Verbally describing a face has been found to impair subsequent recognition of that face from a photo lineup, a phenomenon known as the verbal overshadowing effect (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990). Recently, a large direct replication study successfully reproduced that original finding (Alogna et al., 2014). However, in both the original study and the replication studies, memory was tested using only target-present lineups (i.e., lineups containing the previously seen target face), making it possible to compute the correct identification rate (correct ID rate; i.e., the hit rate) but not the false identification rate (false ID rate; i.e., the false alarm rate). Thus, the lower correct ID rate for the verbal condition could reflect either reduced discriminability or a conservative criterion shift relative to the control condition. In four verbal overshadowing experiments reported here, we measured both correct ID rates and false ID rates using photo lineups (Experiments 1 and 2) or single-photo showups (Experiments 3 and 4). The experimental manipulation (verbally describing the face or not) occurred either immediately after encoding (Experiments 1 and 3) or 20-min after encoding (Experiments 2 and 4). In the immediate condition, discriminability did not differ between groups, but in the delayed condition, discriminability was lower in the verbal description group (i.e., a verbal overshadowing effect was observed). A fifth experiment found that the effect of the immediate-versus-delayed manipulation may be attributable to a change in the content of verbal descriptions, with the ratio of diagnostic to generic facial features in the descriptions decreasing as delay increases. (PsycINFO Database Record

中文翻译：

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口头描述对阵容和露面表演的影响。

已经发现，以口头描述面部表情会削弱随后从照片阵容中识别出该面部的能力，这种现象被称为“言语遮盖效应”（Schooler＆Engstler-Schooler，1990）。最近，一项大型直接复制研究成功地再现了该原始发现（Alogna等，2014）。但是，在原始研究和复制研究中，仅使用目标对象存在的阵容（即，包含先前见过的目标面孔的阵容）对记忆进行了测试，从而可以计算出正确的识别率（正确的ID率；即命中率），而不是错误的识别率（错误的ID率；即错误的警报率）。因此，针对言语条件的较低正确ID率可能反映出相对于控制条件而言可分辨性降低或保守的标准偏差。在这里报告的四个口头遮盖实验中，我们使用照片组合（实验1和2）或单张照片展示（实验3和4）来测量正确的ID率和错误的ID率。实验操作（无论是否用口头描述脸）都在编码后立即进行（实验1和3），或者在编码后20分钟进行（实验2和4）。在即刻情况下，各组之间的可辨别性没有差异，但在延迟状态下，言语描述组的可辨别性较低（即，观察到了言语遮盖作用）。第五个实验发现，立即对延迟操作的效果可能归因于口头描述内容的变化，随着延迟的增加，描述中诊断性特征与通用面部特征的比率降低。