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Environment-Social-Governance Disclosures nexus between Financial Performance: A Sustainable Value Chain Approach Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-12 Neha Saini, Anjuman Antil, Angappa Gunasekaran, Kunjana Malik, Suganya Balakumar
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Solar photovoltaics can help China fulfill a net-zero electricity system by 2050 even facing climate change risks Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-11 Ling Ji, Yuxuan Wu, Lijian Sun, Xiaohu Zhao, Xiuquan Wang, Yulei Xie, Junhong Guo, Gordon Huang
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Thallium mining from industrial wastewaters enabled by a dynamic composite membrane process Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-11 Zhangxin Wang, Shanshan Liu, Hailong Zhang, Zhong Zhang, Jin Jiang, Di He, Shihong Lin
Thallium (Tl) is a rare but highly toxic element. Mineral exploitation and utilization lead to a risk of thallium (Tl) leakage to the aqueous environment, greatly threatening human health. In this study, we propose a novel Tl wastewater treatment process based on a regenerable adsorptive membrane to achieve Tl removal and recovery from industrial wastewaters. Specifically, a composite membrane was
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Recycling cathode material LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 by leaching with a deep eutectic solvent and metal recovery with antisolvent crystallization Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-11 Chunyan Ma, Michael Svärd, Kerstin Forsberg
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Resilience in the antimony supply chain Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-10 Susan van den Brink, René Kleijn, Benjamin Sprecher, Nabeel Mancheri, Arnold Tukker
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Corrigendum to <‘Don't put all your eggs in one basket: testing an integrative model of household food waste’> Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-08 Christian Bretter, Kerrie L. Unsworth, Sally V. Russell, Tom E. Quested, Aggelina Doriza, Gülbanu Kaptan
Abstract not available
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Closing the loopholes in circular economy definitions and assessments using ontological criteria, with a demonstration for Australia Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-08 Bart J.A. van Bueren, Usha Iyer-Raniga, Kevin Argus, Mark A.A.M. Leenders
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Rethinking the use of bio-based plastics to accelerate the decarbonization of our society Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-08 Antonio Suarez, Ericka Ford, Richard Venditti, Stephen Kelley, Daniel Saloni, Ronalds Gonzalez
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Management of disposable surgical masks for tackling pandemic-generated pollution: Thermo-acoustic investigations and life cycle assessment of novel recycled building panels Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-06 Claudia Fabiani, Silvia Cavagnoli, Chiara Chiatti, Anna Laura Pisello
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed people's habits, causing them to use large amounts of disposable items and exacerbating the already existing issue of pollution. One way to reduce the environmental impact of this shift in daily habits is to recycle these items, e.g. surgical masks that are the most common personal protective equipment against the virus, to produce panels for building applications
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A sustainable roadmap for additive manufacturing using geopolymers in construction industry Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Muhammad Huzaifa Raza, Ray Y. Zhong
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Sustainable building design (SBD) with reclaimed wood library constructed in collaboration with 3D scanning technology in the UK Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-06 Boyuan Yu, Adam Fingrut
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Evaluation of the carbon sequestration potential of steel slag in China based on theoretical and experimental labile Ca Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-03 Xue Wang, Xueya Lu, Connor Turvy, Gregory M. Dipple, Wen Ni
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Physics-driven digital twins to quantify the impact of pre- and postharvest variability on the end quality evolution of orange fruit Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Daniel Onwude, Flora Bahrami, Chandrima Shrivastava, Tarl Berry, Paul Cronje, Jade North, Nicola Kirsten, Seraina Schudel, Eleonora Crenna, Kanaha Shoji, Thijs Defraeye
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Environmental impact assessment of cascading use of wood in bio-fuels and bio-chemicals Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Kranti Navare, Wouter Arts, Giorgia Faraca, Gil Van den Bossche, Bert Sels, Karel Van Acker
Cascading keeps wood in products for a longer duration and delays the embedded biogenic carbon emission. Carbon is kept out of the atmosphere for longer, giving forests time to sequester equivalent amounts of carbon. The storage period and time needed to sequester the same amount of carbon affect the GWP - an aspect often overlooked in LCA. This study compares alternative wood cascading scenarios producing
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Special issue guidelines Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Zhi Cao, Ming Xu
Abstract not available
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Introducing new article type: Critical data Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Zhi Cao, Ming Xu
Abstract not available
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Learning-by-Manufacturing and Learning-by-Operating mechanisms drive energy conservation and emission reduction in China's coal power industry Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-02 Chao Zhang, Liqin Xie, Yueming (Lucy) Qiu, Shuangtong Wang
The mechanisms behind energy efficiency improvement of coal-fired power generation in China have not been well investigated. We proposed new concepts of learning-by-manufacturing (LBM) and learning-by-operating (LBO) to explain the reduced coal consumption rate of coal-fired power generation. The former results in lower initial coal consumption rates for newly commissioned electric generating units
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Greenhouse gas benefits from direct chemical recycling of mixed plastic waste Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-02 Mitchell K. van der Hulst, Anne B. Ottenbros, Bram van der Drift, Špela Ferjan, Toon van Harmelen, Anna E. Schwarz, Ernst Worrell, Rosalie van Zelm, Mark A.J. Huijbregts, Mara Hauck
Dealing with heterogeneous plastic waste – i.e., high polymer heterogeneity, additives, and contaminants – and lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from plastic production requires integrated solutions. Here, we quantified current and future GHG footprints of direct chemical conversion of heterogeneous post-consumer plastic waste feedstock to olefins, a base material for plastics. The net GHG footprint
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Acid mine drainage treatment by fertilizer drawn forward osmosis for irrigation Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-03 Jue Han, Sihao Chen, Xiaofei You, Yuan Liao, Jinhui Jeanne Huang, Abdul Ghani Razaqpur
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In-use stocks dynamic of durable goods in rural Chinese households: Spatial-temporal patterns and influencing factors Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Feng Han, Nvjie Yang, Mingxing Sun, Jingru Liu, Xiangbo Xu, Dong Yang, Feng Shi, Linxiu Zhang
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Sustainable water stewardship in China's industrial parks Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-02 Wanqiu Hu, Jinping Tian, Lyujun Chen
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Four pathways towards carbon neutrality by controlling net greenhouse gas emissions in Chinese cropland Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-03 Bin Wang, Andong Cai, Yu'e Li, Xiaobo Qin, Andreas Wilkes, Panlei Wang, Shuo Liu, Xiaoquan Zhang, Nan Zeng
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Structural material demand and associated embodied carbon emissions of the United States building stock: 2020–2100 Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-02 Jay H. Arehart, Francesco Pomponi, Bernardino D'Amico, Wil V. Srubar
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Solid waste management for the eco-efficiency assessment of energy recovery from waste in incinerators Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-08-02 Tsai-Pin Chiang, Chia-Yen Lee
This study examines energy recovery, specifically electricity generation, from waste in incineration plants. This study decomposes the incinerator system into waste treatment process and energy generation process via a two-stage network structure. We build a Russell multi-activity network data envelopment analysis (RMNDEA) model considering the weak disposability technology, and measure productivity
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Nature-based Systems (NbS) for mitigation of stormwater and air pollution in urban areas: A review Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-30 Basanta Kumar Biswal, Nanthi Bolan, Yong-Guan Zhu, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
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Toward a better understanding of virtual water trade: Comparing the volumetric and impact-oriented virtual water transfers in China Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-28 Linxiu Wu, Kai Huang, Yingying Ren, Yajuan Yu, Baorong Huang
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Macro-and/or microplastics as an emerging threat effect crop growth and soil health Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-30 Haihe Gao, Qin Liu, Changrong Yan, Karen Mancl, Daozhi Gong, Jiuxing He, Xurong Mei
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Microalgae from food agro-industrial effluent as a renewable resource for agriculture: A life cycle approach Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Thiago Abrantes Silva, Jéssica Ferreira, Jackeline de Siqueira Castro, Matheus Quintão Braga, Maria Lúcia Calijuri
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Prospective environmental assessment of reprocessing and valorization alternatives for sulfidic copper tailings Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-28 Lugas Raka Adrianto, Stephan Pfister
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High-value conversion of waste Na2SO4 by a bipolar membrane electrodialysis metathesis system Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Ming Zhu, Binghui Tian, Sheng Luo, Yongzhi Chi, Dierxiati Aishajiang, Yu Zhang, Min Yang
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Food waste interventions in low-and-middle-income countries: A systematic literature review Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-28 Heike Rolker, Mark Eisler, Laura Cardenas, Megan Deeney, Taro Takahashi
Reduction of food waste in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) can provide multi-layered benefits for their sustainable development, through improved food security, enhanced income as well as the creation of environmentally friendly secondary markets. Food systems, however, are often characterised by a complex network of actors across the value chain, where a parochial intervention at a local scale
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Environmental corporate social responsibility and pro-environmental behavior: The effect of green shared vision and personal ties Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-27 Badar Latif, Nuwan Gunarathne, James Gaskin, Tze San Ong, Mohsin Ali
Environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) has recently gained traction among academics, practitioners, and policymakers as a critical driver of sustainable development. However, the impact of ECSR on actual pro-environmental behavior remains unclear in the literature, particularly in the context of developing countries. Grounded in the social exchange and social network theories, this study
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Rheological properties of asphalt binder modified with waste polyethylene: An interlaboratory research from the RILEM TC WMR Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-27 Di Wang, Andrea Baliello, Lily Poulikakos, Kamilla Vasconcelos, Muhammad Rafiq Kakar, Gaspare Giancontieri, Emiliano Pasquini, Laurent Porot, Marjan Tušar, Chiara Riccardi, Marco Pasetto, Davide Lo Presti, Augusto Cannone Falchetto
Significant volumes of waste materials such as plastics is generated every year worldwide with a potentially harmful impact on the environment. At the same time, the demand for asphalt modifiers has seen an increase over the year with consequent higher costs for these types of additives. Therefore, combining large amounts of available waste plastics with asphalt binder as an extender or modifier would
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Poverty eradication and ecological resource security in development of the Tibetan Plateau Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-27 Ying Pan, Jin Zhu, Yanjie Zhang, Zhennan Li, Junxi Wu
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Assessing environmental services and disservices of urban street trees. an application of the emergy accounting Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-27 Aamir Mehmood Shah, Gengyuan Liu, Zhaoman Huo, Qing Yang, Wen Zhang, Fanxin Meng, Lin Yao, Sergio Ulgiati
The urban green infrastructure (UGI), with special focus on street trees, is a very complex engineered ecosystem which plays an important role in generating ecosystem services and, if improperly managed, a number of dis-services to be prevented. This study applies the Emergy Accounting method to the cost and benefit evaluation, in order to establish a non-monetary “supply-side” assessment framework
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Highly efficient and selective cesium recovery from natural brine resources using mesoporous Prussian blue analogs synthesized by ionic liquid-assisted strategy Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-26 Shangqing Chen, Yanan Dong, Honghong Wang, Jingjing Sun, Junfeng Wang, Suojiang Zhang, Haifeng Dong
The selective and efficient cesium recovery from natural brines resources is a significant and challenging issue. Here we reported a green method for the facile construction of mesoporous Prussian blue analogs (PB) through an ionic liquid-assisted strategy and used for cesium recovery from salt lake brines and geothermal water. The unique nanostructures endowed this mesoporous PB with the improved
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What are the roles of green technology innovation and ICT employment in lowering carbon intensity in China? A city-level analysis of the spatial effects Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-26 Hongye Sun
China is attempting to establish a feasible pattern for boosting economic structural transition, transforming energy structure, improving energy efficiency, and assuming responsibilities in the international community synchronously. This paper aims to investigate the nexus between green technology innovation (GTI), Information and Communication Technology (ICT) employment, and low carbon development
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Competing for food waste – Policies’ market feedbacks imply sustainability tradeoffs Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-26 Catharina Latka, Alejandro Parodi, Ollie van Hal, Thomas Heckelei, Adrian Leip, Heinz-Peter Witzke, Hannah H.E. van Zanten
Reducing food waste and reusing it as animal feed are often regarded promising solutions to enhance sustainability. Hitherto, food waste policy assessments rarely account for interdependencies between reduction and reuse interventions, and how their market - including trade - feedbacks influence sustainability outcomes. Here, we apply a global agricultural economic model to assess the impact of food
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Enhanced resource recovery from wastewater using electrochemical-osmotic system with nanofiltration membranes Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-22 Chi Wang, Meng Sun, Xianze Wang, Xuan Zhang, Yumeng Zhao, Mingxin Huo
Mining diverse resources from electroplating wastewater are critical for maximizing wastewater economic value and minimizing adverse environmental impacts. We have demonstrated an autonomous electrochemical-osmotic system (EOS), which can simultaneously recover copper metals, water, and electric energy from electroplating wastewater. In this study, we enhanced water production, electricity generation
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Experimental and numerical study of extracting silver from end-of-life c-Si photovoltaic solar cells in rotating systems Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-22 Yuanhe Yue, Yuting Zhuo, Qiyuan Li, Yansong Shen
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Quantification and spatial distribution of aluminum in-use stocks in Henan Province, China Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-22 Shupeng Li, Zhe Wang, Tingan Zhang, Qiang Yue
The accounting of aluminum in-use stocks (ALIS) has received widespread attention, but the systematic assessment of China's ALIS at the provincial level remains unclear. Based on a bottom-up approach, this study utilizes Henan Province as an example to investigate the ALIS and its spatial patterns at China's provincial level. In 2017, the total and per capita of ALIS in Henan were 12 Tg and 125 kg/capita
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Examining the trade-offs in potential retail benefits of different expiration date modes: Insights into multidimensional scenarios Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-20 Yifeng Zou, Junzhang Wu, Guanghai Liu, Mirco Piron, Andrea Fedele, Scipioni Antonio, Alessandro Manzardo
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Plastics and sustainability in the same breath: Machine learning-assisted optimization of coarse-grained models for polyvinyl chloride as a common polymer in the built environment Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-20 Hamid Ghasemi, Hessam Yazdani
The fast-growing construction industry has a vast potential to rise to the plastics challenge by using them in both primary and recycled forms as a sustainable solution to some challenges in the built environment. Improving existing plastics and developing innovative polymers and polymer nanocomposites requires knowledge of interatomic interactions and their influence on macroscopic properties. Coarse-grained
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Transprovincial water quality impacts and the environmental inequity of grey water footprint transfer in China Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Haoyuan Feng, Mengjie Yang, Peng Zeng, Yaoyi Liu, Fengyun Sun, Kun Wang, Kai Yang, Yue Che
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What predicts and prevents source separation of household food waste? An application of the theory of planned behavior Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Jessica M. Oehman, Callie W. Babbitt, Carli Flynn
Food waste is a growing global issue with widespread environmental, economic, and social impacts. Households are both a major driver of waste generation and a key enabler of solutions such as source reduction and composting. In the U.S., household food waste is still predominantly landfilled, motivating this study to understand the beliefs, experiences, and barriers that individuals face when deciding
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The out-of-this-world hype cycle: Progression towards sustainable terrestrial resource production Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-16 K.R. Moore, J. Segura-Salazar, L. Bridges, P. Diallo, K. Doyle, C. Johnson, P. Foster, N. Pollard, N. Whyte, O. Wright
The out-of-this-world hype cycle describes expectations and realities for extra-terrestrial resource production. Triggered by a technological innovation cluster in communication/automation/transport for the space industries, it inspires visions of prospecting and inter-planetary travel for economic gains. Visionary narratives are founded on (1) techno-futurism, a linear process of capital accumulation
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Measuring product-level circularity performance: An economic value-based metric with the indicator of residual value Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-15 Li Jiang, Silu Bhochhibhoya, Noud Slot, Robin de Graaf
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Carbon footprint and voting preferences of a council Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Arunima Malik, Manfred Lenzen, Joe Lane, Ka Leung Lam, Oliver Mackenzie Harding, Arne Geschke
Accounting for carbon should be undertaken at multiple scales to create awareness of the negative environmental impacts of consumption. We undertake a comprehensive consumption-based supply-chain assessment of a community's emissions for a selected council area in the Greater Sydney region of Australia using multi-regional input-output analysis, by constructing a customised input-output table with
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Urban greenhouse covering materials: Assessing environmental impacts and crop yields effects Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Joan Muñoz-Liesa, Eva Cuerva, Felipe Parada, David Volk, Santiago Gassó-Domingo, Alejandro Josa, Thomas Nemecek
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Beneficiation of Nickel from Ultramafic Ores: Using Sodium Citrate as a Green Processing Reagent Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-17 Omar Bashir Wani, Sama Manzoor, Nahid Molaei, Mohammad Shoaib, Shaihroz Khan, Hongbo Zeng, Erin R Bobicki
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Integration of sludge ozonation with anaerobic digestion: From batch testing to scenario analysis with energy, economic and environmental assessment Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-16 Arianna Catenacci, Michela Peroni, Fabian Gievers, Matia Mainardis, Eleonora Pasinetti, Francesca Malpei
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Life cycle engineering and sustainable manufacturing for net-zero targets and environmental sustainability Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-16 Wei-Qiang Chen, Michael Zwicky Hauschild, Bei-jia Huang, Sami Kara, John W. Sutherland, Yasushi Umeda
Life cycle engineering of new products and technologies must consider not just the single product and product life cycle, but also the foreseeable growth in market volume that results from increases in population and affluence, in order to allow the associated total environmental impact to be taken into account during the product development. The emphasis should not only be on eco-efficiency but also
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Corrigendum to ‘Characterization of industrial hazardous waste generation in South Korea using input-output approach’ Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-16 Daye Lee, Junbeum Kim, Hung-Suck Park
Abstract not available
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Comparing potential cost savings of energy quota trading and carbon emissions trading for China's industrial sectors Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Yanni Yu, Yuan Su, Chao Qi
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Energy-efficient microbial electrochemical lignin and alkaline hydroxide recovery from DMR black liquor Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Jinyue Jiang, Xi Chen, Xiaowen Chen, Zhiyong Jason Ren
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Advancing UN Comtrade for Physical Trade Flow Analysis: Review of Data Quality Issues and Solutions Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-15 Chuke Chen, Zhihan Jiang, Nan Li, Heming Wang, Peng Wang, Zhihe Zhang, Chao Zhang, Fengmei Ma, Yuanyi Huang, Xiaohui Lu, Jianlimin Wei, Jianchuan Qi, Wei-Qiang Chen
International trade has been considered a critical driving force of material flows and their environmental pressures, which has been a global research hotspot. The United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (UN Comtrade) is the original and probably the most widely-used data source to support the physical trade analysis. However, data discrepancies have been discovered in UN Comtrade, which
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An environmental-friendly method for recovery of soluble sodium and harmless utilization of red mud: Solidification, separation, and mechanism Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-15 Xi Lan, Jintao Gao, Xintuo Qu, Zhancheng Guo
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Overcoming barriers to supply chain decarbonization: Case studies of first movers Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-15 Abraham Zhang, Muhammad Faizan Alvi, Yu Gong, Jason X. Wang
Excess greenhouse gas emissions from human and industrial activities are believed to be the key cause of catastrophic climate change. According to the United Nations, carbon neutrality by 2050 is the world's most urgent mission. Many countries recently made commitments to this mission; however, at a supply chain level, little is known about barriers to carbon neutrality, circumventing strategies, and
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Estimating performance and savings of water leakages and unplanned water supply interruptions in drinking water providers Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-15 Maria Molinos-Senante, Alexandros Maziotis, Ramón Sala-Garrido, Manuel Mocholi-Arce
Water leakages and unplanned water supply interruptions are relevant variables in the provision of drinking water since they directly impact customers and the economic and environmental performance of water companies. For the first time, in this study, we estimated specific efficiency scores for these two quality-of-service variables using the multi-directional data envelopment analysis technique for
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Advancing UN Comtrade for Physical Trade Flow Analysis: Addressing the Issue of Outliers Resour. Conserv. Recycl. (IF 13.716) Pub Date : 2022-07-14 Zhihan Jiang, Chuke Chen, Nan Li, Heming Wang, Peng Wang, Chao Zhang, Fengmei Ma, Zhihe Zhang, Yuanyi Huang, Jianchuan Qi, Wei-Qiang Chen
The UN Comtrade is one of the most widely used data sources for physical trade analysis. However, the issue of outliers would result in misleading interpretations and biased results, limiting its applications. Assuming that no deals would be made at unreasonable prices, we define an outlier as the data record whose unit price (trade value divided by net weight) is unusually high or low. To address