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High overall values mitigate gaze-related effects in perceptual and preferential choices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Chih-Chung Ting,Sebastian Gluth
A growing literature has shown that people tend to make faster decisions when choosing between two high-intensity or high-utility options than when choosing between two less-intensity or low-utility options. However, the underlying cognitive mechanisms of this effect of overall value (OV) on response times (RT) remains controversial, partially due to inconsistent findings of OV effects on accuracy
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A comparative investigation of interventions to reduce anti-fat prejudice across five implicit measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Calvin K Lai,Joel M Le Forestier
The severity and pervasiveness of anti-fat prejudice and discrimination have led to calls for interventions to address them. However, intervention studies to combat anti-fat prejudice have often been stymied by ineffective approaches, small sample sizes, and the lack of standardization in measurement. To that end, we conducted two mega-experiments totaling 27,726 participants and 50 conditions where
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Do people prefer to share political information that boosts their ingroup or derogates the outgroup? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Jakob Kasper,Thomas Gilovich
Recent analyses of social media activity indicate that outgroup animosity drives user engagement more than ingroup favoritism, with content that derogates the outgroup tending to generate more viral responses online. However, it is unclear whether those findings are due to most people's underlying preferences or structural features of the social media landscape. To address this uncertainty, we conducted
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Using hearing and vision for motion prediction, motion perception, and localization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Yichen Yuan,Nathan Van der Stoep,Surya Gayet
Predicting the location of moving objects in noisy environments is essential to everyday behavior, like when participating in traffic. Although many objects provide multisensory information, it remains unknown how humans use multisensory information to localize moving objects, and how this depends on expected sensory interference (e.g., occlusion). In four experiments, we systematically investigated
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Preferences for facial femininity/masculinity across culture and the sexual orientation spectrum. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-27 R Thora Bjornsdottir,Iris J Holzleitner,Keiko Ishii
Judgments of attractiveness have many important social outcomes, highlighting the need to understand how people form these judgments. One aspect of appearance that impacts perceptions of attractiveness is facial femininity/masculinity (sexual dimorphism). However, extant research has focused primarily on White, Western, heterosexual participants' preferences for femininity/masculinity in White faces
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Individual differences in working memory and attentional control continue to predict memory performance despite extensive learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Chong Zhao,Edward K Vogel
Individual differences in working memory predict a wide range of cognitive abilities. However, little research has been done on whether working memory continues to predict task performance after repetitive learning. Here, we tested whether working memory ability continued to predict long-term memory (LTM) performance for picture sequences even after participants showed massive learning. In Experiments
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Profound individual differences in contextualized emotion perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Noga Ensenberg-Diamant,Ran R Hassin,Hillel Aviezer
Emotion perception is a fundamental aspect of our lives because others' emotions may provide important information about their reactions, attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Following the seminal work of Ekman, much of the research on emotion perception has focused on facial expressions. Recent evidence suggests, however, that facial expressions may be more ambiguous than previously assumed and that
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Ranking tasks in recognition memory: A direct test of the two-high-threshold contrast model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-27 Constantin G Meyer-Grant,Marie Jakob
It has long been debated whether latent memory signals determine recognition judgments directly or through a small number of discrete states. Often, signal detection theory (SDT) models instantiate the former perspective, whereas the two-high-threshold (2HT) model instantiates the latter. Kellen and Klauer (2014) conducted a critical test using a ranking paradigm that yielded results in line with common
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The Metacognitive Optimization of Offloading Task (MOOT): Both higher costs to offload and the accuracy of memory predict goodness of offloading performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-23 Dillon H Murphy,Janet Metcalfe
We developed a Metacognitive Offloading Optimization Task (MOOT) whereby participants were instructed to score as many points as possible by accessing words from a presented list either by remembering them (worth 10 points each) or by offloading them (worth less than 10 points each). Results indicated that participants were sensitive to the value of the offloaded items such that when offloaded items
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Cognitive mechanisms of aversive prediction error-induced memory enhancements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-23 Kaja Loock,Felix Kalbe,Lars Schwabe
While prediction errors (PEs) have long been recognized as critical in associative learning, emerging evidence indicates their significant role in episodic memory formation. This series of four experiments sought to elucidate the cognitive mechanisms underlying the enhancing effects of PEs related to aversive events on memory for surrounding neutral events. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether
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Temporal metacognition: Direct readout or mental construct? The case of introspective reaction time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-23 Nathalie Pavailler,Wim Gevers,Boris Burle
Deciphering whether and which mental processes are accessible for metacognitive judgments is a key question to understand higher cognitive functions. Paralleling the crucial role of reaction times (RT) for unraveling the temporal sequence of mental processes, a comparable chronometric approach can be employed at the second-order level through introspective reaction times (iRT) measures. Although mean
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Can cognitive discovery be incentivized with money? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-20 Pamela J Osborn Popp,Ben R Newell,Daniel M Bartels,Todd M Gureckis
The ability to discover patterns or rules from our experiences is critical to science, engineering, and art. In this article, we examine how much people's discovery of patterns can be incentivized by financial rewards. In particular, we investigate a classic category learning task for which the effect of financial incentives is unknown (Shepard et al., 1961). Across five experiments, we find no effect
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What does a verbal working memory task measure? The process-specific and age-dependent nature of attentional demands in verbal working memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-20 Steve Majerus
Most models of verbal working memory (WM) consider attention as an important determinant of WM. The detailed nature of attentional processes and the different dimensions of verbal WM they support remains, however, poorly investigated. The present study distinguished between attentional capacity (scope of attention) and attentional control (control of attention) and examined their respective role for
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Rewards transiently and automatically enhance sustained attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-20 Juliana E Trach,Megan T deBettencourt,Angela Radulescu,Samuel D McDougle
Our ability to maintain a consistent attentional state is essential to many aspects of daily life. Still, despite our best efforts, attention naturally fluctuates between more and less vigilant states. Previous work has shown that offering performance-based rewards or incentives can help to buffer against attentional lapses. However, such work is generally focused on long timescales and, critically
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Emotion regulation strategy use and forecasting in response to dynamic, multimodal stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-16 William J Mitchell,Joanne Stasiak,Steven Martinez,Katelyn Cliver,David Gregory,Samantha Reisman,Helen Schmidt,Vishnu P Murty,Chelsea Helion
Successful emotion regulation (ER) requires effective strategy selection. Research suggests that disengagement strategies (e.g., distraction) are more often selected than engagement strategies (e.g., reappraisal) as emotional experiences intensify. However, the extent to which ER strategy choice in controlled circumstances reflects strategy usage during complex, multimodal events is not well understood
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Large scale event segmentation affects the microlevel action control processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-13 Birte Moeller,Christian Beste,Alexander Münchau,Christian Frings
How do we make sense of our surroundings? A widely recognized field in cognitive psychology suggests that many important functions like memory of incidents, reasoning, and attention depend on the way we segment the ongoing stream of perception (Zacks & Swallow, 2007). An open question still is, how the structure generated from a perceptual stream translates into behavior. To address this question,
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Erring on the side of caution: Two failures to replicate the derring effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-13 Yeray Mera,Ariana Modirrousta-Galian,Gemma Thomas,Philip A Higham,Tina Seabrooke
It has been claimed that deliberately making errors while studying, even when the correct answers are provided, can enhance memory for the correct answers, a phenomenon termed the derring effect. Such deliberate erring has been shown to outperform other learning techniques, including copying and underlining, elaborative studying with concept mapping, and synonym generation. To date, however, the derring
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Does communicating measurable diversity goals attract or repel historically marginalized job applicants? Evidence from the lab and field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-13 Erika L Kirgios,Ike Silver,Edward H Chang
Many organizations struggle to attract a demographically diverse workforce. How does adding a measurable goal to a public diversity commitment-for example, "We care about diversity" versus "We care about diversity and plan to hire at least one woman or racial minority for every White man we hire"-impact application rates from women and racial minorities? Extant psychological theory offers competing
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Avoiding positivity at a cost: Evidence of reward devaluation in the novel valence selection task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-13 Mya Urena,E Samuel Winer,Caitlin Mills
Reward devaluation theory (RDT) posits that some depressed individuals may not only be biased toward negative material but also actively avoid positive material (i.e., devaluing reward). Although there are intuitive, everyday life consequences for individuals who "devalue reward" or positivity, prior work has not established if (and how) reward devaluation manifests in tasks that encompass aspects
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Targeting audiences' moral values shapes misinformation sharing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-13 Suhaib Abdurahman,Nils K Reimer,Preni Golazizian,Elisa Baek,Yixuan Shen,Jackson Trager,Roshni Lulla,Jonas Kaplan,Carolyn Parkinson,Morteza Dehghani
Does aligning misinformation content with individuals' core moral values facilitate its spread? We investigate this question in three behavioral experiments (N1a = 615; N1b = 505; N₂ = 533) that examine how the alignment of audience values and misinformation framing affects sharing behavior, in conjunction with analyzing real-world Twitter data (N = 20,235; 809,414 tweets) that explores how aligning
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Prediction that conflicts with judgment: The low absolute likelihood effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-13 Chengyao Sun,Robyn A LeBoeuf
How do people predict the outcome of an event from a set of possible outcomes? One might expect people to predict whichever outcome they believe to be most likely to arise. However, we document a robust disconnect between what people predict and what they believe to be most likely. This disconnect arises because people consider not only relative likelihood but also absolute likelihood when predicting
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From artifacts to human lives: Investigating the domain-generality of judgments about purposes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-13 Michael Prinzing,David Rose,Siying Zhang,Eric Tu,Abigail Concha,Michael Rea,Jonathan Schaffer,Tobias Gerstenberg,Joshua Knobe
People attribute purposes in both mundane and profound ways-such as when thinking about the purpose of a knife and the purpose of a life. In three studies (total N = 13,720 observations from N = 3,430 participants), we tested whether these seemingly very different forms of purpose attributions might actually involve the same cognitive processes. We examined the impacts of four factors on purpose attributions
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The "plus polar self": A reinterpretation of the self-prioritization effect as a polarity correspondence effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-30 Marcel Pauly,Dirk Wentura
We suggest that the polarity correspondence principle (PCP; Proctor & Cho, 2006) can explain the self-prioritization effect (SPE), that is, that matching responses for self-labels and self-assigned shapes are faster than matching responses for other labels and other-assigned shapes. According to PCP, one can argue that self-label, self-shape, and the "yes, match" responses are all + polar (hence full
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Partitioned prosociality: Why giving a large donation bit by bit makes people seem more committed to social causes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Rebecca L Schaumberg,Stephanie C Lin
Donating money to worthy social causes is one of the most impactful and efficient forms of altruism, but skepticism often clouds perceptions of donors' motives for giving. We propose a solution that reduces this skepticism: Instead of giving a single large donation, donors can partition their donations into multiple, smaller ones. Ten preregistered studies with 3,816 participants supported this idea
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Psychological mechanisms underlying the biased interpretation of numerical scientific evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Clint McKenna,David Dunning
Do people use their statistical expertise selectively to reach preferred conclusions when evaluating scientific evidence, with those more expert showing more preferential bias? We investigated this motivated numeracy account of evidence evaluation but came to a different account for biased evaluation. Across three studies (N = 2,799), participants interpreted numerical data from gun control intervention
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Let them eat ceke: An electrophysiological study of form-based prediction in rich naturalistic contexts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-16 Anthony Yacovone,Briony Waite,Tatyana Levari,Jesse Snedeker
It is well-established that people make predictions during language comprehension--the nature and specificity of these predictions, however, remain unclear. For example, do comprehenders routinely make predictions about which words (and phonological forms) might come next in a conversation, or do they simply make broad predictions about the gist of the unfolding context? Prior EEG studies using tightly
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Experience-dependent biases in face discrimination reveal associations between perceptual specialization and narrowing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-12 Marissa Hartston,Tal Lulav-Bash,Yael Goldstein-Marcusohn,Galia Avidan,Bat-Sheva Hadad
Experience is known to be a key element involved in the modulation of face-processing abilities as manifested by the inversion effect, other-race, and other-age effects. Yet, it is unclear how exposure refines internal perceptual representations of faces to give rise to such behavioral effects. To address this issue, we investigated short- and long-term experienced stimulus history on face processing
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Individual differences in the dynamics of attention control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-12 Nash Unsworth,Ashley L Miller
Individual differences in the dynamics of attention control were examined in two studies. Participants performed mouse tracker versions of Stroop (Studies 1 and 2) and flankers (Study 2), along with additional measures of attention control and working memory to better examine individual differences in how conflict resolution processes unfold over time. Attention control abilities were related to the
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A perceptual cue-based mechanism for automatic assignment of thematic agent and patient roles. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-12 Sofie Vettori,Catherine Odin,Jean-Rémy Hochmann,Liuba Papeo
Understanding social events requires assigning the participating entities to roles such as agent and patient, a mental operation that is reportedly effortless. We investigated whether, in processing visual scenes, role assignment is accomplished automatically (i.e., when the task does not require it), based on visuospatial information, without requiring semantic or linguistic encoding of the stimuli
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Probing the origins of subjective confidence in source memory decisions in young and older adults: A sequential sampling account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-12 Kevin P Darby,Jessica N Gettleman,Chad S Dodson,Per B Sederberg
Subjective confidence is an important factor in our decision making, but how confidence arises is a matter of debate. A number of computational models have been proposed that integrate confidence into sequential sampling models of decision making, in which evidence accumulates across time to a threshold. An influential example of this approach is the relative balance of evidence hypothesis, in which
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When the bot walks the talk: Investigating the foundations of trust in an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-05 Fanny Lalot,Anna-Marie Bertram
The concept of trust in artificial intelligence (AI) has been gaining increasing relevance for understanding and shaping human interaction with AI systems. Despite a growing literature, there are disputes as to whether the processes of trust in AI are similar to that of interpersonal trust (i.e., in fellow humans). The aim of the present article is twofold. First, we provide a systematic test of an
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Risk, time, and psychological distance: Does construal level theory capture the impact of delay on risk preference? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-02 Emmanouil Konstantinidis,Junyi Dai,Ben R Newell
Do people change their preferences when they are offered the same risky lotteries at different times (now vs. the future)? Construal level theory (CLT) suggests that people do because our mental representation of events is moderated by how near or distant such events are in time. According to CLT, in the domain of risk preferences, psychological distance causes payoffs and probabilities to be differentially
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How does language modulate the association between number and space? A registered report of a cross-cultural study of the spatial-numerical association of response codes effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-02 Shachar Hochman,Reyhane Havedanloo,Soomaayeh Heysieattalab,Mojtaba Soltanlou
Past investigations into the connection between space and numbers have revealed its potential vulnerability to external influences such as cultural factors, including language. This study aims to examine whether language moderates the association between space and number in the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, which is demonstrated in an interaction between number magnitude
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Costly exploration produces stereotypes with dimensions of warmth and competence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-21 Xuechunzi Bai,Thomas L Griffiths,Susan T Fiske
Traditional explanations for stereotypes assume that they result from deficits in humans (ingroup-favoring motives, cognitive biases) or their environments (majority advantages, real group differences). An alternative explanation recently proposed that stereotypes can emerge when exploration is costly. Even optimal decision makers in an ideal environment can inadvertently form incorrect impressions
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Framing affects postdecision preferences through self-preference inferences (and probably not dissonance). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-21 Adelle X Yang,Jasper Teow
Psychologists have long been intrigued by decision-induced changes in preferences where making a decision strengthens one's relative preference between more and less preferred options. This phenomenon has been explained through two prominent theories: a dissonance account, which suggests that it results from the decision maker's attempt to minimize an unpleasant emotional-motivational state of "dissonance
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Mechanistic complexity is fundamental: Evidence from judgments, attention, and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-21 Tal Boger,Frank C Keil
What makes an object complex? Complexity comes in many different forms. Some objects are visually complex but mechanistically simple (e.g., a hairbrush). Other objects are the opposite; they look simple but work in a complex way (e.g., an iPhone). Is one kind of complexity more fundamental to how we represent, attend to, and remember objects? Although most existing psychological research on complexity
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Bypassing versus correcting misinformation: Efficacy and fundamental processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Javier A Granados Samayoa,Dolores Albarracín
The standard method for addressing the consequences of misinformation is the provision of a correction in which the misinformation is directly refuted. However, the impact of misinformation may also be successfully addressed by introducing or bolstering alternative beliefs with opposite evaluative implications. Six preregistered experiments clarified important processes influencing the impact of bypassing
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Risky hybrid foraging: The impact of risk, reward value, and prevalence on foraging behavior in hybrid visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-14 Yanjun Liu,Jeremy M Wolfe,Jennifer S Trueblood
In hybrid foraging, foragers search for multiple targets in multiple patches throughout the foraging session, mimicking a range of real-world scenarios. This research examines outcome uncertainty, the prevalence of different target types, and the reward value of targets in human hybrid foraging. Our empirical findings show a consistent tendency toward risk-averse behavior in hybrid foraging. That is
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Shortcuts to insincerity: Texting abbreviations seem insincere and not worth answering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-14 David Fang,Yiran Eileen Zhang,Sam J Maglio
As social interactions increasingly move to digital platforms, communicators confront new factors that enhance or diminish virtual interactions. Texting abbreviations, for instance, are now pervasive in digital communication-but do they enhance or diminish interactions? The present study examines the influence of texting abbreviation usage on interpersonal perceptions. We explore how texting abbreviations
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Confidence regulates feedback processing during human probabilistic learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-11 Michael Ben Yehuda,Robin A Murphy,Mike E Le Pelley,Danielle J Navarro,Nick Yeung
Uncertainty presents a key challenge when learning how best to act to attain a desired outcome. People can report uncertainty in the form of confidence judgments, but how such judgments contribute to learning and subsequent decisions remains unclear. In a series of three experiments employing an operant learning task, we tested the hypothesis that confidence plays a central role in learning by regulating
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Does affective processing require awareness? On the use of the Perceptual Awareness Scale in response priming research. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-07 Dirk Wentura,Michaela Rohr,Markus Kiefer
Masked priming paradigms are frequently used to shine light on the processes of nonconscious cognition. Introducing a new method to this field, Lähteenmäki et al. (2015) claimed that affective priming requires awareness. Specifically, they administered a subjective rating task after the priming task in each trial to directly assess awareness of the prime. Their main result was a lack of priming for
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Logging out or leaning in? Social media strategies for enhancing well-being. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-07 Amori Yee Mikami,Adri Khalis,Vasileia Karasavva
Social media use is endemic among emerging adults, raising concerns that this trend may harm users. We tested whether reducing the quantity of social media use, relative to improving the way users engage with social media, benefits psychological well-being. Participants were 393 social media users (ages 17-29) in Canada, with elevated psychopathology symptoms, who perceived social media to negatively
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The neural instantiation of spontaneous counterfactual thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-07 Regan M Bernhard,Fiery Cushman,Alara Cameron Jessey Wright,Jonathan Phillips
Many of the most interesting cognitive feats that humans perform require us to consider not just the things that actually occur but also alternative possibilities. We often do this explicitly (e.g., when imagining precisely how a first date could have gone better), but other times we do it spontaneously and implicitly (e.g., when thinking, "I have to catch this bus," implying bad alternatives if the
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Going through the motions: Biasing of dynamic attentional templates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-07 Sage E P Boettcher,Anna C Nobre
Attention must coordinate with memory to actively anticipate sensory input and guide action. Memory content may be biased away from veridical when it is functionally adaptive. So far, research has considered the biasing of still features in static displays. It is unknown whether the biasing of attentional templates can functionally adapt dynamic stimuli to facilitate search when targets and distractors
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Fighting fiscal awkwardness: How relationship strength changes individuals' communication approach when resolving interpersonal debt. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-07 Alexander B Park,Cynthia Cryder,Rachel Gershon
Social interactions can be uncomfortable. The current research focuses on a particularly uneasy interaction that individuals face with their friends and acquaintances: the need to request owed money back. Nine preregistered studies (N = 6,953) show that individuals' approach to resolving interpersonal debt varies based on their closeness with the requestee. Specifically, people prefer communication
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How diversity in contexts and experiences shape perception and learning across the lifespan. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Sarah E Gaither,Rachel Wu
The field of psychology has a long history of studying how diversity influences various outcomes such as identity development, social behaviors, perceptions, and decision making. However, considering the ways that diversity science research has expanded in recent years, the goal of this special issue is to provide space to highlight work that centers on identifying and testing new pathways from which
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Early developmental insights into the social construction of race. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-31 Jamie Amemiya,Daniela Sodré,Gail D Heyman
The way that societies assign people to racial categories has far-reaching social, economic, and political consequences. One framework for establishing racial boundaries is based on ancestry, which historically has been leveraged to create rigid racial categories, particularly with respect to being categorized as White. A second framework is based on skin tone, which can vary within families and across
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Mind-wandering when studying valuable information: The roles of age, dispositional traits, and contextual factors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-31 Ashley L Miller,Alan D Castel
The factors that trigger lapses of attention (e.g., mind-wandering) during new learning remain unclear. The present study investigated whether the likelihood of experiencing an attentional lapse depends on (a) the importance of the material being studied and (b) the learner's age. In two experiments, younger and older adults completed a delayed free recall task in which to-be-remembered words were
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Loyalty from a personal point of view: A cross-cultural prototype study of loyalty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-21 Samuel Murray,Gino Marttelo Carmona Díaz,Laura Sofía Vega-Plazas,William Jiménez-Leal,Santiago Amaya
Loyalty is considered central to people's moral life, yet little is known about how people think about what it means to be loyal. We used a prototype approach to understand how loyalty is represented in Colombia and the United States and how these representations mediate attributions of loyalty and moral judgments of loyalty violations. Across seven studies (N = 1,984), we found cross-cultural similarities
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Lexical inhibition after semantic violations recruits a domain-general inhibitory control mechanism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-21 Héctor O Sánchez-Meléndez,Kristi Hendrickson,Yoojeong Choo,Jan R Wessel
Language processing is incremental. As language signals-for example, words in a sentence-unfold, humans predict and activate likely upcoming input to facilitate comprehension. Prediction not only accelerates understanding but also prompts reassessment in the case of prediction error, fostering learning and refining comprehension skills. Therefore, it is paramount to understand what happens when linguistic
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Moral judgment is sensitive to bargaining power. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-17 Arthur Le Pargneux,Fiery Cushman
For contractualist accounts of morality, actions are moral if they correspond to what rational or reasonable agents would agree to do, were they to negotiate explicitly. This, in turn, often depends on each party's bargaining power, which varies with each party's stakes in the potential agreement and available alternatives in case of disagreement. If there is an asymmetry, with one party enjoying higher
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Simulation requires activation of self-knowledge to change self-concept. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-17 M J Schneider,Jordan Rubin-McGregor,Jacob Elder,Brent L Hughes,Diana I Tamir
Simulating other people can shift one's self-concept, an effect known as simulation-induced malleability. How does imagining others shift the self? We propose that the activation of self-knowledge is the key factor by which simulation of others alters one's self-concept. We test this possibility across four studies that each manipulate self-knowledge activation indirectly during simulation and measure
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Contrastive adaptation effects along a voice-nonvoice continuum. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-14 Zi Gao,Andrew J Oxenham
Adaptation to the environment is a universal property of perception across all sensory modalities. It can enhance the salience of new events in an ongoing background and helps maintain perceptual constancy in the face of variable sensory input. Several contrastive adaptation effects have been identified using sounds within the categories of human voice and musical instruments. The present study investigated
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Psychological underpinnings of partisan bias in tie formation on social media. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-14 Mohsen Mosleh,Cameron Martel,David G Rand
Individuals preferentially reciprocate connections with copartisans versus counter-partisans online. However, the mechanisms underlying this partisan bias remain unclear. Do individuals simply prefer viewing politically congenial content, or do they additionally prefer socially connecting with copartisans? Is this driven by preference for in-party ties or distaste for out-party ties? In a Twitter (now
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Unclearly immoral: Low self-concept clarity increases moral disengagement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-10 Jiaqian Wang,Maferima Touré-Tillery
This research examines the effect of self-concept clarity (i.e., having self-beliefs that are clearly and confidently defined, internally consistent, and stable) on moral behavior. Seven preregistered studies (N = 3,373) document that low (vs. high) self-concept clarity decreases moral behavior (e.g., donation, volunteering, tax compliance, honesty in an incentivized game). This effect occurs because
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Connector hubs in semantic network contribute to creative thinking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-07 Li He,Yoed N Kenett,Kaixiang Zhuang,Jiangzhou Sun,Qunlin Chen,Jiang Qiu
Semantic memory offers a rich repository of raw materials (e.g., various concepts and connections between concepts) for creative thinking, represented as a semantic network. Similar to other networks, the semantic network exhibits a modular structure characterized by modules with dense internal connections and sparse connections between them. This organizational principle facilitates the routine storage
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Mental simulation of the approximal future: Imagining what might happen next. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-07 Vannia A Puig,Ruthie Poizner,Katriel Read,Karl K Szpunar
In the course of daily life, various events-such as driving in suboptimal weather conditions, going on a first date, or walking home alone at night-evoke cognitions about what might happen next in the context of ongoing experience. Nonetheless, little is currently known about the phenomenological experience of anticipating events that might occur next-or what we refer to as simulation of the approximal
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A cautionary note against selective applications of the Bayes factor. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-07 Marcel R Schreiner,Wilfried Kunde
Bayes factor analysis becomes increasingly popular, among other reasons, because it allows to provide evidence for the null hypothesis, which is not easily possible with the traditional frequentist approach. A conceivable strategy that apparently takes favorable aspects of both approaches on board is to use traditional frequentist analyses first and to support theoretically interesting nil effects
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Analytic racecraft: Race-based averages create illusory group differences in perceptions of racism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-07 Joel E Martinez
Research practices used by social scientists to understand and dismantle the psychological foundations that uphold racist hierarchies can backfire when they rely on racecraft. Racecraft ideology assumes the reality of race(s), an assumption that shapes study designs and inferences to the detriment of theoretical and practical goals. I showcase how racecraft manifests in studies seeking to quantify
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The temporal dynamics of visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (IF 3.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-03 Han Zhang,Jacob Sellers,Taraz G Lee,John Jonides
Researchers have long debated how humans select relevant objects amid physically salient distractions. An increasingly popular view holds that the key to avoiding distractions lies in suppressing the attentional priority of a salient distractor. However, the precise mechanisms of distractor suppression remain elusive. Because the computation of attentional priority is a time-dependent process, distractor