana Leone
Music is ubiquitous in our lives. Although we listen to music as an activity in and of itself, music is frequently played while we are engaged in other activities that rely on decision-making (e.g., driving). Despite its ubiquity, it remains unknown whether and how background music modulates the speed and accuracy of decision-making across different domains. We hypothesized that music could affect
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Mnemicity versus temporality: Distinguishing between components of episodic representations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-24 Johannes B Mahr,Daniel L Schacter
Human beings regularly "mentally travel" to past and future times in memory and imagination. In theory, whether an event is remembered or imagined (its "mnemicity") underspecifies whether it is oriented toward the past or the future (its "temporality"). However, it remains unclear to what extent the temporal orientation of such episodic simulations is cognitively represented separately from their status
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How do implicit and explicit partner evaluations update in daily life? Evidence from the lab and the field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-17 Grace M Larson,Ruddy Faure,Francesca Righetti,Wilhelm Hofmann
Evidence suggesting that implicit partner evaluations (IPEs), but not explicit evaluations (EPEs), can predict later changes in satisfaction and relationship status has led researchers to postulate that IPEs must be especially sensitive to relational reward and costs. However, supporting evidence for this assumption remains scarce, and very little is known regarding how IPEs versus EPEs actually update
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Efficient search termination without task experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-17 Matan Mazor,Stephen M Fleming
As a general rule, if it is easy to detect a target in a visual scene, it is also easy to detect its absence. To account for this, models of visual search explain search termination as resulting either from counterfactual reasoning over second-order representations of search efficiency, automatic extraction of ensemble statistics of a display, or heuristic adjustment of a search termination strategy
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What you are getting and what you will be getting: Testing whether verb tense affects intertemporal choices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-14 Akshina Banerjee,Oleg Urminsky
Prior research has shown that the way information is communicated can impact decisions, consistent with some forms of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that language shapes thought. In particular, language structure-specifically the form of verb tense in that language-can predict savings behaviors among speakers of different languages. We test the causal effect of language structure encountered during financial
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The effects of repetition on belief in naturalistic settings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-14 Lisa K Fazio,Raunak M Pillai,Deep Patel
In our modern well-connected world, false information spreads quickly and is often repeated multiple times. From laboratory studies, we know that this repetition can be harmful as repetition increases belief. However, it is unclear how repetition affects belief in real-world settings. Here we examine a larger number of repetitions (16), more realistic timing of the repetitions (across 2 weeks), and
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Says who? Children consider informants' sources when deciding whom to believe. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-14 Rosie Aboody,Sami R Yousif,Mark Sheskin,Frank C Keil
To successfully navigate the world, we cannot simply accept everything we hear as true. We must think critically about others' testimony, believing only sources who are well-informed and trustworthy. This ability is especially crucial in early childhood, a time when we both learn the most, and have the least prior knowledge we can fall back upon to verify others' claims. While even young children evaluate
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"Do not teach them how to fish": The effect of zero-sum beliefs on help giving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-14 Lily Chernyak-Hai,Shai Davidai
How do zero-sum beliefs-the beliefs that one person's success is inevitably balanced by others' failure -affect people's willingness to help their peers and colleagues? In nine studies (and 2 supplementary studies, N = 2,324), we find consistent evidence for the relationship between the belief that success is zero-sum and help giving preferences. Across various hypothetical scenarios and actual help
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Effort(less) exam preparation: Math anxiety predicts the avoidance of effortful study strategies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-14 Jalisha B Jenifer,Christopher S Rozek,Susan C Levine,Sian L Beilock
Previous research suggests that math anxiety, or feelings of apprehension about math, leads individuals to engage in math avoidance behaviors that negatively impact their future math performance. However, much of the research on this topic explores global avoidance behaviors in situations where math can be avoided entirely rather than more localized avoidance behaviors that occur within a mathematics
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Context effects in similarity judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 James M. Yearsley,Emmanuel M. Pothos,Albert Barque-Duran,Jennifer S. Trueblood,James A. Hampton
Tversky's (1977) famous demonstration of a diagnosticity effect indicates that the similarity between the same two stimuli depends on the presence of contextual stimuli. In a forced choice task, the similarity between a target and a choice, appears to depend on the other choices. Specifically, introducing a distractor grouped with one of the options would reduce preference for the grouped option. However
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Context effects in similarity judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 James M. Yearsley,Emmanuel M. Pothos,Albert Barque-Duran,Jennifer S. Trueblood,James A. Hampton
Tversky's (1977) famous demonstration of a diagnosticity effect indicates that the similarity between the same two stimuli depends on the presence of contextual stimuli. In a forced choice task, the similarity between a target and a choice, appears to depend on the other choices. Specifically, introducing a distractor grouped with one of the options would reduce preference for the grouped option. However
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Learning from mistakes: Incidental encoding reveals a time-dependent enhancement of posterror target processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Eva Gjorgieva,Tobias Egner
It has been known for >50 years that making an error leads to subsequent changes in performance, yet the exact nature of posterror adjustments in cognition remains debated. We posit that this is in large part due to traditional performance indices, like mean posterror response time and accuracy, being insensitive measures of trial-by-trial stimulus processing. To overcome this limitation, we devised
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"Visual Perspective Taking in Young and Older Adults": Correction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-01
Reports an error in "Visual perspective taking in young and older adults" by Andrew K. Martin, Garon Perceval, Islay Davies, Peter Su, Jasmine Huang and Marcus Meinzer (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2019[Nov], Vol 148[11], 2006-2026). In the article "Visual Perspective Taking in Young and Older Adults" by Andrew K. Martin, Garon Perceval, Islay Davies, Peter Su, Jasmine Huang, and Marcus
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The role of synaesthesia in reading written musical key signatures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-02-24 Caroline Curwen
This study is the first empirical demonstration of synaesthesia for reading written musical keys signatures. Nine music-color synaesthetes and 9 controls took part in 5 experiments that aimed to confirm the authenticity of synaesthesia for reading musical keys, and to demonstrate that this type of synaesthesia is linked to conceptual rather than to purely perceptual processing of the inducing stimulus
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Ongoing dynamic calibration produces unstable number estimates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-02-24 Erik Brockbank,David Barner,Edward Vul
Whether estimating the size of a crowd or rating a restaurant on a five-star scale, humans frequently navigate between subjective sensory experiences and shared formal systems. Here we ask how people manage this in the case of estimating number. We present participants with arrays of dots and ask them to report how many dots there are. Our results produce two novel findings. First, people's estimates
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"Reflecting on identity change facilitates confession of past misdeeds": Correction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-02-24
Reports an error in "Reflecting on identity change facilitates confession of past misdeeds" by Beth Anne Helgason and Jonathan Zev Berman (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Advanced Online Publication, Jan 31, 2022, np). In the article "Reflecting on Identity Change Facilitates Confession of Past Misdeeds" by Beth Anne Helgason and Jonathan Zev Berman (Journal of Experimental Psychology:
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Individual differences in updating are not related to reasoning ability and working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-02-24 Gidon T Frischkorn,Claudia C von Bastian,Alessandra S Souza,Klaus Oberauer
Previous research assumes that executive functions such as inhibition, shifting, and updating explain individual differences in cognitive abilities. Of these three executive functions, updating was previously found to relate most strongly to fluid intelligence. However, this relationship could be a methodological artifact: Measures of inhibition and shifting usually isolate the contribution of this
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Making utilitarian choices but giving deontological advice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-02-21 Evan Polman,Rachel L Ruttan
The traditional focus in the moral decision-making literature has been on understanding when and why people choose a utilitarian option versus a deontological option. However, we suggest that when deciding between these two options, people prefer a third option: to seek out others' advice-which raises the question, what advice do people give others who are faced with a moral dilemma? In a meta-analysis
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An adaptive perspective on visual working memory distortions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-02-21 Chaipat Chunharas,Rosanne L Rademaker,Timothy F Brady,John T Serences
When holding multiple items in visual working memory, representations of individual items are often attracted to, or repelled from, each other. While this is empirically well-established, existing frameworks do not account for both types of distortions, which appear to be in opposition. Here, we demonstrate that both types of memory distortion may confer functional benefits under different circumstances
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Unintended emotions in the laboratory: Emotions incidentally induced by a standard visual working memory task relate to task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-02-21 Sara Laybourn,Anne C Frenzel,Martin Constant,Heinrich R Liesefeld
The ability to temporarily hold information in visual working memory (VWM) is among the most crucial and most extensively examined human cognitive functions. Here, we empirically confirm previous speculations (a) that a standard VWM task arouses emotions in participants and (b) that these task-induced emotions are related to VWM performance. In a first qualitative study (N = 19), by adapting a qualitative