Ecological restoration projects often have variable and unpredictable outcomes, and these can limit the overall impact on biodiversity. Previous syntheses have investigated restoration effectiveness by comparing average restored conditions to average conditions in unrestored or reference systems. Here, we provide the first quantification of the extent to which restoration affects both the mean and

Organic farming supports higher biodiversity than conventional farming, but at the cost of lower yields. We conducted a meta-analysis quantifying the trade-off between biodiversity and yield, comparing conventional and organic farming. We developed a compatibility index to assess whether biodiversity gains from organic farming exceed yield losses, and a substitution index to assess whether organic

The recent prominence of functional traits in ecological analyses is based on the premise that measurable attributes of an organism's phenotype can take us beyond simple lists of species and closer to valid tests of mechanisms and processes (Cadotte et al., 2011). However, the full potential of trait-based ecology and evolutionary biology is ultimately constrained by incomplete coverage and completeness