BACKGROUND The burden of diarrheal diseases remains high among children in low-income countries. Enteropathogens are challenging to control because they are transmitted via multiple pathways. Chickens are an important animal protein source, but live chickens and their products are often highly contaminated with enteropathogens. OBJECTIVES We conducted this study to a) understand the contribution of

BACKGROUND The three-ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) phenanthrene (Phe) has been implicated in the cardiotoxicity of petroleum-based pollution in aquatic systems, where it disrupts the contractile and electrical function of the fish heart. Phe is also found adsorbed to particulate matter and in the gas phase of air pollution, but to date, no studies have investigated the impact of Phe

BACKGROUND Mechanisms for how environmental chemicals might influence pain has received little attention. Epidemiological studies suggest that environmental factors such as pollutants might play a role in migraine prevalence. Potential targets for pollutants are the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which on activation release pain-inducing neuropeptide

BACKGROUND The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs program assembles expert working groups who publish a critical review and evaluation of data on agents of interest. These comprehensive reviews provide a unique opportunity to identify research needs to address classification uncertainties. A multidisciplinary expert review and workshop held in 2009 identified research gaps

BACKGROUND Although many studies have linked prenatal exposure to PM2.5 to adverse birth outcomes, little is known about the effects of exposure to specific constituents of PM2.5 or mechanisms that contribute to these outcomes. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to investigate effects of oxidative potential and PM2.5 metal components from non-exhaust traffic emissions, such as brake and tire wear, on the

BACKGROUND Growing epidemiological evidence suggests an adverse relationship between exposure to air pollutants and cognitive health, and this could be related to the effect of air pollution on vascular health. OBJECTIVE We aim to evaluate the association between air pollution exposure and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) marker of cerebral vascular burden, white matter hyperintensities (WMH). METHODS

BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-bound particles containing a variety of RNA types, DNA, proteins, and other macromolecules, are now appreciated as an important means of communication between cells and tissues, both in normal cellular physiology and as a potential indicator of cellular stress, environmental exposures, and early disease pathogenesis. Extracellular signaling through

BACKGROUND Widespread insecticide exposure might be a risk factor for neurodevelopment of our children, but few studies examined the mixture effect of maternal coexposure to organophosphate insecticides (OPPs), pyrethroids (PYRs), and neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) during pregnancy on child neurodevelopment, and critical windows of exposure are unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the association

BACKGROUND Improving mental health is recognized as an important factor for achieving global development goals. Despite strong evidence that neighborhood greenery promotes better mental health, there are environmental justice concerns over the distribution of neighborhood greenery. Underlying these concerns are present-day consequences of historical discriminatory financial investment practices, such

BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may disrupt normal fetal and postnatal growth. Studies have mainly focused on individual aspects of growth at specific time points using single chemical exposure models. However, humans are exposed to multiple EDCs simultaneously, and growth is a dynamic process. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations

BACKGROUND Pesticide exposures are suspected of being a risk factor for several childhood cancers, particularly acute leukemia (AL). Most of the evidence is based on self-reported parental domestic use of pesticides, but some studies have also addressed associations with agricultural use of pesticides near the place of residence. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to evaluate the risk of AL

BACKGROUND Herbicides are the most used class of pesticides worldwide, and insect repellents are widely used globally. Yet, there is a dearth of studies characterizing the associations between these chemical groups and human neurobehavior. Experimental studies suggest that glyphosate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicides can affect neurobehavior and the cholinergic and glutamatergic

BACKGROUND Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are persistent organic pollutants with potential endocrine-disrupting effects linked to adverse health outcomes. OBJECTIVES In this study, we utilize high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to identify internal exposure and biological responses underlying PCB and multigenerational PBB exposure for participants enrolled in the

BACKGROUND Commonly encountered nontraumatic, moderate noise is increasingly implicated in anxiety; however, the neural substrates underlying this process remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated the neural circuit mechanism through which chronic exposure to moderate-level noise causes anxiety-like behaviors. METHODS Mice were exposed to chronic, moderate white noise [85 decibel (dB) sound pressure

BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether in utero and childhood exposure to air pollution affects pubertal development, particularly age of menarche in girls. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether residential ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure in utero and during childhood is associated with age of menarche. METHODS We studied 5,201 girls in the Growing Up Today Study 2 (2004-present)

BACKGROUND Previous evidence has identified exposure to fine ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) as a leading risk factor for adverse health outcomes. However, to date, only a few studies have examined the potential association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and bone homeostasis. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the relationship between long-term PM2.5 exposure and bone health and explore its potential

BACKGROUND Living in neighborhoods with higher levels of walkability has been associated with a reduced risk of obesity and higher levels of physical activity. Obesity has been linked to increased risk of 13 cancers in women. However, long-term prospective studies of neighborhood walkability and risk for obesity-related cancer are scarce. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between long-term average

BACKGROUND Children are routinely exposed to chemicals known or suspected of harming brain development. Targeting Environmental Neuro-Development Risks (Project TENDR), an alliance of >50 leading scientists, health professionals, and advocates, is working to protect children from these toxic chemicals and pollutants, especially the disproportionate exposures experienced by children from families with

BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), endocrine disrupting chemicals with worldwide exposure, cause changes in mammary gland development in rodents. A few human studies report delay in pubertal events with increasing perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure, but to our knowledge none have examined reproductive hormone levels at thelarche. METHODS In a cohort of Greater Cincinnati (GC)

BACKGROUND Few birth cohorts in South America evaluate the joint effect of minerals and toxic metals on neonatal health. In Madre de Dios, Peru, mercury exposure is prevalent owing to artisanal gold mining, yet its effect on neonatal health is unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether toxic metals are associated with lower birth weight and shorter gestational age independently of antenatal

BACKGROUND The protective effect of urban greenery from adverse heat impacts remains inconclusive. Existing inconsistent findings could be attributed to the different estimation techniques used. OBJECTIVES We investigated how effect modifications of urban greenery on heat-mortality associations vary when using different greenery measurements reflecting overhead-view and eye-level urban greenery. METHODS

BACKGROUND Personal care products are a notable source of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Racial/ethnic differences in the use of hair products containing EDCs are reported, with women and children of color more commonly using hair products that are hormonally active and contain EDCs than other racial/ethnic groups. There is limited research examining the neighborhood-level social

BACKGROUND Parabens, found in everyday items from personal care products to foods, are chemicals with endocrine-disrupting activity, which has been shown to influence reproductive function. OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether urinary concentrations of methylparaben, propylparaben, or butylparaben were associated with the urinary metabolome during the periconceptional period, a critical window

BACKGROUND Several epidemiological investigations demonstrated that maternal arsenic (As) exposure elevated risk of fetal growth restriction (FGR), but the mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effects of gestational As exposure on placental and fetal development and its underlying mechanism. METHODS Dams were exposed to 0.15, 1.5, and 15mg/L NaAsO2 throughout pregnancy

BACKGROUND To make informed decisions about endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), people need functional understanding of exposures and health and an ability to act on their knowledge. The return of biomonitoring results is an opportunity to educate people about EDCs and motivate exposure reduction. OBJECTIVES This study investigates environmental health knowledge about EDCs, concerns about health

BACKGROUND Experimental studies show that disinfection byproducts (DBPs) can inhibit oocyte maturation, decrease fertilization capacity, and impair embryo development, but human evidence is lacking. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the associations between exposure to drinking water DBPs and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. METHODS The study included 1,048 women undergoing assisted reproductive

BACKGROUND Newborns can be exposed to inorganic arsenic (iAs) through contaminated drinking water, formula, and other infant foods. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive association between urinary iAs levels and the risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among U.S. adolescents and adults. OBJECTIVES The present study examined how oral iAs administration to neonatal

BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) affect >300,000 pregnancies worldwide annually. Few nongenetic factors, other than folate deficiency, have been identified that may provide intervenable solutions to reduce the burden of NTDs. Prenatal exposure to toxic metals [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb)] may increase the risk of NTDs. Although a growing epidemiologic

BACKGROUND Marijuana is the third most used drug in the world. OBJECTIVES Because the cannabis plant is a known scavenger of metals, we hypothesized that individuals who use marijuana will have higher metal biomarker levels compared with those who do not use. METHODS We combined data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2018) for n=7,254 participants, classified by use:

BACKGROUND Childhood lead poisoning remains an important public health issue in the United States, as well as elsewhere in the world. Although primary prevention is a major goal and it is critically important to keep children from getting poisoned, it is also important to explore ways to reduce the neurotoxic effects of lead in those children already poisoned. Whether lead-induced neurotoxicity and

BACKGROUND More intense cyclones are expected in the future as a result of climate change. A comprehensive review is urgently needed to summarize and update the evidence on the health effects of cyclones. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide a systematic review with meta-analysis of current evidence on the risks of all reported health outcomes related to cyclones and to identify research gaps and make recommendations

BACKGROUND Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) emit pollutants that can cause negative impacts on human health. The concentration of hog production in North Carolina raises concerns regarding the disproportionate exposure of vulnerable communities to air pollution from CAFOs. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether exposure to gaseous ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (in 2019) differs

BACKGROUND Gestational phthalate and phenol exposure disrupts adipogenesis, contributing to obesity in mice. Whether gestational phthalate or phenol exposure is associated with infant body composition has not been investigated in humans. OBJECTIVE We examined associations between biomarkers of phthalate and phenol exposure in midpregnancy and infant size and body composition at birth and at 5 months

BACKGROUND Few studies have explored the relationships between cold spells and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using the information of symptom onset. OBJECTIVES We assessed the impact of cold spells on AMI onset and the potential effect modifiers. METHODS We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study among 456,051 eligible patients with AMI from 2,054 hospitals in 323 Chinese cities between

BACKGROUND Increasingly, marginalized communities are disproportionately facing the worsening effects of environmental hazards, including air pollution, water pollution, and climate change. Language isolation and accessibility has been understudied as a determinant of health. Spanish, despite being the second-most common language in the United States with some 41.8 million speakers, has been neglected

BACKGROUND Fetal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides might lead to fetal metabolic adaptations, predisposing individuals to adverse metabolic profiles in later life. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of maternal urinary OP pesticide metabolite concentrations in pregnancy with offspring body mass index (BMI) and fat measures at 10 years of age. METHODS Between 2002 and 2006, we included

BACKGROUND Heat is a significant cause of mortality, but impact patterns are heterogenous. Previous studies assessing such heterogeneity focused exclusively on risk rather than heat-attributable mortality burdens and assume predictors are independent. OBJECTIVES We assessed how four interrelated regional-level sociodemographic predictors-education, life expectancy, the ratio of older to younger people

BACKGROUND Poor olfaction is common in older adults and may have profound adverse implications on their health. However, little is known about the potential environmental contributors to poor olfaction. OBJECTIVE We investigated ambient fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in relation to poor olfaction in middle-aged to older women. METHODS

BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 can be effectively transmitted between individuals located in close proximity to each other for extended durations. Aircraft provide such conditions. Although high attack rates during flights were reported, little was known about the risk levels of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in aircraft cabins. OBJECTIVES The major objective was to estimate the risk of contracting COVID-19