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Context effects in similarity judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 James M. Yearsley,Emmanuel M. Pothos,Albert Barque-Duran,Jennifer S. Trueblood,James A. Hampton
Tversky's (1977) famous demonstration of a diagnosticity effect indicates that the similarity between the same two stimuli depends on the presence of contextual stimuli. In a forced choice task, the similarity between a target and a choice, appears to depend on the other choices. Specifically, introducing a distractor grouped with one of the options would reduce preference for the grouped option. However
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Ockham's razor cuts to the root: Simplicity in causal explanation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-12-19 M Pacer,Tania Lombrozo
When evaluating causal explanations, simpler explanations are widely regarded as better explanations. However, little is known about how people assess simplicity in causal explanations or what the consequences of such a preference are. We contrast 2 candidate metrics for simplicity in causal explanations: node simplicity (the number of causes invoked in an explanation) and root simplicity (the number
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Hedonic nondurability revisited: A case for two types. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-12-19 Raegan J Tennant,Christopher K Hsee
Hedonic durability refers to the extent to which the hedonic impact of a change lasts, that is, how long the unhappiness from a loss (or happiness from a gain) will endure over time. The lesson from previous research on this topic has been that the long-term effect of most changes (e.g., larger incomes, bigger houses, shorter commutes) is negligible. The present research shows something different.
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Top-down structure influences learning of nonadjacent dependencies in an artificial language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-12-19 Felix Hao Wang,Jason D Zevin,Toben H Mintz
Because of the hierarchical organization of natural languages, words that are syntactically related are not always linearly adjacent. For example, the subject and verb in the child always runs agree in person and number, although they are not adjacent in the sequences of words. Since such dependencies are indicative of abstract linguist structure, it is of significant theoretical interest how these
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"Sex differences in the spatial representation of number": Correction to Bull et al. (2013). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-12-19
Reports an error in "Sex differences in the spatial representation of number" by Rebecca Bull, Alexandra A. Cleland and Thomas Mitchell (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2013[Feb], Vol 142[1], 181-192). In the article, there was an error in the Results section of Experiment 2. The t value incorrectly repeated the beta weight ( .25). The correct value is t(39) = 3.38, p = .002. There was
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Modulating action duration to establish nonconventional communication. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-12-19 Cordula Vesper,Laura Schmitz,Günther Knoblich
In many joint actions, knowledge about the precise task to be performed is distributed asymmetrically such that one person has information that another person lacks. In such situations, interpersonal coordination can be achieved if the knowledgeable person modulates basic parameters of her goal-directed actions in a way that provides relevant information to the co-actor with incomplete task knowledge
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On the prospect of knowing: Providing solutions can reduce persistence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-12-19 Evan F Risko,Michelle Huh,David McLean,Amanda M Ferguson
Our willingness to persist in problem solving is often held up as a critical component in being successful. Allied against this ability, however, are a number of situational factors that undermine our persistence. In the present investigation, the authors examine 1 such factor-knowing that the answers to a problem are easily accessible. Does having answers to a problem available reduce our willingness
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Unconscious conditioning: Demonstration of existence and difference from conscious conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-12-19 Anthony G Greenwald,Jan De Houwer
Unpronounceable strings of 4 consonants (conditioned stimuli: CSs) were consistently followed by familiar words belonging to 1 of 2 opposed semantic categories (unconditioned stimuli: USs). Conditioning, in the form of greater accuracy in rapidly classifying USs into their categories, was found when visually imperceptible (to most subjects) CSs occupied ≥58 ms of a 75-ms CS-US interval. When clearly
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Complementarity in false memory illusions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-11-21 C J Brainerd,V F Reyna
For some years, the DRM illusion has been the most widely studied form of false memory. The consensus theoretical interpretation is that the illusion is a reality reversal, in which certain new words (critical distractors) are remembered as though they are old list words rather than as what they are-new words that are similar to old ones. This reality-reversal interpretation is supported by compelling
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Do we see it or not? Sensory attenuation in the visual domain. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-11-21 Katharina A Schwarz,Roland Pfister,Michel Kluge,Lisa Weller,Wilfried Kunde
Sensory consequences of an agent's actions are perceived less intensely than sensory stimuli that are not caused (and thus not predicted) by the observer. This effect of sensory attenuation has been discussed as a key principle of perception, potentially mediating various crucial functions such as agency and the discrimination of self-caused sensory stimulation from stimuli caused by external factors
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Alexithymia is associated with a multidomain, multidimensional failure of interoception: Evidence from novel tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-11-21 Jennifer Murphy,Caroline Catmur,Geoffrey Bird
Interoception, the perception of the body's internal state, contributes to numerous aspects of higher-order cognition. Several theories suggest a causal role for atypical interoception in specific psychiatric disorders, including a recent claim that atypical interoception represents a transdiagnostic impairment across disorders characterized by reduced perception of one's own emotion (alexithymia)
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The ego-moving metaphor of time relies on visual experience: No representation of time along the sagittal space in the blind. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-11-21 Luca Rinaldi,Tomaso Vecchi,Micaela Fantino,Lotfi B Merabet,Zaira Cattaneo
In many cultures, humans conceptualize the past as behind the body and the future as in front. Whether this spatial mapping of time depends on visual experience is still not known. Here, we addressed this issue by testing early-blind participants in a space-time motor congruity task requiring them to classify a series of words as referring to the past or the future by moving their hand backward or
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Atheist horns and religious halos: Mental representations of atheists and theists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-11-21 Jazmin L Brown-Iannuzzi,Stephanie McKee,Will M Gervais
Theists often receive the benefit of being stereotyped as trustworthy and moral, whereas atheists are viewed as untrustworthy and immoral. The extreme divergence between the stereotypes of theists and atheists suggests that mental images of the two groups may also diverge. We investigated whether people have biased mental images of theists and atheists. The results suggest that mental images of theists
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Unrealistic optimism in advice taking: A computational account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-11-21 Yuan Chang Leong,Jamil Zaki
Expert advisors often make surprisingly inaccurate predictions about the future, yet people heed their suggestions nonetheless. Here we provide a novel, computational account of this unrealistic optimism in advice taking. Across 3 studies, participants observed as advisors predicted the performance of a stock. Advisors varied in their accuracy, performing reliably above, at, or below chance. Despite
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Differential discounting and present impact of past information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-11-21 Laura Brandimarte,Joachim Vosgerau,Alessandro Acquisti
How does information about a person's past, accessed now, affect individuals' impressions of that person? In 2 survey experiments and 2 experiments with actual incentives, we compare whether, when evaluating a person, information about that person's past greedy or immoral behaviors is discounted similarly to information about her past generous or moral behaviors. We find that, no matter how far in
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Objectifying the subjective: Building blocks of metacognitive experiences in conflict tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-11-20 Laurence Questienne,Anne Atas,Boris Burle,Wim Gevers
Metacognitive appraisals are essential for optimizing our information processing. In conflict tasks, metacognitive appraisals can result from different interrelated features (e.g., motor activity, visual awareness, response speed). Thanks to an original approach combining behavioral and electromyographic measures, the current study objectified the contribution of three features (reaction time [RT]
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A combined experimental and individual-differences investigation into mind wandering during a video lecture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-11-03 Michael J Kane,Bridget A Smeekens,Claudia C von Bastian,John H Lurquin,Nicholas P Carruth,Akira Miyake
A combined experimental-correlational study with a diverse sample (N = 182) from 2 research sites tested a set of 5 a priori hypotheses about mind wandering and learning, using a realistic video lecture on introductory statistics. Specifically, the study examined whether students' vulnerability to mind wandering during the lecture would predict learning from, and situational interest in, the video
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Oxytocin modulates charismatic influence in groups. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-10-27 Ilanit Gordon,Yair Berson
Charismatic leaders have had tremendous effects on the fortunes and fates of individuals and societies across the world. Via verbal and nonverbal signaling, such leaders form profound emotional bonds with followers. Despite evidence for its powerful effects, we know very little about what facilitates the charismatic relationship. Here, we argue that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT), known to be implicated
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Implications of individual differences in on-average null effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-10-24 Jeff Miller,Wolf Schwarz
Most psychological models are intended to describe processes that operate within each individual. In many research areas, however, models are tested by looking at results averaged across many individuals, despite the fact that such averaged results may give a misleading picture of what is true for each one. We consider this conundrum with respect to the interpretation of on-average null effects. Specifically
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Tests of an exemplar-memory model of classification learning in a high-dimensional natural-science category domain. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-10-24 Robert M Nosofsky,Craig A Sanders,Mark A McDaniel
Experiments were conducted in which novice participants learned to classify pictures of rocks into real-world, scientifically defined categories. The experiments manipulated the distribution of training instances during an initial study phase, and then tested for correct classification and generalization performance during a transfer phase. The similarity structure of the to-be-learned categories was
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Much ado about aha!: Insight problem solving is strongly related to working memory capacity and reasoning ability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-10-24 Adam Chuderski,Jan Jastrzębski
A battery comprising 4 fluid reasoning tests as well as 13 working memory (WM) tasks that involved storage, recall, updating, binding, and executive control, was applied to 318 adults in order to evaluate the true relationship of reasoning ability and WM capacity (WMC) to insight problem solving, measured using 40 verbal, spatial, math, matchstick, and remote associates problems (insight problems)
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The effects of bedtime writing on difficulty falling asleep: A polysomnographic study comparing to-do lists and completed activity lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-10-24 Michael K Scullin,Madison L Krueger,Hannah K Ballard,Natalya Pruett,Donald L Bliwise
Bedtime worry, including worrying about incomplete future tasks, is a significant contributor to difficulty falling asleep. Previous research showed that writing about one's worries can help individuals fall asleep. We investigated whether the temporal focus of bedtime writing-writing a to-do list versus journaling about completed activities-affected sleep onset latency. Fifty-seven healthy young adults
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Pseudo-set framing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-10-03 Kate Barasz,Leslie K John,Elizabeth A Keenan,Michael I Norton
Pseudo-set framing-arbitrarily grouping items or tasks together as part of an apparent "set"-motivates people to reach perceived completion points. Pseudo-set framing changes gambling choices (Study 1), effort (Studies 2 and 3), giving behavior (Field Data and Study 4), and purchase decisions (Study 5). These effects persist in the absence of any reward, when a cost must be incurred, and after participants
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Power as an emotional liability: Implications for perceived authenticity and trust after a transgression. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-10-03 Peter H Kim,Alexandra Mislin,Ece Tuncel,Ryan Fehr,Arik Cheshin,Gerben A van Kleef
People may express a variety of emotions after committing a transgression. Through 6 empirical studies and a meta-analysis, we investigate how the perceived authenticity of such emotional displays and resulting levels of trust are shaped by the transgressor's power. Past findings suggest that individuals with power tend to be more authentic because they have more freedom to act on the basis of their
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Effects of learning on somatosensory decision-making and experiences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-10-03 Akib Ul Huque,Ellen Poliakoff,Richard J Brown
Operant conditioning has been shown to influence perceptual decision making in the auditory and visual modalities but the effects of conditioning on touch perception are unknown. If conditioning can be used to reduce the tendency to misinterpret somatic noise as signal (tactile false alarms), there may be the potential to use similar procedures in the treatment of excessive physical symptom reporting
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Erasing and blurring memories: The differential impact of interference on separate aspects of forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-09-22 Sol Z Sun,Celia Fidalgo,Morgan D Barense,Andy C H Lee,Jonathan S Cant,Susanne Ferber
Interference disrupts information processing across many timescales, from immediate perception to memory over short and long durations. The widely held similarity assumption states that as similarity between interfering information and memory contents increases, so too does the degree of impairment. However, information is lost from memory in different ways. For instance, studied content might be erased
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Reasons probably won't change your mind: The role of reasons in revising moral decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-09-19 Matthew L Stanley,Ashley M Dougherty,Brenda W Yang,Paul Henne,Felipe De Brigard
Although many philosophers argue that making and revising moral decisions ought to be a matter of deliberating over reasons, the extent to which the consideration of reasons informs people's moral decisions and prompts them to change their decisions remains unclear. Here, after making an initial decision in 2-option moral dilemmas, participants examined reasons for only the option initially chosen
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Negative emotional content disrupts the coherence of episodic memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-09-14 James A Bisby,Aidan J Horner,Daniel Bush,Neil Burgess
Events are thought to be stored in episodic memory as coherent representations, in which the constituent elements are bound together so that a cue can trigger reexperience of all elements via pattern completion. Negative emotional content can strongly influence memory, but opposing theories predict strengthening or weakening of memory coherence. Across a series of experiments, participants imagined
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Threat of shock and aversive inhibition: Induced anxiety modulates Pavlovian-instrumental interactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-09-14 Anahit Mkrtchian,Jonathan P Roiser,Oliver J Robinson
Anxiety can be an adaptive response to potentially threatening situations. However, if experienced in inappropriate contexts, it can also lead to pathological and maladaptive anxiety disorders. Experimentally, anxiety can be induced in healthy individuals using the threat of shock (ToS) paradigm. Accumulating work with this paradigm suggests that anxiety promotes harm-avoidant mechanisms through enhanced
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The role of a "common is moral" heuristic in the stability and change of moral norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-09-12 Björn Lindström,Simon Jangard,Ida Selbing,Andreas Olsson
Moral norms are fundamental for virtually all social interactions, including cooperation. Moral norms develop and change, but the mechanisms underlying when, and how, such changes occur are not well-described by theories of moral psychology. We tested, and confirmed, the hypothesis that the commonness of an observed behavior consistently influences its moral status, which we refer to as the common
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Implied reading direction and prioritization of letter encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-09-12 Alex O Holcombe,Elizabeth H L Nguyen,Patrick T Goodbourn
Capacity limits hinder processing of multiple stimuli, contributing to poorer performance for identifying two briefly presented letters than for identifying a single letter. Higher accuracy is typically found for identifying the letter on the left, which has been attributed to a right-hemisphere dominance for selective attention. Here, we use rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of letters in two
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The effects of verbal descriptions on performance in lineups and showups. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-09-06 Brent M Wilson,Travis M Seale-Carlisle,Laura Mickes
Verbally describing a face has been found to impair subsequent recognition of that face from a photo lineup, a phenomenon known as the verbal overshadowing effect (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990). Recently, a large direct replication study successfully reproduced that original finding (Alogna et al., 2014). However, in both the original study and the replication studies, memory was tested using
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Sequential effects modulate spatial biases. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-09-06 Dinis Gökaydin,Peter Brugger,Tobias Loetscher
Healthy individuals usually display a bias toward the left side of space. This effect can be measured in a line bisection task or, alternatively, in a landmark task where prebisected lines are presented to participants. Several factors have been shown to influence pseudoneglect, that is, to vary the magnitude of the left side bias. We performed 2 landmark experiments: 1 online (n = 801) and a 2nd in
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Down-regulation of love feelings after a romantic break-up: Self-report and electrophysiological data. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-09-01 Sandra J E Langeslag,Michelle E Sanchez
Because remaining love feelings for an ex-partner are negatively associated with recovery from a romantic break-up, it may be helpful to decrease those love feelings. Love regulation is the use of behavioral or cognitive strategies to change the intensity of current feelings of romantic love. This study evaluated three regulation strategies: (1) negative reappraisal of the ex-partner, (2) reappraisal
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Emodiversity: Robust predictor of outcomes or statistical artifact? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-08-29 Nicholas J L Brown,James C Coyne
This article examines the concept of emodiversity, put forward by Quoidbach et al. (2014) as a novel source of information about "the health of the human emotional ecosystem" (p. 2057). Quoidbach et al. drew an analogy between emodiversity as a desirable property of a person's emotional make-up and biological diversity as a desirable property of an ecosystem. They claimed that emodiversity was an independent
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Blame it on the bossa nova: Transfer of perceived sexiness from music to touch. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-08-29 Thomas Hans Fritz,Berit Brummerloh,Maria Urquijo,Katharina Wegner,Enrico Reimer,Sven Gutekunst,Lydia Schneider,Jonathan Smallwood,Arno Villringer
Emotion elicited through music transfers to subsequent processing of facial expressions. Music may accordingly function as a social technology by promoting social bonding. Here, we investigated whether music would cross-modally influence the perception of sensual touch, a behavior related to mating. A robot applied precisely controlled gentle touch to a group of healthy participants while they listened
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Choice as an engine of analytic thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-08-29 Krishna Savani,Nicole M Stephens,Hazel Rose Markus
Choice is a behavioral act that has a variety of well-documented motivational consequences-it fosters independence by allowing people to simultaneously express themselves and influence the environment. Given the link between independence and analytic thinking, the current research tested whether choice also leads people to think in a more analytic rather than holistic manner. Four experiments demonstrate
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Bayesian mixture modeling of significant p values: A meta-analytic method to estimate the degree of contamination from H₀. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-08-29 Quentin Frederik Gronau,Monique Duizer,Marjan Bakker,Eric-Jan Wagenmakers
Publication bias and questionable research practices have long been known to corrupt the published record. One method to assess the extent of this corruption is to examine the meta-analytic collection of significant p values, the so-called p-curve (Simonsohn, Nelson, & Simmons, 2014a). Inspired by statistical research on false-discovery rates, we propose a Bayesian mixture model analysis of the p-curve
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The secret to happiness: Feeling good or feeling right? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-08-15 Maya Tamir,Shalom H Schwartz,Shige Oishi,Min Y Kim
Which emotional experiences should people pursue to optimize happiness? According to traditional subjective well-being research, the more pleasant emotions we experience, the happier we are. According to Aristotle, the more we experience the emotions we want to experience, the happier we are. We tested both predictions in a cross-cultural sample of 2,324 participants from 8 countries around the world
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Examining overlap in behavioral and neural representations of morals, facts, and preferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-08-15 Jordan Theriault,Adam Waytz,Larisa Heiphetz,Liane Young
Metaethical judgments refer to judgments about the information expressed by moral claims. Moral objectivists generally believe that moral claims are akin to facts, whereas moral subjectivists generally believe that moral claims are more akin to preferences. Evidence from developmental and social psychology has generally favored an objectivist view; however, this work has typically relied on few examples
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Do rewards reinforce the growth mindset?: Joint effects of the growth mindset and incentive schemes in a field intervention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-08-15 Melody Manchi Chao,Sujata Visaria,Anirban Mukhopadhyay,Rajeev Dehejia
The current study draws on the motivational model of achievement which has been guiding research on the growth mindset intervention (Dweck & Leggett, 1988) and examines how this intervention interacts with incentive systems to differentially influence performance for high- and low-achieving students in Indian schools that serve low-SES communities. Although, as expected, the growth mindset intervention
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Misunderstanding the behavior priming controversy: Comment on Payne, Brown-Iannuzzi, and Loersch (2016). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-08-02 David R Shanks
There has been considerable controversy around the limits and reproducibility of so-called "behavior" priming effects. Payne, Brown-Iannuzzi, and Loersch (2016) reported a series of 6 experiments on the effects of primes on participants' bets in a simulated blackjack game, and claimed that their findings not only establish the reality of behavior priming beyond dispute, but also demonstrate that this
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"Functional architecture of visual emotion recognition ability: A latent variable approach": Correction to Lewis, Lefevre, and Young (2016). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-08-02
Reports an error in "Functional architecture of visual emotion recognition ability: A latent variable approach" by Gary J. Lewis, Carmen E. Lefevre and Andrew W. Young (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2016[May], Vol 145[5], 589-602). In the article, there were several errors in Table 5. The correlations between the AQ-10 and both the supramodal and face-specific latent ability factors
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Superior pattern detectors efficiently learn, activate, apply, and update social stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-21 David J Lick,Adam L Alter,Jonathan B Freeman
Superior cognitive abilities are generally associated with positive outcomes such as academic achievement and social mobility. Here, we explore the darker side of cognitive ability, highlighting robust links between pattern detection and stereotyping. Across 6 studies, we find that superior pattern detectors efficiently learn and use stereotypes about social groups. This pattern holds across explicit
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A relative bilingual advantage in switching with preparation: Nuanced explorations of the proposed association between bilingualism and task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-18 Alena Stasenko,Georg E Matt,Tamar H Gollan
Bilingual language switching may increase general switching efficiency, but the evidence on this question is mixed. We hypothesized that group differences in switching might be stronger at a long cue-target interval (CTI), which may better tap general switching abilities (Yehene & Meiran, 2007). Eighty Spanish-English bilinguals and 80 monolinguals completed a color-shape switching task, and an analogous
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Spatial cues influence the visual perception of gender. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-18 Sarah Ariel Lamer,Max Weisbuch,Timothy D Sweeny
Spatial localization is a basic process in vision, occurring reliably when people encounter an object or person. Yet the role of spatial-location in the visual perception of people is poorly understood. We explored the extent to which spatial-location distorts the perception of gender. Consistent with evidence that the perception of objects is constrained by their location in visual scenes, enhancing
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Children understand that agents maximize expected utilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-18 Julian Jara-Ettinger,Sammy Floyd,Joshua B Tenenbaum,Laura E Schulz
A growing set of studies suggests that our ability to infer, and reason about, mental states is supported by the assumption that agents maximize utilities-the rewards they attain minus the costs they incur. This assumption enables observers to work backward from agents' observed behavior to their underlying beliefs, preferences, and competencies. Intuitively, however, agents may have incomplete, uncertain
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Attentional accounting: Voluntary spatial attention increases budget category prioritization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-14 Kellen Mrkva,Leaf Van Boven
Too often, people fail to prioritize the most important activities, life domains, and budget categories. One reason for misplaced priorities, we argue, is that activities and categories people have frequently or recently attended to seem higher priority than other activities and categories. In Experiment 1, participants were cued to direct voluntary spatial attention toward 1 side of a screen while
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Is general intelligence little more than the speed of higher-order processing? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-14 Anna-Lena Schubert,Dirk Hagemann,Gidon T Frischkorn
Individual differences in the speed of information processing have been hypothesized to give rise to individual differences in general intelligence. Consistent with this hypothesis, reaction times (RTs) and latencies of event-related potential have been shown to be moderately associated with intelligence. These associations have been explained either in terms of individual differences in some brain-wide
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The nature of short-term consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-14 Timothy J Ricker,Kyle O Hardman
Short-term consolidation is the process by which stable working memory representations are created. This process is fundamental to cognition yet poorly understood. The present work examines short-term consolidation using a Bayesian hierarchical model of visual working memory recall to determine the underlying processes at work. Our results show that consolidation functions largely through changing
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From conscious thought to automatic action: A simulation account of action planning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-14 Torsten Martiny-Huenger,Sarah E Martiny,Elizabeth J Parks-Stamm,Elisa Pfeiffer,Peter M Gollwitzer
We provide a theoretical framework and empirical evidence for how verbally planning an action creates direct perception-action links and behavioral automaticity. We argue that planning actions in an if (situation)-then (action) format induces sensorimotor simulations (i.e., activity patterns reenacting the event in the sensory and motor brain areas) of the anticipated situation and the intended action
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Social norm perception in groups with outliers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-07 Jennifer E Dannals,Dale T Miller
Social outliers draw a lot of attention from those inside and outside their group and yet little is known about their impact on perceptions of their group as a whole. The present studies examine how outliers influence observers' summary perceptions of a group's behavior and inferences about the group's descriptive and prescriptive norms. Across 4 studies (N = 1,718) we examine how observers perceive
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A quantum probability framework for human probabilistic inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-07 Jennifer S Trueblood,James M Yearsley,Emmanuel M Pothos
There is considerable variety in human inference (e.g., a doctor inferring the presence of a disease, a juror inferring the guilt of a defendant, or someone inferring future weight loss based on diet and exercise). As such, people display a wide range of behaviors when making inference judgments. Sometimes, people's judgments appear Bayesian (i.e., normative), but in other cases, judgments deviate
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The devil's in the detail: Accessibility of specific personal memories supports rose-tinted self-generalizations in mental health and toxic self-generalizations in clinical depression. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-07-01 Caitlin Hitchcock,Catrin Rees,Tim Dalgleish
Models of memory propose that separate systems underpin the storage and recollection of specific events from our past (e.g., the first day at school), and of the generic structure of our experiences (e.g., how lonely I am), and that interplay between these systems serves to optimize everyday cognition. Specifically, it is proposed that memories of discrete events help define the circumstances (boundary
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Modality-switching in the Simon task: The clash of reference frames. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-06-24 Manuela Ruzzoli,Salvador Soto-Faraco
The representation of spatial information related to an event can influence behavior even when location is task-irrelevant, as in the case of Stimulus-Response (S-R) compatibility effects on the Simon task. However, unlike single-modality situations, which are often used to study the Simon effect, in real-life scenarios various sensory modalities provide spatial information coded in different coordinate
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Thought-control difficulty motivates structure seeking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-06-20 Anyi Ma,Mark J Landau,Jayanth Narayanan,Aaron C Kay
Struggling to control one's mind can change how the world appears. In prior studies testing the compensatory control theory, reduced control over the external environment motivated the search for perceptual patterns and other forms of structured knowledge, even in remote domains. Going further, the current studies test whether difficulty controlling thoughts similarly predicts structure seeking. As
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First evidence for "The backup plan paradox". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-06-20 Christopher M Napolitano,Alexandra M Freund
This research is a first test of the backup plan paradox. We hypothesized that investing in a backup plan may facilitate the conditions that it was developed to address: Plan A's insufficiency. Five studies provide initial, primarily correlative support for the undermining effect of investing in a backup plan. Study 1 (n= 160) demonstrated that the more participants perceived they had invested in developing
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The role of empathy in experiencing vicarious anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-06-20 Jocelyn Shu,Samuel Hassell,Jochen Weber,Kevin N Ochsner,Dean Mobbs
With depictions of others facing threats common in the media, the experience of vicarious anxiety may be prevalent in the general population. However, the phenomenon of vicarious anxiety-the experience of anxiety in response to observing others expressing anxiety-and the interpersonal mechanisms underlying it have not been fully investigated in prior research. In 4 studies, we investigate the role
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Mnemonic transmission, social contagion, and emergence of collective memory: Influence of emotional valence, group structure, and information distribution. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-06-09 Hae-Yoon Choi,Elizabeth A Kensinger,Suparna Rajaram
Social transmission of memory and its consequence on collective memory have generated enduring interdisciplinary interest because of their widespread significance in interpersonal, sociocultural, and political arenas. We tested the influence of 3 key factors-emotional salience of information, group structure, and information distribution-on mnemonic transmission, social contagion, and collective memory
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Shifting between mental sets: An individual differences approach to commonalities and differences of task switching components. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 5.498) Pub Date : 2017-06-09 Claudia C von Bastian,Michel D Druey
Switching between mental sets has been extensively investigated in both experimental and individual differences research using a wide range of task-switch paradigms. However, it is yet unclear whether these different tasks measure a unitary shifting ability or reflect different facets thereof. In this study, 20 task pairs were administered to 119 young adults to assess 5 proposed components of mental