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Corrigendum to “US cisgender women's psychological responses to physical femininity threats: Increased anxiety, reduced self-esteem” [Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 110(2024) 104547] Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-05-10 Natalie M. Wittlin, Marianne LaFrance, John F. Dovidio, Jennifer A. Richeson
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If not me then we: Goal tradeoffs in decision-making for the self, ingroup, and outgroup Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-05-08 Suraiya Allidina, William A. Cunningham
Navigating the social world requires individuals to balance multiple goals, including the drives to improve one's own outcomes, aid ingroup members, and help or hurt outgroup members. While self-interest and intergroup bias are both well-established motivational phenomena, less is known about how these goals may interact. Here we examine the nature of goal tradeoffs in intergroup decision-making using
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Social identity threat attenuates own-race bias in face recognition under the “Asian-Caucasian” context Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-05-04 Yinxiu Gong, Xinyi Zhao, Qian Ma, Guomei Zhou
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In the pursuit of happiness: Attaining a greater number of high-status positions increases well-being but only in select groups Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-05-03 John Angus D. Hildreth
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The effect of financial stress on inhibitory control and economic decisions Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-05-02 Bradley T. Hughes, Rita M. Ludwig, Kelly E. Robles, Elliot T. Berkman
Financial scarcity, both real and imagined, is associated with impaired executive functions and present-focused economic decisions. What is the mechanism that connects the lack of financial resources to these cognitive and behavioral effects? The present work will test the hypothesis that the experience of financial stress contributes to these deficits by reducing executive functions related to self-control
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The spillover effect of mimicry: Being mimicked by one person increases prosocial behavior toward another person Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-04-26 Paweł Muniak, Oliver Genschow, Dariusz Dolinski, Tomasz Grzyb, Wojciech Kulesza
People have the automatic tendency to mimic their interaction partners. Mimicry theories propose that such mimicking behavior is beneficial for the mimicker as mimicked persons tend to like, trust and help the mimicker more. Yet an open question remains as to whether prosocial effects translate to parties other than the mimicker. To test for the presence of such a spillover effect, we ran two field
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Uncertainty, expertise, and persuasion: A replication and extension of Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-04-18 Erik Løhre, Subramanya Prasad Chandrashekar, Lewend Mayiwar, Thorvald Hærem
If you are trying to persuade someone, expressing your opinion with certainty intuitively seems like a good strategy to maximize your influence. However, Karmarkar and Tormala (2010) found that the effectiveness of this tactic depends on expertise. In three experiments, Karmarkar and Tormala found support for an incongruity hypothesis, whereby non-expert sources can gain interest and influence by expressing
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Abstract social interaction representations along the lateral pathway Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Emalie McMahon, Leyla Isik
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What is abstract about seeing social interactions? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Liuba Papeo
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Revisiting the bounded generalized reciprocity model: Ingroup favoritism and concerns about negative evaluation Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-04-15 Yutaka Horita, Shun Hamada
The bounded generalized reciprocity (BGR) model, grounded in reputation management, predicts that the motivation underlying ingroup favoritism (favoring one's own group over other groups) is driven by avoiding a negative reputation within one's own group. This research conducted two economic games with minimal groups in which reputational concerns (partners' knowledge of participants' group membership)
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Response to Fittipaldi etal. (2024) Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-05 Nicholas J. Fendinger, Pia Dietze, Eric D. Knowles
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When liars are considered honest Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Stephan Lewandowsky, David Garcia, Almog Simchon, Fabio Carrella
This article introduces a theoretical model of truth and honesty from a psychological perspective. We examine its application in political discourse and discuss empirical findings distinguishing between conceptions of honesty and their influence on public perception, misinformation dissemination, and the integrity of democracy.
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Arousal and performance: revisiting the famous inverted-U-shaped curve Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-03 Sander Nieuwenhuis
Arousal level is thought to be a key determinant of variability in cognitive performance. In a recent study, show that peak performance in decision-making tasks is reached at moderate levels of arousal. They also propose a neurobiologically informed computational model that can explain the inverted-U-shaped relationship.
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Most people do not “value the struggle”: Tempted agents are judged as less virtuous than those who were never tempted Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-03-29 Ryan M. McManus, Helen Padilla Fong, Max Kleiman-Weiner, Liane Young
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Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness extremes Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Adam Zeman
The vividness of imagery varies between individuals. However, the existence of people in whom conscious, wakeful imagery is markedly reduced, or absent entirely, was neglected by psychology until the recent coinage of 'aphantasia' to describe this phenomenon. 'Hyperphantasia' denotes the converse – imagery whose vividness rivals perceptual experience. Around 1% and 3% of the population experience extreme
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Failures to launch preclude response inhibition Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Corey G. Wadsley, Ian Greenhouse
Neural analyses of response inhibition rely on separating trials with and without a behavioral response. Can researchers be sure the absence of a behavioral outcome equates to the presence of inhibitory control? We emphasize advancing response inhibition research by utilizing peripheral measures of response progress to define behavioral stopping contrasts.
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The sensitivity and criterion of sense of agency Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Wen Wen, Acer Yu-Chan Chang, Hiroshi Imamizu
The sense of agency, which refers to the subjective feeling of control, is an essential aspect of self-consciousness. We argue that distinguishing between the sensitivity and criterion of this feeling is important for discussing individual differences in the sense of agency and its connections with other cognitive functions.
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Dissociating language and thought in large language models Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Kyle Mahowald, Anna A. Ivanova, Idan A. Blank, Nancy Kanwisher, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Evelina Fedorenko
Large language models (LLMs) have come closest among all models to date to mastering human language, yet opinions about their linguistic and cognitive capabilities remain split. Here, we evaluate LLMs using a distinction between formal linguistic competence (knowledge of linguistic rules and patterns) and functional linguistic competence (understanding and using language in the world). We ground this
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A cognitive-computational account of mood swings in adolescence Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-18 Klára Gregorová, Eran Eldar, Lorenz Deserno, Andrea M.F. Reiter
Teenagers have a reputation for being fickle, in both their choices and their moods. This variability may help adolescents as they begin to independently navigate novel environments. Recently, however, adolescent moodiness has also been linked to psychopathology. Here, we consider adolescents’ mood swings from a novel computational perspective, grounded in reinforcement learning (RL). This model proposes
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Judging the guilt of the un-guilty: The roles of “false positive” guilt and empathy in moral character perception Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Danielle E. Wahlers, William Hart, Joshua T. Lambert
When people accidentally harm others, some theory anticipates that expressing normatively unexpected (“false positive”) guilt is socially functional because it signals a positive moral character and likability. Although previous evidence shows anticipated effects of false positive guilt on these outcomes, it is possible these effects result from perceiving aspects specific to empathy (vs. guilt). We
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Tests for consciousness in humans and beyond Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Tim Bayne, Anil K. Seth, Marcello Massimini, Joshua Shepherd, Axel Cleeremans, Stephen M. Fleming, Rafael Malach, Jason B. Mattingley, David K. Menon, Adrian M. Owen, Megan A.K. Peters, Adeel Razi, Liad Mudrik
Which systems/organisms are conscious? New tests for consciousness (‘C-tests’) are urgently needed. There is persisting uncertainty about when consciousness arises in human development, when it is lost due to neurological disorders and brain injury, and how it is distributed in nonhuman species. This need is amplified by recent and rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI), neural organoids
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How pledges reduce dishonesty: The role of involvement and identification Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Eyal Peer, Nina Mazar, Yuval Feldman, Dan Ariely
Authorities and managers often rely on individuals and businesses' self-reports and employ various forms of honesty declarations to ensure that those individuals and businesses do not over-claim payments, benefits, or other resources. While previous work has found that honesty pledges have the potential to decrease dishonesty, effects have been mixed. We argue that understanding and predicting when
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The influence of dominance and prestige on children's resource allocation: What if they coexist? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Xuran Zhang, Xia Zhang, Ranzhi Yang, Yanfang Li
The antagonistic relation between the two ways of reaching the top, i.e., dominance and prestige, has generally been accepted in recent decades. People perceive dominance as a “negative” trait that reduces the quantity of resources that should be allocated to individuals who exhibit such a trait. In contrast, prestige is viewed as a “positive” trait, that increases the appropriate amount of resources
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Social uncertainty in the digital world Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Amanda M. Ferguson, Georgia Turner, Amy Orben
The social world is inherently uncertain. We present a computational framework for thinking about how increasingly popular online environments modulate the social uncertainty we experience, depending on the type of social inferences we make. This framework draws on Bayesian inference, which involves combining multiple informational sources to update our beliefs.
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From task structures to world models: what do LLMs know? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Ilker Yildirim, L.A. Paul
In what sense does a large language model (LLM) have knowledge? We answer by granting LLMs ‘instrumental knowledge’: knowledge gained by using next-word generation as an instrument. We then ask how instrumental knowledge is related to the ordinary, ‘worldly knowledge’ exhibited by humans, and explore this question in terms of the degree to which instrumental knowledge can be said to incorporate the
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Coupled sleep rhythms for memory consolidation Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Bernhard P. Staresina
How do passing moments turn into lasting memories? Sheltered from external tasks and distractions, sleep constitutes an optimal state for the brain to reprocess and consolidate previous experiences. Recent work suggests that consolidation is governed by the intricate interaction of slow oscillations (SOs), spindles, and ripples – electrophysiological sleep rhythms that orchestrate neuronal processing
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Sedentary behavior and lifespan brain health Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Liye Zou, Fabian Herold, Boris Cheval, Michael J. Wheeler, Dominika M. Pindus, Kirk I. Erickson, David A. Raichlen, Gene E. Alexander, Notger G. Müller, David W. Dunstan, Arthur F. Kramer, Charles H. Hillman, Mats Hallgren, Ulf Ekelund, Silvio Maltagliati, Neville Owen
Higher levels of physical activity are known to benefit aspects of brain health across the lifespan. However, the role of sedentary behavior (SB) is less well understood. In this review we summarize and discuss evidence on the role of SB on brain health (including cognitive performance, structural or functional brain measures, and dementia risk) for different age groups, critically compare assessment
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(Not) showing you feel good, can be bad: The consequences of breaking expressivity norms for positive emotions Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Kunalan Manokara, Alisa Balabanova, Mirna Đurić, Agneta H. Fischer, Disa A. Sauter
Are there optimal levels of showing one feels good? Examining four positive emotions (), we demonstrate in two pre-registered experiments ( = 901) that even for pleasant feelings, showing too much – or too little – can lead to negative social consequences. Expressers who downplay their gratitude, and to a lesser degree interest, are deprived of social contact and power. Restrained displays of feeling
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The computational structure of consummatory anhedonia Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Anna F. Hall, Michael Browning, Quentin J.M. Huys
Anhedonia is a reduction in enjoyment, motivation, or interest. It is common across mental health disorders and a harbinger of poor treatment outcomes. The enjoyment aspect, termed ‘consummatory anhedonia’, in particular poses fundamental questions about how the brain constructs rewards: what processes determine how intensely a reward is experienced? Here, we outline limitations of existing computational
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Communication increases collaborative corruption Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Mathilde H. Tønnesen, Christian T. Elbæk, Stefan Pfattheicher, Panagiotis Mitkidis
Despite being a pivotal aspect of human cooperation, only a few studies within the field of collaborative dishonesty have included communication between participants, and none have yet experimentally compared this to non-communicative contexts. As a result, the impact of communication on unethical collaborations remains unclear. To address this gap, we conducted two well-powered studies ( = 1187),
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Effort-based decision making in joint action: Evidence of a sense of fairness Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Marcell Székely, Stephen Butterfill, John Michael
As humans, we are unique with respect to the flexibility and scope of our cooperative behavior. In recent years, considerable research has been devoted to investigating the psychological mechanisms which support this. One key finding is that people frequently calibrate their effort level to match a cooperation partner's effort costs - although little is known about exactly why they do so. We hypothesized
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How is helping behavior regulated in the brain? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Meng Zhang, Guohua Chen, Rongfeng K. Hu
In humans and other animals, individuals can actively respond to the specific needs of others. However, the neural circuits supporting helping behaviors are underspecified. In recent work, identified a new role for the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the encoding and regulation of targeted helping behavior (allolicking) in mice.
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Curiosity and the dynamics of optimal exploration Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-26 Francesco Poli, Jill X. O’Reilly, Rogier B. Mars, Sabine Hunnius
What drives our curiosity remains an elusive and hotly debated issue, with multiple hypotheses proposed but a cohesive account yet to be established. This review discusses traditional and emergent theories that frame curiosity as a desire to know and a drive to learn, respectively. We adopt a model-based approach that maps the temporal dynamics of various factors underlying curiosity-based exploration
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Common and distinct neural mechanisms of attention Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Ruobing Xia, Xiaomo Chen, Tatiana A. Engel, Tirin Moore
Despite a constant deluge of sensory stimulation, only a fraction of it is used to guide behavior. This selective processing is generally referred to as attention, and much research has focused on the neural mechanisms controlling it. Recently, research has broadened to include more ways by which different species selectively process sensory information, whether due to the sensory input itself or to
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The neurobiology of interoception and affect Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 M.J. Feldman, E. Bliss-Moreau, K.A. Lindquist
Scholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information
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The effect of irrelevant pairings on evaluative responses Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Tal Moran
Pairing a neutral object with a valenced stimulus often results in the former acquiring the valence of the latter (i.e., the Evaluative Conditioning [EC] effect). However, the pairing of an object with an affective stimulus is not always indicative of valence similarity. Three preregistered experiments (total = 1052) explored EC effects when people were explicitly informed that pairings do not reflect
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Improving intergroup relations with meta-perception correction interventions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Samantha L. Moore-Berg, Boaz Hameiri
We explore meta-perceptions (i.e., what we think others think about reality), their impact on intergroup conflict, and the interventions correcting these often-erroneous perceptions. We introduce a two (direct or indirect) by two (with or without framing) framework classifying these interventions, and we critically assess the benefits and constraints of these approaches.
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Rationality, preferences, and emotions with biological constraints: it all starts from our senses Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Rafael Polanía, Denis Burdakov, Todd A. Hare
Is the role of our sensory systems to represent the physical world as accurately as possible? If so, are our preferences and emotions, often deemed irrational, decoupled from these 'ground-truth' sensory experiences? We show why the answer to both questions is 'no'. Brain function is metabolically costly, and the brain loses some fraction of the information that it encodes and transmits. Therefore
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Simplifying social learning Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Leor M. Hackel, David A. Kalkstein, Peter Mende-Siedlecki
Social learning is complex, but people often seem to navigate social environments with ease. This ability creates a puzzle for traditional accounts of reinforcement learning (RL) that assume people negotiate a tradeoff between easy-but-simple behavior (model-free learning) and complex-but-difficult behavior (e.g., model-based learning). We offer a theoretical framework for resolving this puzzle: although
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-06
Abstract not available
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Dynamic indirect reciprocity: The influence of personal reputation and group reputation on cooperative behavior in nested social dilemmas Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Xiaoming Wang, Fancong Kong, Hongjin Zhu, Yinyan Chen
The indirect reciprocity theory suggested that the cues of reputational consequences determine the scope of indirect reciprocity and influence whether individuals decide to interact with others regardless of group identity. However, in more complex intergroup environments, there is no clear answer as to how indirect reciprocity guides intergroup cooperation. Based on this, the study used Intergroup
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The neurodevelopmental origins of seeing social interactions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Emalie McMahon, Leyla Isik
Abstract not available
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Neurodevelopmental and evolutionary origins of processing social interactions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Tobias Grossmann
Abstract not available
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Representational structures as a unifying framework for attention Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Angus F. Chapman, Viola S. Störmer
Our visual system consciously processes only a subset of the incoming information. Selective attention allows us to prioritize relevant inputs, and can be allocated to features, locations, and objects. Recent advances in feature-based attention suggest that several selection principles are shared across these domains and that many differences between the effects of attention on perceptual processing
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Participant diversity is necessary to advance brain aging research Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Gagan S. Wig, Sarah Klausner, Micaela Y. Chan, Cameron Sullins, Anirudh Rayanki, Maya Seale
An absence of population-representative participant samples has limited research in healthy brain aging. We highlight examples of what can be gained by enrolling more diverse participant cohorts, and propose recommendations for specific reforms, both in terms of how researchers accomplish this goal and how institutions support and benchmark these efforts.
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Moral thin-slicing: Forming moral impressions from a brief glance Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-01-22 Julian De Freitas, Alon Hafri
Despite the modern rarity with which people are visual witness to moral transgressions involving physical harm, such transgressions are more accessible than ever thanks to their availability on social media and in the news. On one hand, the literature suggests that people form fast moral impressions once they already know what has transpired (i.e., who did what to whom, and whether there was harm involved)
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A synergetic turn in cognitive neuroscience of brain diseases Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-20 Agustin Ibanez, Morten L. Kringelbach, Gustavo Deco
Despite significant improvements in our understanding of brain diseases, many barriers remain. Cognitive neuroscience faces four major challenges: complex structure–function associations; disease phenotype heterogeneity; the lack of transdiagnostic models; and oversimplified cognitive approaches restricted to the laboratory. Here, we propose a synergetics framework that can help to perform the necessary
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Moral violations that target more valued victims elicit more anger, but not necessarily more disgust Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-01-19 Lei Fan, Catherine Molho, Tom R. Kupfer, Joshua M. Tybur
The same moral violation can give rise to different emotional and behavioral responses in different individuals. The mechanisms that give rise to such differences – and the functions that those mechanisms serve – are unclear. Previous work suggests that people experience greater anger toward violations that target themselves or kin than those that target others, whereas they experience greater disgust
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Studying large language models as compression algorithms for human culture Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-19 Nicholas Buttrick
Large language models (LLMs) extract and reproduce the statistical regularities in their training data. Researchers can use these models to study the conceptual relationships encoded in this training data (i.e., the open internet), providing a remarkable opportunity to understand the cultural distinctions embedded within much of recorded human communication.
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Choosing not to get anchored: A choice mindset reduces the anchoring bias Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-01-12 Krishna Savani, Monica Wadhwa
In negotiations, first offers serve as potent anchors. After receiving a first offer, although people clearly have a choice about what amount to counteroffer, they often fail to adjust away from the first offer. We identify a simple nudge, a reminder that people have a choice, that can reduce the anchoring bias. We argue that a choice nudge leads people to think of more potential counteroffers that
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Information decomposition and the informational architecture of the brain Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Andrea I. Luppi, Fernando E. Rosas, Pedro A.M. Mediano, David K. Menon, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis
To explain how the brain orchestrates information-processing for cognition, we must understand information itself. Importantly, information is not a monolithic entity. Information decomposition techniques provide a way to split information into its constituent elements: unique, redundant, and synergistic information. We review how disentangling synergistic and redundant interactions is redefining our
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Towards an AI policy framework in scholarly publishing Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Zhicheng Lin
The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in academic research raises pressing ethical concerns. I examine major publishing policies in science and medicine, uncovering inconsistencies and limitations in guiding AI usage. To encourage responsible AI integration while upholding transparency, I propose an enabling framework with author and reviewer policy templates.
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Political reinforcement learners Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Lion Schulz, Rahul Bhui
Politics can seem home to the most calculating and yet least rational elements of humanity. How might we systematically characterize this spectrum of political cognition? Here, we propose reinforcement learning (RL) as a unified framework to dissect the political mind. RL describes how agents algorithmically navigate complex and uncertain domains like politics. Through this computational lens, we outline
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Socioeconomic disparities harm social cognition Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-06 Sol Fittipaldi, Joaquín Migeot, Agustin Ibanez
Abstract not available
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Advisory Board and Contents Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-02
Abstract not available
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-02
Abstract not available
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Self-serving bias in moral character evaluations Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2024-01-03 Andrew J. Vonasch, Bradley A. Tookey
Are people self-serving when moralizing personality traits? Past research has used cross sectional methods incapable of establishing causality, but the present research used experimental methods to test this. Indeed, two experiments ( = 669) show that people self-servingly inflate the moral value of randomly assigned personality traits they believe they possess, and even judge other people who share
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Nostalgia assuages spatial anxiety Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (IF 3.532) Pub Date : 2023-12-30 Alice Oliver, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides, Matthew O. Parker, Antony P. Wood, Edward S. Redhead
According to the regulatory model of nostalgia, the emotion is triggered by adverse psychological and physical experiences. Nostalgia, in turn, serves to counter those negative states. We extend this model to encompass spatial anxiety, that is, apprehension and disorientation during environmental navigation. In Experiment 1, we induced spatial anxiety by training participants to navigate a route in