The general theory of deception (GTD) aims to unify and complete the various sparse theoretical units that have been proposed in the deception literature to date, in a comprehensive framework fully describing from end to end the process by which deceptive messages are produced, and how this can inform more effective prevention and detection. As part of the elaboration of the theory, the different ways people elaborate deceptive messages were first tracked by the authors daily, over 3 years, resulting in the identification, description, and naming of 99 “elementary deception modes” (87 verbal, 12 nonverbal) that can all be combined during one deceptive episode, thus leading to a total estimate of 10³⁰ different ways to lie. Central to the GTD is the “five forces model,” explaining precisely at which times deceptive messages occur and what factors compete to determine the types of messages that are most likely to be produced (truthful, refusal to answer, or deceptive—and with which deception modes). Finally, the process by which deceptive messages come to mind and are compared, both against each other and against the option of disclosing the truth, given memory’s capacity and time limits, has been described in the form of a dynamic, continuous, and testable algorithm called the “deception decision algorithm” (DDA). The practical insights derived from this new disruptive theory of lie production are discussed and a theory-based lie prevention and detection enhancement method is introduced.

中文翻译：

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欺骗的一般理论：谎言产生、预防和检测的颠覆性理论。

欺骗通用理论（GTD）旨在统一和完善迄今为止欺骗文献中提出的各种稀疏理论单元，在一个全面的框架中从头到尾充分描述欺骗性消息的产生过程，以及如何产生的。这可以为更有效的预防和检测提供信息。作为理论阐述的一部分，作者首先在 3 年多的时间里每天追踪人们阐述欺骗性信息的不同方式，最终识别、描述和命名了 99 种“基本欺骗模式”（87 种口头欺骗模式，12 种非语言欺骗模式）。 ）所有这些都可以在一次欺骗事件中组合起来，从而导致总共估计有 10³⁰ 种不同的撒谎方式。GTD 的核心是“五力模型”，它准确地解释了欺骗性消息发生的时间以及哪些因素相互竞争来决定最有可能产生的消息类型（真实、拒绝回答或欺骗性）以及欺骗方式）。最后，在给定内存容量和时间限制的情况下，欺骗性消息浮现脑海并进行比较的过程，无论是相互比较还是与披露真相的选择相比，在给定内存容量和时间限制的情况下，已经以动态、连续和可测试的算法的形式进行了描述称为“欺骗决策算法”（DDA）。讨论了从这种新的颠覆性谎言产生理论中得出的实践见解，并介绍了基于理论的谎言预防和检测增强方法。