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Time-evolving psychological processes over repeated decisions. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-06-21 David Gunawan, Guy E. Hawkins, Robert Kohn, Minh-Ngoc Tran, Scott D. Brown
Many psychological experiments have subjects repeat a task to gain the statistical precision required to test quantitative theories of psychological performance. In such experiments, time-on-task can have sizable effects on performance, changing the psychological processes under investigation. Most research has either ignored these changes, treating the underlying process as static, or sacrificed some
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The paradox of social interaction: Shared intentionality, we-reasoning, and virtual bargaining. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-06-21 Nick Chater, Hossam Zeitoun, Tigran Melkonyan
Social interaction is both ubiquitous and central to understanding human behavior. Such interactions depend, we argue, on shared intentionality: the parties must form a common understanding of an ambiguous interaction (e.g., one person giving a present to another requires that both parties appreciate that a voluntary transfer of ownership is intended). Yet how can shared intentionality arise? Many
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Play in predictive minds: A cognitive theory of play. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Marc Malmdorf Andersen, Julian Kiverstein, Mark Miller, Andreas Roepstorff
In this article, we argue that a predictive processing framework (PP) may provide elements for a proximate model of play in children and adults. We propose that play is a behavior in which the agent, in contexts of freedom from the demands of certain competing cognitive systems, deliberately seeks out or creates surprising situations that gravitate toward sweet-spots of relative complexity with the
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The medial prefrontal regulation of maternal behavior across postpartum: A triadic model. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Ming Li
Maternal behavior is a highly motivated and adaptive social behavior. Its frequency and pattern change across the postpartum period in response to the changing characteristics of the young and psychophysiological state of the mother. In rodents, maternal behavior peaks shortly after parturition, remains stable for a certain period of time, and then declines gradually until weaning. These dramatic behavioral
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An integrative effort: Bridging motivational intensity theory and recent neurocomputational and neuronal models of effort and control allocation. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Nicolas Silvestrini, Sebastian Musslick, Anne S. Berry, Eliana Vassena
An increasing number of cognitive, neurobiological, and computational models have been proposed in the last decade, seeking to explain how humans allocate physical or cognitive effort. Most models share conceptual similarities with motivational intensity theory (MIT), an influential classic psychological theory of motivation. Yet, little effort has been made to integrate such models, which remain confined
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What is social psychology? The construal principle. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-05-26 Timothy D. Wilson
Standard definitions of social psychology, such as “the study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people” (Aronson et al., 2019, p. 3), fail to capture much of what social psychologists actually do and do not capture the basic theoretical foundations of the field. I suggest the field is founded on the construal principle
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Shape, perspective, and what is and is not perceived: Comment on Morales, Bax, and Firestone (2020). Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-05-13 Johannes Burge, Tyler Burge
Psychology and philosophy have long reflected on the role of perspective in vision. Since the dawn of modern vision science—roughly, since Helmholtz in the late 1800s—scientific explanations in vision have focused on understanding the computations that transform the sensed retinal image into percepts of the three-dimensional environment. The standard view in the science is that distal properties—v
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The effects of mental fatigue on effort allocation: Modeling and estimation. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Zhide Wang, Yanling Chang, Brandon J. Schmeichel, Alfredo A. Garcia
Mental fatigue is usually accompanied by drops in task performance and reduced willingness for further exertion. A value-based theoretical account may help to explain such negative effects. In this view, mental fatigue influences perceived costs and rewards of exerting effort. However, no formal mathematical framework has yet been proposed to model and quantitatively estimate the effects of mental
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Overprecision is a property of thinking systems. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Don A. Moore
Overprecision is the excessive certainty in the accuracy of one’s judgment. This article proposes a new theory to explain it. The theory holds that overprecision in judgment results from neglect of all the ways in which one could be wrong. When there are many ways to be wrong, it can be difficult to consider them all. Overprecision is the result of being wrong and not knowing it. This explanation can
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Under-resourced or overloaded? Rethinking working memory deficits in developmental language disorder. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-28
Dominant theoretical accounts of developmental language disorder (DLD) commonly invoke working memory capacity limitations. In the current report, we present an alternative view: That working memory in DLD is not under-resourced but overloaded due to operating on speech representations with low discriminability. This account is developed through computational simulations involving deep convolutional
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A model-based approach to disentangling facilitation and interference effects in conflict tasks. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-28
Conflict tasks have become one of the most dominant paradigms within cognitive psychology, with their key finding being the conflict effect: That participants are slower and less accurate when task-irrelevant information conflicts with task-relevant information (i.e., incompatible trials), compared to when these sources of information are consistent (i.e., compatible trials). However, the conflict
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Under-resourced or overloaded? Rethinking working memory deficits in developmental language disorder. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-28 Samuel David Jones,Gert Westermann
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A model-based approach to disentangling facilitation and interference effects in conflict tasks. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-28 Nathan J. Evans,Mathieu Servant
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Extending systems factorial technology to errored responses. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-21 Daniel R. Little, Haiyuan Yang, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend
Systems factorial technology (SFT) is a theoretically derived methodology that allows for strong inferences to be made about underlying processing architectures (e.g., whether processing occurs in a pooled, coactive fashion or in serial or in parallel). Measures of mental architecture using SFT have been restricted to the use of error-free response times (RTs). In this article, through formal proofs
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The psychological basis of music appreciation: Structure, self, source. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-14 William Forde Thompson, Nicolas J. Bullot, Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis
Research has investigated psychological processes in an attempt to explain how and why people appreciate music. Three programs of research have shed light on these processes. The first focuses on the appreciation of musical structure. The second investigates self-oriented responses to music, including music-evoked autobiographical memories, the reinforcement of a sense of self, and benefits to individual
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FMTP: A unifying computational framework of temporal preparation across time scales. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-14 Josh M. Salet, Wouter Kruijne, Hedderik van Rijn, Sander A. Los, Martijn Meeter
Temporal preparation is the cognitive function that takes place when anticipating future events. This is commonly considered to involve a process that maximizes preparation at time points that yield a high hazard. However, despite their prominence in the literature, hazard-based theories fail to explain the full range of empirical preparation phenomena. Here, we present the formalized multiple trace
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Seeing minds, matter, and meaning: The CEEing model of pre-reflective subjective construal. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-14 Matthew D. Lieberman
Although subjective construal (i.e., our personal understanding of situations and the people and objects within them) has been an enduring topic in social psychology, its underlying mechanisms have never been fully explored. This review presents subjective construals as a kind of seeing (i.e., pre-reflective processes associated with effortless meaning-making). Three distinct forms of “seeing” (visual
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From partners to populations: A hierarchical Bayesian account of coordination and convention. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-14 Robert D. Hawkins, Michael Franke, Michael C. Frank, Adele E. Goldberg, Kenny Smith, Thomas L. Griffiths, Noah D. Goodman
Languages are powerful solutions to coordination problems: They provide stable, shared expectations about how the words we say correspond to the beliefs and intentions in our heads. Yet, language use in a variable and nonstationary social environment requires linguistic representations to be flexible: Old words acquire new ad hoc or partner-specific meanings on the fly. In this article, we introduce
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The concept of inhibition in bilingual control. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-14 Mathieu Declerck, Iring Koch
To achieve fluent language processing as a bilingual, a dominant theoretical framework assumes that the nontarget language is inhibited. This assumption is based on several empirical effects that are typically explained with inhibitory control. In the current article, we discuss four prominent effects linked to bilingual inhibition in language production (i.e., asymmetrical switch costs, n−2 language
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Beyond cortex: The evolution of the human brain. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-14 Rowena Chin, Steve W. C. Chang, Avram J. Holmes
Human evolution has been marked by a striking increase in total brain volume relative to body size. While a prominent and characteristic feature of this volumetric shift has been the disproportionate expansion of association cortex across our evolutionary lineage, descent with modification is apparent throughout all neural systems in both human and nonhuman primates. However, despite evidence for the
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Probabilistic analogical mapping with semantic relation networks. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-07 Hongjing Lu, Nicholas Ichien, Keith J. Holyoak
The human ability to flexibly reason using analogies with domain-general content depends on mechanisms for identifying relations between concepts, and for mapping concepts and their relations across analogs. Building on a recent model of how semantic relations can be learned from nonrelational word embeddings, we present a new computational model of mapping between two analogs. The model adopts a Bayesian
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Mate evaluation theory. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-07 Paul W. Eastwick, Eli J. Finkel, Samantha Joel
There are two unresolved puzzles in the literature examining how people evaluate mates (i.e., prospective or current romantic/sexual partners). First, compatibility is theoretically crucial, but attempts to explain why certain perceivers are compatible with certain targets have revealed small effects. Second, features of partners (e.g., personality, consensually rated attributes) affect perceivers’
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A memory-based theory of emotional disorders. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-07 Rivka T. Cohen, Michael Jacob Kahana
Learning and memory play a central role in emotional disorders, particularly in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. We present a new, transdiagnostic theory of how memory and mood interact in emotional disorders. Drawing upon retrieved-context models of episodic memory, we propose that memories form associations with the contexts in which they are encoded, including emotional valence and
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Toward nonprobabilistic explanations of learning and decision-making. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-07 Aba Szollosi, Chris Donkin, Ben R. Newell
Referring to probabilistic concepts (such as randomness, sampling, and probability distributions among others) is commonplace in contemporary explanations of how people learn and make decisions in the face of environmental unknowns. Here, we critically evaluate this practice and argue that such concepts should only play a relatively minor part in psychological explanations. To make this point, we provide
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Salience by competitive and recurrent interactions: Bridging neural spiking and computation in visual attention. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-04-07 Gregory E. Cox, Thomas J. Palmeri, Gordon D. Logan, Philip L. Smith, Jeffrey D. Schall
Decisions about where to move the eyes depend on neurons in frontal eye field (FEF). Movement neurons in FEF accumulate salience evidence derived from FEF visual neurons to select the location of a saccade target among distractors. How visual neurons achieve this salience representation is unknown. We present a neuro-computational model of target selection called salience by competitive and recurrent
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Editorial. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Julian G. C. Elliott, Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, Elena L. Grigorenko, Andrew Heathcote, Valerie J. Purdie-Greenaway, Lucina Q. Uddin, Han L. J. van der Maas, Michael R. Waldmann
During its 128 years of operation, Psychological Review has exerted a powerful and consistent influence on the field under its long-term sponsor, the American Psychological Association (APA). Notwithstanding changes in ownership, it has always been what it is now—the flagship of the Association and the field. Since its inception, the journal has focused on theoretical analyses (e.g., systematic evaluations
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Social sampling and expressed attitudes: Authenticity preference and social extremeness aversion lead to social norm effects and polarization. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Gordon D. A. Brown, Stephan Lewandowsky, Zhihong Huang
A cognitive model of social influence (Social Sampling Theory [SST]) is developed and applied to several social network phenomena including polarization and contagion effects. Social norms and individuals’ private attitudes are represented as distributions rather than the single points used in most models. SST is explored using agent-based modeling to link individual-level and network-level effects
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The developmental origins of phonological memory. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-02-17 Marilyn M. Vihman
Phonological memory, or the ability to remember a novel word string well enough to repeat it, has long been characterized as a time-limited store. An alternative embodiment model sees it as the product of the dynamic sensorimotor (perceptual and production) processes that inform responses to speech. Keren-Portnoy et al. (2010) demonstrated that this capacity, often tested through nonword repetition
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A theory of relation learning and cross-domain generalization. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-02-03 Leonidas A. A. Doumas, Guillermo Puebla, Andrea E. Martin, John E. Hummel
People readily generalize knowledge to novel domains and stimuli. We present a theory, instantiated in a computational model, based on the idea that cross-domain generalization in humans is a case of analogical inference over structured (i.e., symbolic) relational representations. The model is an extension of the Learning and Inference with Schemas and Analogy (LISA; Hummel & Holyoak, 1997, 2003) and
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A reward-learning framework of knowledge acquisition: An integrated account of curiosity, interest, and intrinsic–extrinsic rewards. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-01-31 Kou Murayama
Recent years have seen a considerable surge of research on interest-based engagement, examining how and why people are engaged in activities without relying on extrinsic rewards. However, the field of inquiry has been somewhat segregated into three different research traditions which have been developed relatively independently—research on curiosity, interest, and trait curiosity/interest. We identify
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Do item-dependent context representations underlie serial order in cognition? Commentary on Logan (2021). Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-01-31 Adam F. Osth, Mark J. Hurlstone
Logan (2021) presented an impressive unification of serial order tasks including whole report, typing, and serial recall in the form of the context retrieval and updating (CRU) model. Despite the wide breadth of the model’s coverage, its reliance on encoding and retrieving context representations that consist of the previous items may prevent it from being able to address a number of critical benchmark
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Role of time in binding features in visual working memory. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-01-31 Sebastian Schneegans, Jessica M. V. McMaster, Paul M. Bays
Previous research on feature binding in visual working memory has supported a privileged role for location in binding an object’s nonspatial features. However, humans are able to correctly recall feature conjunctions of objects that occupy the same location at different times. In a series of behavioral experiments, we investigated binding errors under these conditions, and specifically tested whether
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Pedunculopontine-induced cortical decoupling as the neurophysiological locus of dissociation. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-01-27 Derek M. Smith, Devin B. Terhune
Mounting evidence suggests an association between aberrant sleep phenomena and dissociative experiences. However, no wake–sleep boundary theory provides a compelling explanation of dissociation or specifies its physiological substrates. We present a theoretical account of dissociation that integrates theories and empirical results from multiple lines of research concerning the domain of dissociation
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A dynamic computational model of gaze and choice in multi-attribute decisions. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-01-13 Xiaozhi Yang, Ian Krajbich
When making decisions, how people allocate their attention influences their choices. One empirical finding is that people are more likely to choose the option that they have looked at more. This relation has been formalized with the attentional drift-diffusion model (aDDM; Krajbich et al., 2010). However, options often have multiple attributes, and attention is also thought to govern the relative weighting
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Heuristics from bounded meta-learned inference. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2022-01-06 Marcel Binz, Samuel J. Gershman, Eric Schulz, Dominik Endres
Numerous researchers have put forward heuristics as models of human decision-making. However, where such heuristics come from is still a topic of ongoing debate. In this work, we propose a novel computational model that advances our understanding of heuristic decision-making by explaining how different heuristics are discovered and how they are selected. This model—called bounded meta-learned inference
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Associative recognition without hippocampal associations. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-12-30 Jeremy B. Caplan, Sucheta Chakravarty, Nicole L. Dittmann
Whereas both human and animal lesion and human neuroimaging studies have implicated the hippocampus in memory for associations, some studies find preserved associative memory following hippocampal damage. Starting with a classic summed similarity model of item recognition, we can account for associative recognition without assuming a specific hippocampally-mediated associative process. We add one key
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Hipsters and the cool: A game theoretic analysis of identity expression, trends, and fads. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-12-30 Russell Golman, Erin H. Bugbee, Aditi Jain, Sonica Saraf
Cultural trends and popularity cycles can be observed all around us, yet our theories of social influence and identity expression do not explain what perpetuates these complex, often unpredictable social dynamics. We propose a theory of social identity expression based on the opposing, but not mutually exclusive, motives to conform and to be unique among one’s neighbors in a social network. We find
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The amygdala and the prefrontal cortex: The co-construction of intelligent decision-making. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-12-30 Matthew Luke Dixon, Carol S. Dweck
A revised view of the amygdala, its relationship with the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and its role in intelligent human decision-making is proposed. Based on recent findings, we present a framework in which the amygdala plays a central role in the value computations that determine which goals are worth pursuing, while the PFC plays a central role in generating and evaluating possible action plans to realize
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The false aperture problem: Global motion perception without integration of local motion signals. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-12-30 Rémy Allard, Angelo Arleo
Early direction-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex are widely considered to be the main neural basis underlying motion perception even though motion perception can also rely on attentively tracking the position of objects. Because of their small receptive fields, early direction-selective neurons suffer from the aperture problem, which is assumed to be overcome by integrating inputs from
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Covert signaling is an adaptive communication strategy in diverse populations. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-12-30 Paul E. Smaldino, Matthew A. Turner
Identity signals are those common components of communication transmissions that inform receivers of the signaler’s membership in a categorizable subset of individuals. Such signals may be overt, broadcast to all possible receivers, or covert, encrypted so that only similar receivers are likely to perceive their identity-relevant meaning. Here we present an instrumental theory of covert signaling,
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The social basis of referential communication: Speakers construct physical reference based on listeners’ expected visual search. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-12-30 Julian Jara-Ettinger, Paula Rubio-Fernandez
A foundational assumption of human communication is that speakers should say as much as necessary, but no more. Yet, people routinely produce redundant adjectives and their propensity to do so varies cross-linguistically. Here, we propose a computational theory, whereby speakers create referential expressions designed to facilitate listeners’ reference resolution, as they process words in real time
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Self-validation theory: An integrative framework for understanding when thoughts become consequential. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-12-30 Pablo Briñol, Richard E. Petty
Self-validation theory (SVT) is introduced and presented as a series of six postulates. The core notion of SVT is that thoughts become more consequential for judgment and action as the perceived validity of the thoughts is increased. Instead of focusing on the objective accuracy of thoughts, self-validation research focuses on a subjective sense that one’s thoughts are valid or appropriate to use.
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A complete method for assessing the effectiveness of eyewitness identification procedures: Expected information gain. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-11-18 Jeffrey J. Starns, Andrew L. Cohen, Caren M. Rotello
We present a method for measuring the efficacy of eyewitness identification procedures by applying fundamental principles of information theory. The resulting measure evaluates the expected information gain (EIG) for an identification attempt, a single value that summarizes an identification procedure’s overall potential for reducing uncertainty about guilt or innocence across all possible witness
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Assessing the “paradox” of converging evidence by modeling the joint distribution of individual differences: Comment on Davis-Stober and Regenwetter (2019). Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-11-04 Daniel W. Heck
Davis-Stober and Regenwetter (2019; D&R) showed that even when all predictions of a theory hold in separate studies, not even a single individual may be described by all predictions jointly. To illustrate this “paradox” of converging evidence, D&R derived upper and lower bounds on the proportion of individuals for whom all predictions of a theory hold. These bounds reflect extreme positive and negative
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Relational incentives theory. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-10-28 Jana Gallus, Joseph Reiff, Emir Kamenica, Alan Page Fiske
Our life is built around coordinating efforts with others. This usually involves incentivizing others to do things and sustaining our relationship with them. Using the wrong incentives backfires: it lowers effort and tarnishes our relationships. But what constitutes a “wrong” incentive? And can incentives be used to shape relationships in a desired manner? To address these and other questions, we introduce
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Response activation and activation–transmission in response-based backward crosstalk: Analyses and simulations with an extended diffusion model. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-10-28 Valentin Koob, Rolf Ulrich, Markus Janczyk
In dual-task experiments, overlapping response characteristics of two subsequently performed tasks may not only affect performance in Task 2 but also in Task 1. This phenomenon is often explained through activated Task 2 response information influencing Task 1 response selection, which then possibly propagates again into Task 2. So far, however, only little is known about (a) the time course of this
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Value certainty in drift-diffusion models of preferential choice. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-10-25 Douglas G. Lee, Marius Usher
The drift-diffusion model (DDM) is widely used and broadly accepted for its ability to account for binary choices (in both the perceptual and preferential domains) and response times (RT), as a function of the stimulus or the choice alternative (or option) values. The DDM is built on an evidence accumulation-to-bound concept, where, in the value domain, a decision maker repeatedly samples the mental
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Normative accounts of illusory correlations. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Franziska M. Bott,David Kellen,Karl Christoph Klauer
When learning about the joint occurrence of different variables, individuals often manifest biases in the associations they infer. In some cases, they infer an association when none is present in the observed sample. In other cases, they infer an association that is contrary to the one that is in fact observed. These illusory correlations are often interpreted as being the byproduct of selective processing
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Information-theoretic signal detection theory. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Jacob Feldman
Signal detection theory (SDT), the standard mathematical framework by which we understand how stimuli are classified into distributions such as signal or noise, is an essential part of the modern psychologist's toolkit. This article introduces some mathematical tools derived from information theory which allow surprisingly simple approximations to key quantities in SDT. The main idea is a lower bound
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How to use a multicriteria comparison procedure to improve modeling competitions: A comment on Erev et al. (2017). Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Jason L Harman,Michael Yu,Emmanouil Konstantinidis,Cleotilde Gonzalez
Modeling competitions are a promising method for advancing psychological science. In this commentary to Erev et al. (Psychological Review, 2017, 124, p. 369), we highlight how this promise could be enhanced through modifying competition structures to produce insights more directly in line with the goals of promoting psychological knowledge. We argue that a single criterion on which models is compared
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Estimating systematic and random sources of variability in perceptual decision-making: A reply to Evans, Tillman, & Wagenmakers (2020). Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Roger Ratcliff,Philip L Smith
Ratcliff, Voskuilen, and McKoon (2018) presented data and model-based analyses that provided strong evidence for across-trial variability in evidence entering the decision process in several perceptual tasks. They did this using a double-pass procedure in which exactly the same stimuli are presented on two widely-separated trials. If there were only random variability (i.e., the first and second presentations
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A general architecture for modeling the dynamics of goal-directed motivation and decision-making. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-09-27 Timothy Ballard, Andrew Neal, Simon Farrell, Erin Lloyd, Jonathan Lim, Andrew Heathcote
We present a unified model of the dynamics of goal-directed motivation and decision-making. The model—referred to as the GOAL architecture—provides a quantitative framework for integrating theories of goal pursuit and for relating their predictions to different types of data. The GOAL architecture proposes that motivation changes over time according to three gradients that capture the effects of the
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Human optional stopping in a heteroscedastic world. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-09-27 Hannah Tickle, Konstantinos Tsetsos, Maarten Speekenbrink, Christopher Summerfield
When making decisions, animals must trade off the benefits of information harvesting against the opportunity cost of prolonged deliberation. Deciding when to stop accumulating information and commit to a choice is challenging in natural environments, where the reliability of decision-relevant information may itself vary unpredictably over time (variable variance or “heteroscedasticity”). We asked humans
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Measurement models for visual working memory—A factorial model comparison. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-09-27 Klaus Oberauer
Several measurement models have been proposed for data from the continuous-reproduction paradigm for studying visual working memory (WM): The original mixture model (Zhang & Luck, 2008) and its extension (Bays et al., 2009); the interference measurement model (IMM; Oberauer et al., 2017), and the target confusability competition (TCC) model (Schurgin et al., 2020). This article describes a space of
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Serial memory: Putting chains and position codes in context. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-09-27 Gordon D. Logan, Gregory E. Cox
From the beginning of research on serial memory, chaining theories and position coding theories have been pitted against each other. The central question is whether items are associated with each other or with a set of position codes that are independent of the items. Around the turn of this century, the debate focused on serial recall tasks and patterns of error data that chaining models could not
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A trace theory of time perception. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-09-23 Peter R. Killeen, Simon Grondin
Many comparisons involve sequentially presented stimuli, as perforce the case in comparisons of temporal intervals. Interactions of such stimuli are as inevitable as the spatial interactions that yield color and brightness contrast. A memory-trace theory of perception (TToP) is developed and applied to time perception. Duration is estimated based on the memorial strength of the stimuli that signal
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Reasoning about properties: A computational theory. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-09-23 Sangeet Khemlani, P. N. Johnson-Laird
We present a theory of how people reason about properties. Such inferences have been studied since Aristotle’s invention of Western logic. But, no previous psychological theory gives an adequate account of them, and most theories do not go beyond syllogistic inferences, such as: All the bankers are architects; Some of the chefs are bankers; What follows? The present theory postulates that such assertions
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A cognitive category-learning model of rule abstraction, attention learning, and contextual modulation. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-09-13 René Schlegelmilch, Andy J. Wills, Bettina von Helversen
We introduce the Category Abstraction Learning (CAL) model, a cognitive framework formally describing category learning built on similarity-based generalization, dissimilarity-based abstraction, two attention learning mechanisms, error-driven knowledge structuring, and stimulus memorization. Our hypotheses draw on an array of empirical and theoretical insights connecting reinforcement and category
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REFRESH: A new approach to modeling dimensional biases in perceptual similarity and categorization. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-09-13 Adam N. Sanborn, Katherine Heller, Joseph L. Austerweil, Nick Chater
Much categorization behavior can be explained by family resemblance: New items are classified by comparison with previously learned exemplars. However, categorization behavior also shows a variety of dimensional biases, where the underlying space has so-called “separable” dimensions: Ease of learning categories depends on how the stimuli align with the separable dimensions of the space. For example
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A model of mood as integrated advantage. Psychological Review (IF 8.934) Pub Date : 2021-09-13 Daniel Bennett, Guy Davidson, Yael Niv
Mood is an integrative and diffuse affective state that is thought to exert a pervasive effect on cognition and behavior. At the same time, mood itself is thought to fluctuate slowly as a product of feedback from interactions with the environment. Here we present a new computational theory of the valence of mood—the Integrated Advantage model—that seeks to account for this bidirectional interaction