This paper analyzes the size and nature of green fiscal stimulus policies in the G20 countries in response to the COVID-19 crisis, with a focus on the energy sector. We exploit a new dataset, the Energy Policy Tracker (EPT), with detailed information on countries' policies since the start of the pandemic. Between January 2020 and December 2021, G20 countries enacted 913 stimulus measures that have

It has been more than two decades since genetic engineered (GE) corn has been introduced in the United States and Spain. Despite the wide scale adoption of GE corn, (92% of planted acreage in the US in 2017), biodiversity conservation, environmental protection goals, and food safety continue to surface as potential risk factors. We developed a macromarketing framework to provide a linkage between the

The United Nations monetary System of Environmental-Economic Accounting—Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) does not recommend the measurement of the environmental incomes of single products from an ecosystem accounting area. The objective of this paper is to uncover the accounting period environmental income given by the environmental operating return embedded in single biological-based products consumed

Warfare has been found to have detrimental impacts on local ecosystems. Armed conflict can generate environmental damages through intertwined channels: scorched earth tactics, indirect effects following institutional collapse or economic and social disruption, and direct effects of combat operations. While the two first channels are well understood, the third one has been comparatively neglected. This

Using a stated preference survey, we investigate whether the introduction of a set of food labels, that provide information to the consumers, affects consumers´ willingness to make costly shifts from meat products to meat substitutes. We investigate the role of food labels relating to health, use of antibiotics, climate impact, and animal care. We find that climate and healthiness labeling of substitutes

According to the new European Commission proposal for a regulation on deforestation-free products, six commodities - cattle, wood, palm oil, soy, cocoa, and coffee and their derivate products – grown or raised on land that was subject to deforestation or forest degradation will be banned from entering the EU market. In this commentary paper, we discuss the possible unintended effects of the regulation

Integrated assessment models have become the primary tools for comparing climate policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Such policies have often been identified by considering a planner who seeks to make optimal trade-offs between the costs of carbon abatement and the economic damages from climate change. The planning problem has been formalized as one of optimal control, the objective

Government and industry in oil and gas producing nations are increasingly considering development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) as both a deep emissions reduction solution and route to transitioning extraction supply chains. We develop a computable general equilibrium model of the UK economy to investigate the economy-wide impacts of introducing a new carbon dioxide (CO2) transport and storage

This study investigates the impact of a policy designed to encourage municipalities to domestically recycle plastic waste in Japan. Using an instrumental variable (IV) approach, I examine whether the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (CPRL), which includes policies such as subsidising recycling for municipalities and providing municipalities with recyclers, increases the domestic recycling volume

Marine litter is a problem impacting the coasts and seas of the whole world. Whilst an increasing number of studies investigate the effects of marine litter on public welfare, most of the research to date considers it as a component of coastal environmental quality. This study specifically examines the preferences and willingness to pay of English and Irish respondents towards the removal and prevention

Dilemmas related to the use of environmental resources concern diverse populations at local or global scales. Frequently, individuals are unable to visualize the consequences of their actions, where they belong in the decision-making line, and have no information about past choices or the time horizon. We design a new one-shot extraction game to capture these dynamic decisions. We present results from

China has implemented a strategy of classified forest management to achieve sustainable forest development. As part of this strategy, a large amount of non-public forestland has been designated for ecological purposes, depriving farmers of the management and use rights. Without adequate compensation, however, this policy could dampen their interest in managing commercial as well as ecological forests

Food discrete choice experiments typically define product alternatives with a researcher-predetermined and sometimes arbitrary quantity. Results reveal that the use of a researcher-prespecified experimental quantity leads to biased welfare estimates. Differences in marginal utility of money are found with a resulting upward bias in willingness to pay estimates when small pre-defined product quantities

After centuries of deforestation, many, mostly industrialized countries have recently been experiencing net increases in forest area and biomass stocks, a phenomenon described as ‘Forest Transition’. In this article, we analyse the Spanish forest transition over the last 150 years from a socio-metabolic perspective. We provide the first estimation on forest surface, wood production and biomass stocks

Rigorous impact evaluations of local REDD+ (reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) initiatives have shown some positive outcomes for forests, while well-being impacts have been mixed. However, will REDD+ outcomes persist over time after interventions have ended? Using quasi-experimental methods, we investigated the effects of one REDD+ project in the Brazilian Amazon on deforestation

Marine tourism is promoted as a substitute economic activity to unsustainable fishing, which is compatible with conservation. However, benefits of marine tourism do not typically accrue in small-scale fisheries (SSFs), which often bear the costs of conservation; they accrue to tourists and tourist-focussed businesses. We explored how marine tourism levies could operationalise the beneficiary-pays principle

Sustainability certification (SC) is one of the most popular private sector approaches to govern social and environmental outcomes of trade in products from agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Based on a sample of 175 peer-reviewed articles, we use a novel mixed methods meta-analytical approach to study the success of major sustainability certifications in promoting sustainable (primary) production

There is growing concern about the shift of trade in more polluting products to countries with less restrictive environmental standards, popularly known as pollution havens. This paper explores whether institutional quality affects trade composition and fosters a transition towards cleaner products. Applying a gravity model to a sample of 140 countries for the period 2002–2018, our results show a negative

Farmers in Europe act within guidelines set by agricultural programs, market demands and biophysical constraints. At the same time, they are social actors embedded in their respective family structures and individual lifestyles and preferences. We here present the socio-ecological land-use model SECLAND that provides an improved representation of the versatility in farmer's characteristics and subsequently

Large-scale delimiting surveys are critical for detecting pest invasions and often undertaken at different governance levels. In this study, we consider two-level hierarchical planning of surveys of harmful invasive pests including a government agency with a mandate to report the spatial extent of an invasion, and regional governments (counties) concerned about the possible threat of an outbreak. The

Active forest restoration programs on western US national forests face multiple challenges to meet their broad ecological goals while designing projects that generate sufficient revenue to build and maintain private forest management capacity needed to expand the scale and scope of treatments. We explored ways to design projects where admixing of treatments along gradients of dry and moist mixed conifer

Conservation programs help mitigate the detrimental effects on ecosystems and ecosystem services (ES). However, continuous financial support is essential for their sustainability. Therefore, sustainable financing mechanisms such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are developed. Nevertheless, assessing whether substantial support could be obtained from stakeholders is critical in establishing

Abstract not available

This paper proposes a new composite indicator for the assessment of the implementation of Aichi Targets (ATCI) following a benchmarking approach simultaneously considering performance and drawbacks. ATCI is based on 37 indicators related to the 5 Aichi Strategic Goals and its aggregated scores and ranks are calculated using three BoD-DEA models to integrate performance and drawback scores for Targets

Chile is one of the ten most underfunded countries for conservation of protected areas in the world. The COVID-19 pandemic aggravated protected areas' funding situation by severely reducing tourism revenues. This paper studies whether Chilean households would be willing to support protected areas through donations or tariffs. Using a contingent valuation approach, we find that the average willingness

Implementation of effective policy instruments to reduce emissions from non-point agricultural sources has been challenging. Mussel farming has the potential to mitigate diffuse nitrogen losses from agricultural production, and a Water Quality Trading Market (WQTM) between agricultural and mussel farmers could potentially be an efficient mechanism. We simulate a hypothetical WQTM in a catchment in

Except for sleep, humans spend more of their lifetimes on work than on any other activity. Many people take for granted the centrality of work in society, conceiving the prevailing 40 h workweeks in high-income countries as a ‘natural’ configuration of time. However, work and working time have been fiercely contested phenomena and have taken many different forms throughout history as they were reshaped

The notion of sufficiency has gained considerable traction in many social sciences as well as in environmental and energy policy. However, sufficiency is not widely discussed in economics, most likely because it is seen as being hard to identify or uninteresting in the context of the standard model of rational choice. In this paper, we introduce a concept of sufficiency, which we define as a change

Sustainable farming near tropical forests can buffer ecosystems at risk of biodiversity loss. In mountainous forest frontiers however, many smallholders raise cattle using practices that degrade land, also endangering future livelihoods. Silvopasture, a type of agroforestry, enables cattle farming, biodiversity conservation and can have climate benefits. But its adoption is slow, and ambiguity remains

Agropastoral societies in Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa are facing challenges in their land use. Land shifts toward large-scale land investments have exacerbated the scarcity of pastures, thus affecting the resilience of pastoral systems. In this study, we assessed how large-scale land investments affect household resilience using data from the Living Standards Measurement Survey in Ethiopia. We

This paper documents prominent biological metaphors in ecological economics and argues that the discipline is founded on an untested assumption, essentially an analogy: The economy-as-an-organism. A transdisciplinary approach is taken to test the scientific usefulness of this analogy, and eight propositions are put forth and examined. Results show that: 1) This analogy bears all the characteristics

The breakdown of the Coffee Agreement from the International Coffee Organization in 1989 led to instability of prices in the world coffee market. Uncertainty pushed coffee producers to search for diversified income sources. With land-use change threatening environmental sustainability, UNESCO included the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape in the World Heritage (WH) List in 2011 to protect the coffee

Consumption of locally-produced food is one important contribution to promote a more sustainable economy. Several previous studies have focused on distance declarations, denoted as geographical proximity of food production, and how it affects choice. All without consensus about what distance should hold for local food. Other previous research has identified social proximity as a local-related product

Governments across the world are coming under increasing pressure to invest heavily in projects that have maturities of decades or even centuries. Key areas of concern include climate change mitigation, environmental and biodiversity protection, nuclear decommissioning, enhancing infrastructure and coastal defenses, and long-term health care management. Whether such projects are evaluated as being

This paper investigates the efficiency-restoring (= Pigovian) taxation of emissions in economies with pollution damage and consumers who are morally motivated to reduce their emissions and who are heterogeneous with respect to their degree of morality or other preference parameters. If the conventional concept of efficiency is applied that relates to the maximum utilitarian welfare disregarding the

Since the inception of the novel coronavirus, immense research efforts have been made to understand how several economic indicators, including food security, would be affected. With India racing behind the United States in terms of daily infection rate and being a country with challenging food security issues, it is important to investigate how the presence of the pandemic has influenced the dynamics

We investigate consumers’ preferences towards local and organic food via a framed field experiment involving revealed multiple discrete–continuous choices. Participants were endowed with a cash amount as a budget to purchase any desired quantity of different products. We modelled choices via the multiple discrete–continuous nested extreme value model. Central to our investigation is the test of the

To address climate change, regulators have required companies to provide more information about their environmental impact such as their greenhouse gas emissions. However, reporting choices lacking comprehensiveness, corporate report users cannot assess how much companies contribute to limiting global warming. This research presents a new problematization of the multiple facets of this phenomenon and

Evidence of marine fish stock depletion in the eastern Mediterranean Sea due to the cumulative impact of anthropogenic activities has led to new fishing limits. In the first-ever evaluation of the Israeli fish stock and fisheries resource rents with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) methodology, we apply a novel approach by combining results from scenarios of the Ecopath with Ecosim

This paper investigates the macro-economic drivers of accumulation and recycling of material capital from in-use Stock of a class of durable goods: Electrical and Electronic Equipment. This category is relevant for the European policy's objectives for its content of critical raw materials and its relevance in the Digital Agenda. A theoretical model and empirical estimations over a EU27 + UK national

Electrification of the light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet in the United States (U.S.) decreases the long-term demand for maize ethanol. This analysis assesses the consequences of accelerated penetration of electric vehicles into the U.S. LDV fleet on global food production, prices, land-use, and carbon emissions. Population and income growth are framed around Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP). The scenarios

This paper assesses how efficiently Common Agricultural Policy direct payments enhance farm incomes by applying a quantile continuous treatment effect model on the Italian Farm Accountancy Data Network sample. Adding to previous analyses, we show that income responses to direct payments are higher in large farms rather than in small farms and lower in farms benefiting from larger levels of support

A particularly visible aspect of multidimensional approaches to human development and ecological boundaries has been the elaboration of various types of indicators. But such an activity has often proceeded without much scrutiny of: (i) the theory and philosophy that underpins the multidimensional conception expressed through those indicators; and (ii) the socio-economic structure behind those indicators

Advancing the transition towards more sustainable agriculture requires policy interventions that support farmers' adoption of sustainable practices. Models can support policy-makers in developing and testing interventions. For these models to provide reliable support, their underlying assumptions need to reflect reality and hence adequately represent human decision-making. This study compares several

The global wildlife trade dates to antiquity. Recently, its harms to endangered species, animal welfare, and public health have become critical to address. The complexities of the wildlife trade are numerous, including the fact that much of the economic activity is illegal and unobserved. We find that wildlife products are used for sustenance, signaling status, medicine, and entertainment. There is

Our purpose is to review the economic impacts of Walmart's disruption of the food retailing industry. This review synthesizes the extant knowledge and research findings related to the economic impacts of Walmart's entry into, and subsequent domination of, food retailing in the United States and more broadly globally. The findings suggest five broad generalizations: ( a) Walmart's physical growth in

For over a century, starting with the work of Alfred Marshall (and also in resource economics), economic geography has emphasized the productivity of dense urban agglomerations. Yet little attention is paid to one key policy implication of economic geography's core mechanisms: Environmental policies can aid economic development, per se—not hurting the economy to help the environment but advancing both

Policy makers, regulators, and banking supervisors are increasingly assigning significant financial resources to change consumption, production, and business models to be more environmentally friendly. Effective climate risk management and sustainable economic development both require the full involvement of an economy's financial system, particularly in countries with both a well-developed banking

Marine litter pollution is a global environmental problem, found in all oceans and with substantial impacts on marine ecosystem services, maritime economic activity, public health, and aesthetics. To develop socially acceptable policies to foster behavioral change, it is necessary to understand the perceptions of practical measures to curb marine litter pollution by key stakeholders. We employ a Best-Worst

A robust body of evidence shows that air pollution exposure is detrimental to health outcomes, often measured as deaths and hospitalizations. This literature has focused less on subclinical channels that nonetheless impact behavior, performance, and skills. This article reviews the economic research investigating the causal effects of pollution on nonhealth end points, including labor productivity

This review focuses on two emerging areas of agricultural product development, namely vertical farming and alternative animal products. We note that the drivers of this type of food innovation are a combination of factors that are resource based or supply chain based or reflect shifts in tastes, preferences, and food ethics. We conclude that leafy greens produced in vertical farms are now established

This article reviews the literature at the intersection of war, armed conflict, and food security, focusing on intergroup violent conflicts such as interstate conflict, civil war, insurgencies, state violence toward civilians, riots, and nonstate conflict. We briefly discuss recent trends in conflict and food security and note the channels through which conflict may impact food security in developing

Today's societies face significant ecological and societal challenges, including climate change and economic crises. In this context, forests can be a useful resource for new innovations and products. However, increased out-take of forest resources can raise the pressure on common forest resources and increase already existing conflicts between e.g. forestry and production versus conservation. Herein

Full suppression strategies remain the dominant option in wildfire management, despite a large body of research demonstrating the ecological and economic benefits of allowing unplanned wildfires to burn under favorable conditions. Consequently, empirical research identifying and understanding the factors that contribute to these decisions within public land management agencies has become of critical

Light pollution has significantly increased in recent years, in concert with urban sprawl. Light pollution consequences for nocturnal wildlife, human health, and energy consumption are numerous but are poorly tackled in urban policies. The regulation and mitigation of light pollution is possible, but requires an important shift in the lighting paradigm, including in public lighting often managed by

Social media generates a significant amount of information in terms of perceptions, emotions, and sentiments. We present an economic analysis using the information provided by Twitter messages, describing impressions and reactions to wildfires occurring in Spain and Portugal. We use natural language processing techniques to analyze this text information. We generate a hedonometer estimate on how sentiments

Decarbonizing transport is crucial for achieving climate targets, which is challenging because mobility is growing rapidly. Personal mobility is a key societal service and basic need, but currently not available to everyone with sufficient quality and quantity. The basis for mobility and accessibility of desired destinations is infrastructure, but its build-up and maintenance require a substantial

When people are given the opportunity to avoid unpleasant information about the possible negative consequences of their self-interested behavior on others, a significant number of people tend to avoid this information. Consequently, the choice to remain ignorant to the negative implications of one's actions has been shown to substantially reduce prosocial behavior when compared to situations in which

Protected areas offer unique opportunities for recreation, but the non-market nature of these benefits presents a significant challenge when trying to represent value in the decision-making processes. The most common techniques to value recreation are based on resource-intensive primary surveys which are difficult to perform at a large scale or in remote locations. This is true in the case of Italy

Personal carbon allowances have been of considerable interest in environmental research in the last decade, yet no policy implementations have been adopted, partly due to uncertainty around the political acceptability of equal allowances. We tackled this issue by surveying public perceptions of fairness in carbon allowance allocation in urban mobility. Qualitative and quantitative inquiry data of 304