Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) is a vital process regulating the terrestrial water balance. However, significant uncertainties persist in global ET estimates. Focusing on the area between 60°, we performed an intercomparison of 90 state-of-the-art ET products from 1980 to 2014. These products were obtained from various sources or methods and were grouped into six categories: remote sensing, reanalysis

Accurate evaluation of evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial for efficient agricultural water management. Data-driven models exhibit strong predictive ET capabilities, yet significant limitations like naive extrapolation hamper wider generalization. In this perspective, we explore a novel hybrid deep learning (DL) framework to integrate domain knowledge and demonstrate its potential for evaluating ET

Turbulent flows are investigated upstream of a bar rack system that is recommended as optimum in recent literature from tests with several fish species of different morphology, swimming ability, and behavior. Both two-dimensional two-component and two-dimensional three-component state-of-the-art particle image velocimetry were used to quantify and analyze hydrodynamic metrics important for downstream

Vegetation plays a crucial role in atmosphere-land water and energy exchanges, global carbon cycle and basin water conservation. Land Surface Models (LSMs) typically represent vegetation characteristics by monthly climatological indices. However, static vegetation parameterization does not fully capture time-varying vegetation characteristics, such as responses to climatic fluctuations, long-term trends

Tidal freshwater marshes are threatened by seawater intrusion globally due to freshwater discharge reduction and sea-level rise. However, terrestrial nitrate (NO3−) transport responding to seawater intrusion remains poorly understood in tidal marshes. After validation against laboratory experiments, numerical simulations were conducted to analyze seawater intrusion effects on terrestrial NO3− transport

A gradient-information-enhanced image segmentation method using convolutional neural networks is presented, and then combined with contact angle measurement to establish an automated processing workflow. For three-dimensional X-ray images, the segmentation accuracy at interfaces and sparsely distributed small objects directly influences the accuracy of the contact angle measurement. Leveraging reliable

This research investigates dynamic pricing as a demand management tool to reduce cost and increase the lifespan of water distribution systems by reducing peak hour demand. Individual consumer responses to changes in hourly water price are simulated using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data. Demand profiles are used as input to a hydraulic simulation model to evaluate the effects of changing

Long-term ice phenology records quantify the effects of climate change on Northern Hemisphere lakes. This study uses lake ice phenological records across a gradient of lake sizes (0.1–31,967.8 km2 in lake surface area) obtained from community science networks. We compiled in situ ice phenological records for 2,499 lakes across 15 countries for an average of 30 years. These data revealed that for the

We study solute-laden flow through permeable geological formations with a focus on surface reactions that lead to changes in flow and formation. As the fluid flows through the permeable medium, it reacts with the medium, thereby changing the morphology and properties of the medium; this in turn, affects the flow conditions and chemistry. These phenomena occur at various lengths and time scales and

Unfavorable fluid-fluid displacement, where a low-viscosity fluid displaces a higher-viscosity fluid in permeable media, is commonly encountered in various subsurface processes. Understanding the formation and evolution of the resulting interfacial instability can have practical benefits for engineering applications. Using gradient capillary tubes as surrogate models of permeable media, we numerically

Identifying highly channelized hydraulic conductivity fields and contaminant source parameters remains a challenging task, primarily due to the non-Gaussian nature and high dimensionality of the parameter space, as well as the computational burden caused by repeatedly running forward numerical models. This study proposes a novel deep learning parameterization method called AEdiffusion, which combines

Real-time forecasted ice information for large lakes, such as the Great Lakes, is critical for essential operations, such as ice breaking, commercial navigation, search and rescue, and oil spill response. Existing forecast products for large lake ice conditions are not available for medium-range time horizons (5–16 days out), yet they could provide important information for decision making, particularly

With rising air temperature and precipitation, water and sediment fluxes in the Source Region of the Yangtze River (SRYR) have increased since 2000s. Nonetheless, the response of braided river morphology to climate-driven water and sediment flux change is still unknown. Water bodies of 9 large braided rivers from 1990 to 2020 were extracted based on Google Earth Engine platform, and impacts of climate

Distributed hydrological water quality models are increasingly being used to manage natural resources at the catchment scale but there are no calibration guidelines for selecting the most effective gauging stations. In this study, we investigated the influence of calibration schemes on the spatiotemporal performance of a fully distributed process-based hydrological water quality model (mHM-Nitrate)

Brazil's Northeast region (BRN), especially the state of Ceará (CE), has dealt historically with severe drought events since the late 1800s, which commonly led to catastrophic impacts of mass migration and deaths of thousands of people. Throughout the last century, the “Droughts Polygon” region experienced an intense infrastructural development, with the expansion of a dense network of reservoirs.

Snowpack distribution in Arctic and alpine landscapes often occurs in repeating, year-to-year patterns due to local topographic, weather, and vegetation characteristics. Previous studies have suggested that with years of observational data, these snow distribution patterns can be statistically integrated into a snow process modeling workflow. Recent advances in snow hydrology and machine learning (ML)

Current integrated modeling frameworks for simulating nutrient sources and dynamics are inadequate for large regional watersheds dominated by groundwater-surface water interactions due to their simplistic representations of groundwater. In this study, we develop a coupled model that integrates comprehensive surface water, 3-D groundwater, soil erosion, and nutrient processes. The model is intended

No abstract is available for this article.

Around the world, water rights systems govern the allocation of water to a multitude of users. Such systems primarily come into play during times of drought, when some users have to be shorted. Yet their management during times of excess can have implications for subsequent drought impacts. This is evident in the State of Colorado, where under “free river conditions” in which there is sufficient water

Water insecurity poses a complex challenge for the western United States. Large populations are exposed and susceptible to physical and social factors that can leave them with precarious access to sufficient water supplies. Consideration of social issues by water managers can help ensure equitable supply. However, how social factors affect water insecurity conditions remains unclear. This paper reviews

It is challenging for decision-makers (DMs) to deal with uncertainties in multi-level agricultural water resource systems, where DMs independently make decisions but have different levels of power. In this paper, we model the multi-level agricultural water resources system under deep uncertainties as a Stackelberg game, use multi-level programming to solve equilibrium water allocation problems, and

Due to the coupled or interconnected relationships among frequent climate extremes, unique geological conditions, discontinuous soil distribution, rugged geomorphology, and highly heterogeneous landscapes in different karst watersheds, few studies were conducted to decouple the relative magnitudes of the climate, lithology, soil, topography, and landscape on soil erosion in karst regions. The objective

Climate warming and permafrost thaw induced land cover change are well documented in much of the circumpolar north. The extensive exposure of Precambrian continental crust in Canada's Taiga Shield ecoregion could mean impacts of land cover change documented in other regions without this feature are not transferable. This study examined energy partitioning with eddy covariance measurements, vegetation

Despite hosting ∼16% of the global freshwater and almost 50% of water resources in South America, Brazilian catchment-scale relationships between drivers and streamflow are still poorly understood. Here, we used streamflow signatures and attributes of 735 catchments from the Catchment Attributes for Brazil data set to investigate the dominant hydrological processes for the catchments. We also assess

Analyzing deep soil water use (DSWU) response to precipitation change and its impact on tree physiology is necessary to understand tree mortality mechanisms, especially in drylands. Using a process-based model parameterized with in situ measured fine root distribution data for 0–2,000 cm depth, along with a root-cutting (below 200 cm depth) numerical experiment, this study explored DSWU strategies

Bursts in water distribution systems (WDSs) lead to water wastage and negative environmental impacts. Optimizing pressure sensor placement (PSP) for effective burst detection is crucial for prompt response and adverse event mitigation. While many optimization methods are available for this purpose, their resulting PSP strategies often exhibit large variability caused by background noise or metering

The relationship between unfrozen water content and temperature, called as soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC), is of importance for hydrologic, engineering, environmental issues related to frozen soil. The SFCC of saline soil is essentially a result of phase equilibrium of pore solution, which is similar but not identical to that of bulk solution. However, there is still a vacancy of study on

During rest periods, bedload tracers can be buried, while transport can move them to locations with different bed shear stresses or a different riverbed composition. This affects the mobility of the tracers compared to that of the bedload at the location where the tracers were seeded and has so far limited the explanatory power of field tracer studies on the virtual bedload velocity. This paper proposes

Global flood mapping has developed rapidly over the past decade, but previous approaches have limited scope, function, and accuracy. These limitations restrict the applicability and fundamental science questions that can be answered with existing model frameworks. Harnessing recently available data and modeling methods, this paper presents a new global ∼30 m resolution Global Flood Map (GFM) with complete

Ephemeral streams in dry environments can convey high intensity sediment-laden flash floods. The study of these events is quite difficult due to remote locations with limited accessibility, unexpected events, rough weather conditions and safety concerns. Hence combined data of rainfall and flood hydrograph is rather scarce in the world, and null in Patagonia-South America. The Experimental Basin Arroyo

The modern Yellow River Delta (YRD) has witnessed frequent channel avulsions followed by the morphological processes of “wandering- short-lived braiding -merging” in history. However, process-based investigation and relevant physics behind these processes remain poorly constrained. The present study complements the understanding for this evolution through numerical experiments. This is achieved by

Many agricultural areas of the western United States and other parts of the world practice irrigation using a variety of irrigation methods. Maps of irrigation methods are needed but existing technologies are often unable to distinguish between different irrigation methods when they co-exist on the same landscape. In this study, we develop a deep learning irrigation methods mapping tool for broad scale

Recent European heatwaves have significantly impacted forest ecosystems, leading to increased plant water stress. Advances in land surface models aim to improve the representation of vegetation drought responses by incorporating plant hydraulics into the plant functional type (PFT) classification system. However, reliance on PFTs may inadequately capture the diverse plant hydraulic traits (PHTs), potentially

Across diverse biomes and climate types, plants use water stored in bedrock to sustain plant transpiration. Bedrock water storage (Sbedrock), in addition to soil moisture, thus plays an important role in water cycling and should be accounted for in the context of surface energy balances and streamflow generation. Yet, the extent to which bedrock water storage impacts hydrologic partitioning and influences

Determining soil hydraulic properties is complex, posing ongoing challenges in managing subsurface and agricultural practices. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is an appealing geophysical method to monitor the subsurface due to its non-invasive, easy-to-apply and cost-effective nature. However, obtaining geoelectrical tomograms from raw measurements requires the inversion of an ill-posed problem

River confluences with a compound-channel tributary are common in large river networks, for example, the Yangtze River basin and the Amazon basin. They affect the confluence hydrodynamics, nutrient depletion and fish migration in the network, due to the seasonal exposure and submergence of the tributary floodplain. The corresponding influencing mechanisms are critical but poorly understood. This study

The melt of seasonal snowpack in mountain regions provides downstream river basins with a critical supply of freshwater. Snowdrift-permitting models have been proposed as a way to accurately simulate snowpack heterogeneity that stems from differences in energy inputs, over winter redistribution, sublimation, melt, and variations in precipitation. However, these spatial scales can be computationally

Grain yield response to consumptive water use a.k.a. evapotranspiration (ETc) is a critical dimension of food-water nexus in irrigated agroecosystems. With the largest water footprint, irrigated corn production in the U.S. must be assessed for its ETc and water use efficiency (WUE) at a scale meaningful for producers and water managers. Field experiments significantly inform our understanding of how

Soil temperature regulates biogeochemical processes and is a key environmental factor affecting salt marsh ecosystems. Previous studies on soil temperature and heat transport in intertidal marshes predominantly focused on short-term changes, leaving seasonal variations unclear. This study conducted a yearlong field and modeling investigation to examine temporal and spatial temperature variations in

Cycles of wildfire and rainfall produce sediment-laden floods that pose a hazard to development and may clog or overtop protective infrastructure, including debris basins and flood channels. The compound, post-fire flood hazards associated with infrastructure overtopping and clogging are challenging to estimate due to the need to account for interactions between sequences of wildfire and storm events

The depth-wise distribution of root water uptake is typically inferred through linear mixing models that utilize knowledge of stable water isotopes in soil and plants. However, these existing models often represent the water uptake profile in discrete segments, potentially introducing significant uncertainty and bias into results. In this study, we introduced a novel root water uptake mixing model

This study assesses snow water equivalent (SWE) simulation uncertainty in the National Water Model (NWM) due to forcing and model parameterization, using data from 46 Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). We evaluated the newly developed Analysis of Record for Calibration (AORC) forcing data for SWE simulation and examined the impact of bias correction applied to AORC

Horticultural peat extraction can mobilize dissolved organic matter (DOM) and inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) to surface waters, harming aquatic ecosystems and water quality. However, it is uncertain how peat extraction affects solute concentration across hydrological and seasonal conditions and how biogeochemical processing in downstream drainage networks responds. Over two years, we

High-frequency monitoring of reservoir inundation and water storage changes is crucial for reservoir functionality assessment and hydrological model calibration. Although the integration of optical data with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscattering coefficients (backscatters) offers an effective approach, conventional methods struggle to consistently provide accurate retrievals over diverse regions

Low flow velocity disrupts the potential fish migration passages in a reservoir, and causes reservoirs to become labyrinths for migratory fish. Previous studies showed that fish migration passages in a reservoir can be restored by modifying reservoir operation. However, reservoir operating rules that are specifically designed to support fish migration have not been established, leading to low success

Satellite remote sensing enhances model predictions by providing insights into terrestrial and hydrological processes. While data assimilation techniques have proven promising, there is a lack of standardized and effective approaches for integrating multiple observations simultaneously. This study presents a novel assimilation framework, the multi-observation local ensemble-Kalman-filter (MoLEnKF)

Accurate subsurface soil moisture (SM) estimation is critical for vegetation growth, drought monitoring, and climate change mitigation, yet remains a significant challenge. Previous data assimilation (DA) approaches are limited to only surface SM assimilation. In this study, we utilized the proxy subsurface SM estimated via the exponential filter method (ExpF) as another assimilation variable in our

Groundwater return flow to streams is important for maintaining aquatic habitat and providing water to downstream users, particularly in irrigated watersheds experiencing water scarcity. However, in many agricultural regions, increased irrigation efficiency has reduced return flows and their subsequent in-stream benefits. Agricultural managed aquifer recharge (Ag-MAR)—where artificial recharge is conducted

While snowpack is the main influence on Rio Grande water year streamflow, spring hydroclimate can play a role in moderating this influence in a subset of years. Through an investigation of the relationship between winter snowpack and spring hydroclimate conditions and Rio Grande streamflow, we find low snowpack years with relatively cool, wet springs coincide with slightly above median streamflow in

Despite the growing use of Aquatic Ecosystem Models for lake modeling, there is currently no widely applicable framework for their configuration, calibration, and evaluation. Calibration is generally based on direct data comparison of observed versus modeled state variables using standard statistical techniques, however, this approach may not give a complete picture of the model's ability to capture

Drought intensity is commonly characterized using meteorologically-based metrics that do not provide insight into water deficits within deeper hydrologic systems. In contrast, global positioning system (GPS) displacements are sensitive to both local and regional hydrologic-storage fluctuations. While a few studies have leveraged this sensitivity to produce geodetic drought indices, hydrologic drought

Reservoir operations are influenced by hydroclimatic variability, reservoir characteristics (i.e., size and purpose), policy regulation, as well as operators' experiences and justification. Data-driven reservoir operation models based on long-term historical records shed light on understanding reservoir operation rules and patterns. This study applies generic data-driven reservoir operation models

Machine learning (ML) has been extensively applied in various disciplines. However, not much attention has been paid to data heterogeneity in databases and number of samples used to train ML models in hydrology. In this study, we addressed these issues and their impacts on the accuracy and reliability of ML models in the estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks. We selected 17,990 soil samples

This paper introduces a novel methodology that integrates low- and high-frequency pressure monitoring in the parts of the urban water distribution network characterized by the largest number of repairing operations. This integrated approach aims to pinpoint the source and characterize potentially dangerous pressure variations. The actual behavior of a real operational water distribution network is

In the recent past, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission and its successor GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO), have become invaluable tools for characterizing drought through measurements of Total Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA). However, the existing approaches have often overlooked the uncertainties in TWSA that stem from GRACE orbit configuration, background models, and intrinsic

The present study uses results of eddy-resolving numerical simulations to investigate the open channel flow over large clusters of freshwater mussels (Unio elongatulus) partially buried in a rough, gravel bed. The density of the mussels forming the array varies from 26 to 500 mussels/m2. The flow structure is analyzed at large distances from the leading edge of the mussel bed, where the flow can be

Evapotranspiration (ET) plays a critical role in water and energy budgets at regional to global scales. ET is composed of direct evaporation (E) and plant transpiration (T) where the latter is regulated via stomatal conductance (gsc), which depends on a multitude of plant physiological processes and hydrometeorological forcings. In recent years, significant advances have been made toward estimating

Groundwater resources play an increasingly crucial role in providing the water required to sustain the environment. However, our understanding of the state of surficial aquifers and their spatiotemporal dynamics remains poor. In this study, we demonstrate how Rayleigh wave velocity variation can be used as a direct indicator of changes in the water level of a surficial aquifer in a discontinuous permafrost