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Identifying Objects and Remembering Images: Insights From Deep Neural Networks Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-06-17 Nicole C. Rust, Barnes G. L. Jannuzi
People have a remarkable ability to identify the objects that they are looking at, as well as remember the images that they have seen. Researchers know that high-level visual cortex contributes in important ways to supporting both of these functions, but developing models that describe how processing in high-level visual cortex supports these behaviors has been challenging. Recent breakthroughs in
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The Slow Development of Real-Time Processing: Spoken-Word Recognition as a Crucible for New Thinking About Language Acquisition and Language Disorders Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-06-15 Bob McMurray, Keith S. Apfelbaum, J. Bruce Tomblin
Words are fundamental to language, linking sound, articulation, and spelling to meaning and syntax; and lexical deficits are core to communicative disorders. Work in language acquisition commonly focuses on how lexical knowledge—knowledge of words’ sound patterns and meanings—is acquired. But lexical knowledge is insufficient to account for skilled language use. Sophisticated real-time processes must
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Back to Basics: The Importance of Conceptual Clarification in Psychological Science Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-06-14 Laura F. Bringmann, Timon Elmer, Markus I. Eronen
Although the lack of conceptual clarity has been observed to be a widespread and fundamental problem in psychology, conceptual clarification plays a mostly marginal role in psychological research. In this article, we argue that better conceptualization of psychological phenomena is needed to move psychology forward as a science. We first show how conceptual unclarity seeps through all aspects of psychological
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Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: A Functional-Identity Perspective Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-06-10 Eva Selenko, Sarah Bankins, Mindy Shoss, Joel Warburton, Simon Lloyd D. Restubog
The impact of the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) on workers’ experiences remains underexamined. Although AI-enhanced processes can benefit workers (e.g., by assisting with exhausting or dangerous tasks), they can also elicit psychological harm (e.g., by causing job loss or degrading work quality). Given AI’s uniqueness among other technologies, resulting from its expanding capabilities
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Well-Being After Psychopathology: A Transformational Research Agenda Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-06-10 Jonathan Rottenberg, Todd B. Kashdan
If one struggles with depression, anxiety, or suicidal impulses, what is the best outcome that one can hope for? Can psychopathology be a bridge to a better place where people operate with autonomy and self-mastery, enjoy healthy relationships, experience frequent positive emotions, and view life as meaningful and purposeful? Studies of national samples have revealed that a substantial number of people
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Do Rating and Task Measures of Control Abilities Assess the Same Thing? Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-05-18 Naomi P. Friedman, Daniel E. Gustavson
The ability to control one’s thoughts and actions is broadly associated with health and success, so it is unsurprising that measuring self-control abilities is a common goal across many areas of psychology. Puzzlingly, however, different measures of control––questionnaire ratings and cognitive tasks––show only weak relationships to each other. We review evidence that this discrepancy is not just a
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On the Need to Improve the Way Individual Differences in Cognitive Function Are Measured With Reaction Time Tasks Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-05-17 Corey N. White, Kiah N. Kitchen
The measurement of individual differences in specific cognitive functions has been an important area of study for decades. Often the goal of such studies is to determine whether there are cognitive deficits or enhancements associated with, for example, a specific population, psychological disorder, health status, or age group. The inherent difficulty, however, is that most cognitive functions are not
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Porosity Is the Heart of Religion Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-05-16 Tanya Marie Luhrmann, Kara Weisman
When scholars and scientists set out to understand religious commitment, the sensation that gods and spirits are real may be at least as important a target of inquiry as the belief that they are real. The sensory and quasisensory events that people take to be the presence of spirit—the voice of an invisible being, a feeling that a person who is dead is nonetheless in the room—are found both in the
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Gender Prototypes Shape Perceptions of and Responses to Sexual Harassment Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-05-13 Cheryl R. Kaiser, Bryn Bandt-Law, Nathan N. Cheek, Rebecca Schachtman
We provide a model describing how the narrow prototype of women as having conventionally feminine attributes and identities serves as a barrier to perceiving sexual harassment and appropriately responding to sexual-harassment claims when the victims of harassment do not resemble this prototype. We review research documenting that this narrow prototype of women overlaps with mental representations of
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Concepts for Which We Need Others More: The Case of Abstract Concepts Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Anna M. Borghi
The capability to form and use concepts is a core component of human cognition. Although all concepts are grounded in sensorimotor processes, more abstract concepts (e.g., “truth”) collect more heterogeneous and perceptually dissimilar exemplars; thus, linguistic interaction and social interaction are particularly crucial for their acquisition and use. Because of their indeterminacy, abstract concepts
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Models of Identity Signaling Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-05-03 Paul E. Smaldino
Identity signals inform receivers of a signaler’s membership in a subset of individuals, and in doing so shape cooperation, conflict, and social learning. Understanding the use and consequences of identity signaling is therefore critical for a complete science of collective human behavior. As is true for all complex social systems, this understanding is aided by the use of formal mathematical and computational
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Formal Innovations in Clinical Cognitive Science and Assessment Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-04-19 Richard W. J. Neufeld, Matthew J. Shanahan
Mathematical modeling is increasingly driving progress in clinical cognitive science and assessment. Mathematical modeling is essential for detecting certain effects of psychopathology through comprehensive understanding of telltale cognitive variables, such as workload capacity and efficiency in using capacity, as well as for quantitatively stipulating the subtle but important differences among these
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Cognitive Modeling With Representations From Large-Scale Digital Data Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Sudeep Bhatia, Ada Aka
Deep-learning methods can extract high-dimensional feature vectors for objects, concepts, images, and texts from large-scale digital data sets. These vectors are proxies for the mental representations that people use in everyday cognition and behavior. For this reason, they can serve as inputs into computational models of cognition, giving these models the ability to process and respond to naturalistic
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Credibility Beyond Replicability: Improving the Four Validities in Psychological Science Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Simine Vazire, Sarah R. Schiavone, Julia G. Bottesini
Psychological science’s “credibility revolution” has produced an explosion of metascientific work on improving research practices. Although much attention has been paid to replicability (reducing false positives), improving credibility depends on addressing a wide range of problems afflicting psychological science, beyond simply making psychology research more replicable. Here we focus on the “four
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How Language Learning and Language Use Create Linguistic Structure Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Kenny Smith
Languages persist through a cycle of learning and use: You learn a language through immersion in the language used in your linguistic community, and in using language to communicate, you produce further linguistic data, which other people might learn from in turn. Languages change over historical time as a result of errors and innovations in these processes of learning and use; this article reviews
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Cognitive Blame Is Socially Shaped Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Bertram F. Malle, Steve Guglielmo, John Voiklis, Andrew E. Monroe
Blame is not only a cognitive process but also a social act of moral criticism. Such acts of criticism often serve to correct a transgressor’s behavior but can be costly—to the moral critic, the transgressor, and the community. To limit these costs, blame is socially regulated: Communities set standards of evidence for blame and expect individuals to provide warrant, or justification, for their expressed
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Are We in Time? How Predictive Coding and Dynamical Systems Explain Musical Synchrony Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Caroline Palmer, Alexander P. Demos
Humans tend to anticipate events when they synchronize their actions with sound (such as when they clap to music), which has puzzled scientists for decades. What accounts for this anticipation? We review two theoretical mechanisms for synchrony: predictive coding and dynamical systems. Both theories are grounded in neural activation patterns, but there are important distinctions. We contrast their
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The Structure of Systematicity in the Brain Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-03-24 Randall C. O’Reilly, Charan Ranganath, Jacob L. Russin
A hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to adapt to new situations by applying learned rules to new content (systematicity) and thereby enabling an open-ended number of inferences and actions (generativity). Here, we propose that the human brain accomplishes these feats through pathways in the parietal cortex that encode the abstract structure of space, events, and tasks and pathways in the
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Corrigendum: Narcissism Today: What We Know and What We Need to Learn Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-03-24
Original article: Miller, J. D., Back, M. D., Lynam, D. R., & Wright, A. G. C. (2021). Narcissism today: What we know and what we need to learn. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(6), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211044109
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The Perceptual Magic of Binocular Rivalry Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-03-18 Randolph Blake
Binocular rivalry (BR) refers to the spontaneous, unpredictable fluctuations in visual awareness provoked by dissimilar stimulation of the two eyes. Reports of the phenomenon date back several centuries, but interest in BR has exploded in recent years as researchers in diverse disciplines—psychology, neuroscience, medicine, philosophy—have found reasons to study it. New ideas about BR have emerged
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Agency Through the We: Group-Based Control Theory Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-03-18 Immo Fritsche
How do people maintain a sense of control when they realize the noncontingencies in their personal life and their strong interdependence with other people? Why do individuals continue to act on overwhelming collective problems, such as climate change, that are clearly beyond their personal control? Group-based control theory proposes that it is social identification with agentic groups and engagement
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Insights Into Human and Nonhuman Primate Handedness From Measuring Both Hands Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-03-16 Eliza L. Nelson
Handedness is part of our everyday lives, but where does it come from? Researchers studying nonhuman primates and young children have approached this question from different perspectives—evolutionary and developmental, respectively. Their work converges on the conclusion that measurement matters in the science of handedness. Coming to a consensus on assessment will guide future research into the origins
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A Grand Challenge for Psychology: Reducing the Age-Related Digital Divide Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-03-16 Neil Charness, Walter R. Boot
Worldwide population aging and rapid diffusion of digital technology have converged to produce an age-related digital divide in the adoption of technology, as seen in use of the Internet and ownership of smartphones. Given the centrality of these technologies for full participation in modern society, reducing that gap is an important challenge for psychologists. We outline more and less malleable factors
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Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Progress and Potential Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Bruce N. Cuthbert
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) addressed in its 2008 Strategic Plan an emerging concern that the current diagnostic system was hampering translational research, as accumulating data suggested that the system’s disorder categories constituted heterogeneous syndromes rather than specific diseases. However, established practices in peer review placed high priority on that system’s disorders
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Toward a Comparative Approach to Language Acquisition Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-02-23 Morten H. Christiansen, Pablo Contreras Kallens, Fabio Trecca
The world’s languages vary in almost every conceivable way, yet children readily learn their native language. Understanding how children can acquire such a diversity of different languages has been a long-standing goal for psychological science, yet current acquisition research is dominated by studies of children learning one particular language: English. In this article, we argue that progress toward
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Understanding Trajectories to Anxiety and Depression: Neural Responses to Errors and Rewards as Indices of Susceptibility to Stressful Life Events Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-02-15 Anna Weinberg, Autumn Kujawa, Anja Riesel
Between-individuals variation in neural responses to errors and rewards is associated with the degree of risk for developing depression and anxiety, but not all individuals with perturbations in systems that generate these responses go on to develop symptoms. We propose that exposure to stressful life events may determine when these individual differences in neural responses to errors and rewards result
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Psychological Measurement in the Information Age: Machine-Learned Computational Models Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-02-14 Sidney K. D’Mello, Louis Tay, Rosy Southwell
Psychological science can benefit from and contribute to emerging approaches from the computing and information sciences driven by the availability of real-world data and advances in sensing and computing. We focus on one such approach, machine-learned computational models (MLCMs)—computer programs learned from data, typically with human supervision. We introduce MLCMs and discuss how they contrast
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Ten Lessons About Infants’ Everyday Experiences Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-02-14 Kaya de Barbaro, Caitlin M. Fausey
Audio recorders, accelerometers, and cameras that infants wear throughout their everyday lives capture the experiences that are available to shape development. Using sensors to capture behaviors in natural settings can reveal patterns within the everyday hubbub that are unknowable using methods that capture shorter, more isolated, or more planned slices of behavior. Here, we review 10 lessons learned
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Personality Change Through Digital-Coaching Interventions Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-01-25 Mathias Allemand, Christoph Flückiger
A highly relevant but provocative research question is whether and how one can intentionally change personality traits through psychological interventions, given that traits are relatively stable by definition. Recently, research has begun to investigate personality change through intervention in nonclinical populations. One attractive and innovative interventional avenue may lie in using digital applications
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Performance, Well-Being, Motivation, and Identity in an Age of Abundant Data: Introduction to the “Well-Measured Life” Special Issue of Current Directions in Psychological Science Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-01-24 Robert L. Goldstone
Our lives are being measured in rapidly increasing ways and frequency. These measurements have beneficial and deleterious effects at both individual and social levels. Behavioral measurement technologies offer the promise of helping us to know ourselves better and to improve our well-being by using personalized feedback and gamification. At the same time, they present threats to our privacy, self-esteem
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Maximizing the Potential of Digital Games for Understanding Skill Acquisition Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-01-24 Tom Stafford, Nemanja Vaci
Gaming is a domain of profound skill development. Players’ digital traces create data that track the development of skill from novice to expert levels. We argue that existing work, although promising, has yet to take advantage of the potential of game data for understanding skill acquisition, and that to realize this potential, future studies can use the fit of formal learning curves to individual
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Digital Life Data in the Clinical Whitespace Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2022-01-24 Glen Coppersmith
In our increasingly digital world, aspects of our lives are encoded in the routine interactions we have with technology. Over the past few years, psychologists and technologists have been exploring what possibilities these digital life data might hold for improving mental health and well-being. Here I examine some of the recent advances in this field, particularly in the use of language data; consider
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Daylong Mobile Audio Recordings Reveal Multitimescale Dynamics in Infants’ Vocal Productions and Auditory Experiences Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-12-24 Anne S. Warlaumont, Kunmi Sobowale, Caitlin M. Fausey
The sounds of human infancy—baby babbling, adult talking, lullaby singing, and more—fluctuate over time. Infant-friendly wearable audio recorders can now capture very large quantities of these sounds throughout infants’ everyday lives at home. Here, we review recent discoveries about how infants’ soundscapes are organized over the course of a day. Analyses designed to detect patterns in infants’ daylong
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Toward a “Standard Model” of Early Language Learning Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-12-23 George Kachergis, Virginia A. Marchman, Michael C. Frank
A standard model is a theoretical framework that synthesizes observables into a quantitative consensus. Have researchers made progress toward this kind of synthesis for children’s early language learning? Many computational models of early vocabulary learning assume that individual words are learned through an accumulation of environmental input. This assumption is also implicit in empirical work that
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Integrating Insights About Human Movement Patterns From Digital Data Into Psychological Science Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-12-21 Joanne Hinds, Olivia Brown, Laura G. E. Smith, Lukasz Piwek, David A. Ellis, Adam N. Joinson
Understanding people’s movement patterns has many important applications, from analyzing habits and social behaviors, to predicting the spread of disease. Information regarding these movements and their locations is now deeply embedded in digital data generated via smartphones, wearable sensors, and social-media interactions. Research has largely used data-driven modeling to detect patterns in people’s
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Similarity of Computations Across Domains Does Not Imply Shared Implementation: The Case of Language Comprehension Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-12-14 Evelina Fedorenko, Cory Shain
Understanding language requires applying cognitive operations (e.g., memory retrieval, prediction, structure building) that are relevant across many cognitive domains to specialized knowledge structures (e.g., a particular language’s lexicon and syntax). Are these computations carried out by domain-general circuits or by circuits that store domain-specific representations? Recent work has characterized
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What’s to Come of All This Tracking “Who We Are”? The Intelligence Example Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-12-06 Wendy Johnson
Increasingly, we are required, encouraged, and/or motivated to track our behavior, presumably to improve our life “quality.” But health and life-satisfaction trends are not cooperating: Empirical evidence for success is sorely lacking. Intelligence has been tracked for more than 100 years; perhaps this example offers some hints about tracking’s overall social impact. I suggest that Huxley’s Brave New
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Field Experiments on Social Media Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Mohsen Mosleh, Gordon Pennycook, David G. Rand
Online behavioral data, such as digital traces from social media, have the potential to allow researchers an unprecedented new window into human behavior in ecologically valid everyday contexts. However, research using such data is often purely observational, which limits its usefulness for identifying causal relationships. Here we review recent innovations in experimental approaches to studying online
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Do Social Networking Sites Influence Well-Being? The Extended Active-Passive Model Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-11-29 Philippe Verduyn, Nino Gugushvili, Ethan Kross
Do social networking sites (SNSs) influence well-being? According to the active-passive model of SNS use, the impact of SNSs on well-being depends on how they are used: Using SNSs actively to interact with other users positively affects well-being, whereas passive consumption of SNS content negatively affects well-being. However, emerging evidence suggests that the active-passive distinction is too
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The Golden Rule as a Paradigm for Fostering Prosocial Behavior With Virtual Reality Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-11-18 Mel Slater, Domna Banakou
The Golden Rule of ethics in its negative form states that you should not do to others what you would not want others to do to you, and in its positive form states that you should do to others as you would want them to do to you. The Golden Rule is an ethical principle, but in virtual reality (VR), it can also be thought of as a paradigm for the promotion of prosocial behavior. This is because in VR
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Does Stigma Moderate the Efficacy of Mental- and Behavioral-Health Interventions? Examining Individual and Contextual Sources of Treatment-Effect Heterogeneity Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-11-08 Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, John E. Pachankis
In this article, we argue that stigma may be an important, but heretofore underrecognized, source of heterogeneity in treatment effects of mental- and behavioral-health interventions. To support this hypothesis, we review recent evidence from randomized controlled trials and spatial meta-analyses suggesting that stigma may predict not only who responds more favorably to these health interventions (i
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Translating Thoughts Into Action: Optimizing Motor Performance and Learning Through Brief Motivational and Attentional Influences Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Gabriele Wulf, Rebecca Lewthwaite
Skilled motor performance is essential in sports, the performing arts, various occupations, and many daily activities. Scientists and practitioners alike are therefore interested in understanding the conditions that influence the performance and learning of movement skills, and how they can be utilized to optimize training. In OPTIMAL theory, three motivational and attentional factors are key: enhanced
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The Missing Side of Acculturation: How Majority-Group Members Relate to Immigrant and Minority-Group Cultures Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-10-26 Jonas R. Kunst, Katharina Lefringhausen, David L. Sam, John W. Berry, John F. Dovidio
In many countries, individuals who have represented the majority group historically are decreasing in relative size and/or perceiving that they have diminished status and power compared with those self-identifying as immigrants or members of ethnic minority groups. These developments raise several salient and timely issues, including (a) how majority-group members’ cultural orientations change as a
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Emotion as Information in Early Social Learning Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-10-26 Yang Wu, Laura E. Schulz, Michael C. Frank, Hyowon Gweon
The majority of research on infants’ and children’s understanding of emotional expressions has focused on their abilities to use emotional expressions to infer how other people feel. However, an emerging body of work suggests that emotional expressions support rich, powerful inferences not just about emotional states but also about other unobserved states, such as hidden events in the physical world
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Transdiagnostic Approaches to Sexual- and Gender-Minority Mental Health Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-10-26 Nicholas R. Eaton, Craig Rodriguez-Seijas, John E. Pachankis
Sexual- and gender-minority individuals experience minority stress, which is hypothesized to underlie the mental-health disparities affecting these populations. Drawing on advances in the classification of mental disorders, we argue that transdiagnostic approaches hold great promise for understanding and reducing these disparities. In contrast to traditional diagnostic approaches, which have limited
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Assessing Attention in Category Learning by Animals Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-10-20 Edward A. Wasserman, Leyre Castro
Appreciating that varied stimuli belong to different categories requires that attention be differentially allocated to relevant and irrelevant features of those stimuli. Such selective attention ought to be definable and measurable in both humans and nonhuman animals. We first discuss the definition of attention and methods of assessing it in animals. We then introduce new experimental and computational
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The Development of Communication Across Timescales Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-10-13 Elise A. Piazza, Mira L. Nencheva, Casey Lew-Williams
How do young children learn to organize the statistics of communicative input across milliseconds and months? Developmental science has made progress in elucidating how infants learn patterns in language and how infant-directed speech is engineered to ease short-timescale processing, but less is known about how children link perceptual experiences across multiple levels of processing within an interaction
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Inhibitory Control of Information in Memory Across Domains Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-10-12 M. Teresa Bajo, Carlos J. Gómez-Ariza, Alejandra Marful
Knowledge in memory is vast and not always relevant to the task at hand. Recent views suggest that the human cognitive system has evolved so that it includes goal-driven control mechanisms to regulate the level of activation of specific pieces of knowledge and make distracting or unwanted information in memory less accessible. This operation is primarily directed to facilitate the use of task-relevant
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Narcissism Today: What We Know and What We Need to Learn Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Joshua D. Miller, Mitja D. Back, Donald R. Lynam, Aidan G. C. Wright
Narcissism is of great interest to behavioral scientists and the lay public. Research across the past 20 years has led to substantial progress in the conceptualization, measurement, and study of narcissism. This article reviews the current state of the field, identifying recent advances and outlining future directions. Advances include hierarchical conceptualizations of narcissism across one-factor
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Cultural Evolutionary Mismatches in Response to Collective Threat Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-09-27 Michele J. Gelfand
Across the millennia, human groups have evolved specific cultural and psychological adaptations to cope with collective threats, from terrorism to natural disasters to pathogens. In particular, research has identified cultural tightness, characterized by strict social norms and punishments, as one key adaptation that helps groups coordinate to survive collective threats. However, interferences with
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How Field Experiments in Economics Can Complement Psychological Research on Judgment Biases Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-09-27 John A. List
This review summarizes results of field experiments examining individual behaviors across several market settings—from open-air markets to rideshare markets to tax-compliance markets—where people sort themselves into market roles wherein they make consequential decisions. Using three distinct examples from my own research on the endowment effect, left-digit bias, and omission bias, I showcase how field
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A Transdiagnostic Perspective on Youth Irritability Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-09-09 Daniel N. Klein, Lea R. Dougherty, Ellen M. Kessel, Jamilah Silver, Gabrielle A. Carlson
Irritability is increasingly recognized as a significant clinical problem in youth. It is a criterion for multiple diagnoses and predicts the development of a wide range of disorders. Research on its etiology suggests that genetic and family environmental factors play a role, as do abnormalities in reward and cognitive-control neural circuitry. However, many of these effects are age dependent. Threat-responsive
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Three Perceptual Tools for Seeing and Understanding Visualized Data Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-09-07 Steven L. Franconeri
The visual system evolved and develops to process the scenes, faces, and objects of the natural world, but people adapt this powerful system to process data within an artificial world of visualizations. To extract patterns in data from these artificial displays, viewers appear to use at least three perceptual tools, including a tool that extracts global statistics, one that extracts shapes within the
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The Predictive Brain Must Have a Limitation in Short-Term Memory Capacity Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-09-02 Sabrina Trapp, Thomas Parr, Karl Friston, Erich Schröger
Traditionally, short-term memory (STM) has been assessed by asking participants to remember words, visual objects, or numbers for a short amount of time before their recall or recognition of those items is tested. However, this focus on memory for past sensory input might have obscured potential theoretical insights into the function of this cognitive faculty. Here, we suggest that STM may have an
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Individual Differences in the Intensity and Consistency of Attention Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-09-02 Nash Unsworth, Ashley L. Miller
Individual differences in attention abilities predict performance in a number of domains. We suggest that two aspects of attention are especially important for variation in attention abilities: intensity and consistency. We review evidence suggesting that individual differences in the amount of attention allocated to a task (intensity) and how consistently attention is allocated to a task (consistency)
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Why Empathy Is Not a Reliable Source of Information in Moral Decision Making Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-09-02 Jean Decety
Although empathy drives prosocial behaviors, it is not always a reliable source of information in moral decision making. In this essay, I integrate evolutionary theory, behavioral economics, psychology, and social neuroscience to demonstrate why and how empathy is unconsciously and rapidly modulated by various social signals and situational factors. This theoretical framework explains why decision
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Neuroticism and Disorders of Emotion: A New Synthesis Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-08-23 David H. Barlow, Andrew J. Curreri, Lauren S. Woodard
We describe an approach to anxiety, depressive, trauma-related, and other disorders, which we conceptualize as “emotional disorders” because of shared underlying dimensions uncovered by the study of traits or temperaments. We then explicate a functional model of emotional disorders based largely, but not exclusively, on the temperament of neuroticism and describe common factors that account for the
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Perception, Action, and Intrinsic Motivation in Infants’ Motor-Skill Development Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-08-23 Daniela Corbetta
Perception, action, and intrinsic motivation play an essential role in early development, promoting the creation and refinement of new and more complex forms of behaviors as infants try a range of sensorimotor patterns in their environment. I use the example of infants’ reaching to illustrate how goal-directed action emerges from the intersection of seemingly distinct visual and proprioceptive-tactile-motor
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Influences of Caregiving on Development: A Sensitive Period for Biological Embedding of Predictability and Safety Cues Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-08-06 Dylan G. Gee, Emily M. Cohodes
Across species, caregivers exert a powerful influence on the neural and behavioral development of offspring. Increasingly, both animal and human research has highlighted specific patterns in caregivers’ behavior that may be especially important early in life, as well as neurobiological mechanisms linking early caregiving experiences with long-term affective behavior. Here we delineate evidence for
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Decomposing the Motivation to Exert Mental Effort Current Directions in Psychological Science (IF 7.867) Pub Date : 2021-08-03 Amitai Shenhav, Mahalia Prater Fahey, Ivan Grahek
Achieving most goals demands cognitive control, yet people vary widely in their success at meeting these demands. Although motivation is known to be fundamental to determining success at achieving a goal, what determines motivation to perform a given task remains poorly understood. Here, we describe recent efforts toward addressing this question using the expected-value-of-control model, which simulates