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Substrate and climate determine terrestrial litter decomposition Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Qiuxia Wu, Xiangyin Ni, Xinyao Sun, Zihao Chen, Songbai Hong, Björn Berg, Mianhai Zheng, Ji Chen, Jingjing Zhu, Ling Ai, Yichen Zhang, Fuzhong Wu
Litter decomposition is a fundamental biogeochemical process for carbon flux and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, yet the global variation in decomposition rates and their covariations with climate and substrate are not fully understood. Here, we synthesized a global dataset of 6,733 independent observations across six continents to illustrate the climatic and substrate controls over litter
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Adapting C 4 photosynthesis to atmospheric change and increasing productivity by elevating Rubisco content in sorghum and sugarcane Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Coralie E. Salesse-Smith, Noga Adar, Baskaran Kannan, Thaibinhduong Nguyen, Wei Wei, Ming Guo, Zhengxiang Ge, Fredy Altpeter, Tom E. Clemente, Stephen P. Long
Meta-analyses and theory show that with rising atmospheric [CO 2 ], Rubisco has become the greatest limitation to light-saturated leaf CO 2 assimilation rates ( A sat ) in C 4 crops. So would transgenically increasing Rubisco increase A sat and result in increased productivity in the field? Here, we successfully overexpressed the Rubisco small subunit ( RbcS ) with Rubisco accumulation factor 1 ( Raf1
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Computational and in vitro evaluation of probiotic treatments for nasal Staphylococcus aureus decolonization Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Burcu Tepekule, Weronika Barcik, Willy I. Staiger, Judith Bergadà-Pijuan, Thomas Scheier, Laura Brülisauer, Alex R. Hall, Huldrych F. Günthard, Markus Hilty, Roger D. Kouyos, Silvio D. Brugger
Despite the rising challenge of antibiotic resistance, current approaches to eradicate nasal pathobionts Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae rely on antibacterials. An alternative is the artificial inoculation of commensal bacteria, i.e., probiotic treatment, supported by the increasing evidence for commensal-mediated inhibition of pathogens. To systematically investigate the potential
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A deep learning–enabled smart garment for accurate and versatile monitoring of sleep conditions in daily life Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Chenyu Tang, Wentian Yi, Muzi Xu, Yuxuan Jin, Zibo Zhang, Xuhang Chen, Caizhi Liao, Mengtian Kang, Shuo Gao, Peter Smielewski, Luigi G. Occhipinti
In wearable smart systems, continuous monitoring and accurate classification of different sleep-related conditions are critical for enhancing sleep quality and preventing sleep-related chronic conditions. However, the requirements for device–skin coupling quality in electrophysiological sleep monitoring systems hinder the comfort and reliability of night wearing. Here, we report a washable, skin-compatible
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Allosteric genetically encoded biosensor for spatiotemporal monitoring of endogenous RNA dynamics in living cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Deyu Yuan, Huan He, William Song, Duhan Ma, Mingfeng Xie, Yuchun Wang, Jinliang Wei, Qianyu He, Yongli Bao, Yongyun Zhao
Functions of RNAs are associated with their abundance and unique subcellular localizations. RNA imaging methods for spatiotemporal monitoring of RNA dynamics would facilitate the discovery of unknown functions of RNA, yet improving RNA imaging is challenging because of limitations in methods for directly monitoring native RNA, especially the dynamics of RNA transport and concentration fluctuation.
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Bacterial polysaccharide lyase family 33: Specificity from an evolutionarily conserved binding tunnel Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Mélanie Loiodice, Elodie Drula, Zak McIver, Svetlana Antonyuk, Arnaud Baslé, Marcelo Lima, Edwin A. Yates, Dominic P. Byrne, Jamie Coughlan, Andrew Leech, Shahram Mesdaghi, Daniel J. Rigden, Sophie Drouillard, William Helbert, Bernard Henrissat, Nicolas Terrapon, Gareth S. A. Wright, Marie Couturier, Alan Cartmell
Acidic glycans are essential for the biology of multicellular eukaryotes. To utilize them, microbial life including symbionts and pathogens has evolved polysaccharide lyases (PL) that cleave their 1,4 glycosidic linkages via a β-elimination mechanism. PL family 33 (PL33) enzymes have the unusual ability to target a diverse range of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), as well as the bacterial polymer, gellan
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Geometric modeling of knitted fabrics Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Lauren Niu, Geneviève Dion, Randall D. Kamien
Knitting can turn a one-dimensional yarn into a highly ramified three-dimensional structure. As a method of additive manufacturing, it holds promise for a class of lightweight, ultrastrong materials. Here, we present a purely geometric model to predict the three-dimensional self-folding of knitted fabrics made only of the two traditional stitches, knit and purl.
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Flake production: A universal by-product of primate stone percussion Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Tomos Proffitt, Paula de Sousa Medeiros, Waldney Pereira Martins, Lydia. V. Luncz
The evolution of stone tool technology marks a significant milestone in hominin development, enabling early humans to manipulate their environments. The oldest known evidence, dating to 3.3 Ma, indicates a combination of percussive and flake production activities. Studying the archaeological signature of percussive stone tool use in living primate provides a potential analog to the origin of stone
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Scavenger endothelial cells alleviate tissue damage by engulfing toxic molecules derived from hemolysis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-11 Yimei Dai, Yunyun Jiang, Canran Cao, Yongtai Xu, Siting Lai, Wenchao Zhu, Meng Gao, Feifei Li, Sicong He, Jin Xu
Hemolysis induces tissue damage by releasing cellular contents into the plasma. It is widely accepted that hemolysis-derived toxic molecules are cleared by macrophages or metabolized in hepatocytes. In zebrafish, we found that scavenger endothelial cells (SECs), a specialized endothelium with remarkable endocytosis capability, engulf both macromolecular hemoglobin (Hb) and small molecular unconjugated
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Decoding resistance in the age of T6SS warfare. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Nicholas J Shikuma
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Photostationary state assumption seriously underestimates NOx emissions near large point sources at 10 to 60 m pixel resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Lang Chen,Zhe Song,Ningning Yao,Huan Xi,Jian Li,Peng Gao,Yulei Chen,Haoyuan Su,Yuhai Sun,Boqiong Jiang,Jianmin Chen,Yuanhang Zhang,Tong Zhu,Pengfei Li,Xiaobing Pang,Shaocai Yu
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Interrogating nucleotide sequences with AI to understand codon usage patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Assaf Elazar,Steve Mathew D A,M Madan Babu
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Reply to Chen et al.: Coarse simulations overestimate the distance to recover NO-NO2-O3 photochemical steady state in fresh NOx plumes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Daniel J Varon,Dylan Jervis,Sudhanshu Pandey,Sebastian L Gallardo,Nicholas Balasus,Laura Hyesung Yang,Daniel J Jacob
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Giant RNA genomes: Roles of host, translation elongation, genome architecture, and proteome in nidoviruses Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Benjamin W. Neuman, Alexandria Smart, Orian Gilmer, Redmond P. Smyth, Josef Vaas, Nicolai Böker, Dmitry V. Samborskiy, Ralf Bartenschlager, Stefan Seitz, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Neva Caliskan, Chris Lauber
Positive-strand RNA viruses of the order Nidovirales have the largest known RNA genomes of vertebrate and invertebrate viruses with 36.7 and 41.1 kb, respectively. The acquisition of a proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) by an ancestral nidovirus enabled crossing of the 20 kb barrier. Other factors constraining genome size variations in nidoviruses remain poorly defined. We assemble 76 genome sequences
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Ancient origin and high diversity of zymocin-like killer toxins in the budding yeast subphylum Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Padraic G. Heneghan, Letal I. Salzberg, Eoin Ó Cinnéide, Jan A. Dewald, Christina E. Weinberg, Kenneth H. Wolfe
Zymocin is a well-characterized killer toxin secreted by some strains of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis . It acts by cleaving a specific tRNA in sensitive recipient cells. Zymocin is encoded by a killer plasmid or virus-like element (VLE), which is a linear DNA molecule located in the cytosol. We hypothesized that a tRNA-cleaving toxin similar to zymocin may have caused the three parallel changes to
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Clinical evaluation of patterned dried plasma spot cards to support quantification of HIV viral load and reflexive genotyping Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Giorgio Gianini Morbioli, Keith R. Baillargeon, Monalisa N. Kalimashe, Vibha Kana, Hloniphile Zwane, Cheri van der Walt, Allison J. Tierney, Andrea C. Mora, Mark Goosen, Rivashni Jagaroo, Jessica C. Brooks, Ewaldé Cutler, Gillian Hunt, Michael R. Jordan, Alice Tang, Charles R. Mace
Quantifying viral load, a key indicator required to achieve control and elimination of the HIV epidemic, requires cell-free plasma or serum to ensure measurements are not biased by proviral DNA contained in infected CD4 T lymphocytes. Plasma separation cards (PSC) collect and preserve a dried specimen, which makes them practical solutions for decentralized sample collection and transport in limited-resource
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Reenacting a mouse genetic evolutionary arms race in yeast reveals that SLXL1/SLX compete with SLY1/2 for binding to Spindlins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Martin F. Arlt, Alyssa N. Kruger, Callie M. Swanepoel, Jacob L. Mueller
The house mouse X and Y chromosomes have recently acquired multicopy, rapidly evolving gene families representing an evolutionary arms race. This arms race between proteins encoded by X-linked Slxl1 / Slx and Y-linked Sly gene families can distort offspring sex ratio, but how these proteins compete remains unknown. Here, we report how Slxl1 / Slx and Sly encoded proteins compete in a protein family–specific
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Debiasing job ads by replacing masculine language increases gender diversity of applicant pools Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Joyce C. He, Sonia K. Kang
Job advertisements for jobs in male-dominated fields tend to contain more masculine language, and a commonly proposed intervention to increase gender diversity in applicant pools is to remove this language. In our research, we offer predictions about the broader impact of such interventions on individuals who may not “fit” with traditional masculine identity. Across four multimethod studies ( N = 37
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Inhibition of GABARAP or GABARAPL1 prevents aminoglycoside- induced hearing loss Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Jinan Li, Seung-Il Oh, Chang Liu, Bo Zhao
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are highly potent, broad-spectrum antibiotics frequently used as first-line treatments for multiple life-threatening infections. Despite their severe ototoxicity, causing irreversible hearing loss in millions of people annually, no preventive therapy has been approved. We previously reported that GABARAP and several other central autophagy proteins are essential for AG-induced
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Dynamic changes in histone lysine lactylation during meiosis prophase I in mouse spermatogenesis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Xiaoyu Zhang, Yan Liu, Ning Wang
Male germ cells, which are responsible for producing millions of genetically diverse sperm through meiosis in the testis, rely on lactate as their central energy metabolite. Recent study has revealed that lactate induces epigenetic modification in cells through histone lysine lactylation. Here, we report dynamic histone lactylation at histone H4-lysine 5 (K5), -K8, and -K12 during meiosis prophase
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Seesaw protein: Design of a protein that adopts interconvertible alternative functional conformations and its dynamics Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Toma Ikeda, Tatsuya Nojima, Souma Yamamoto, Ryusei Yamada, Tatsuya Niwa, Hiroki Konno, Hideki Taguchi
According to classical Anfinsen’s dogma, a protein folds into a single unique conformation with minimal Gibbs energy under physiological conditions. However, certain proteins may fold into two or more conformations from single amino acid sequences. Here, we designed a protein that adopts interconvertible alternative functional conformations, termed “seesaw” protein (SSP). An SSP was engineered by fusing
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Resolving the dynamic correlated disorder in KTa 1− x Nb x O 3 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Xing He, Mayanak K. Gupta, Douglas L. Abernathy, Garrett E. Granroth, Feng Ye, Barry L. Winn, Lynn Boatner, Olivier Delaire
Understanding the complex temporal and spatial correlations of ions in disordered perovskite oxides is critical to rationalize their functional properties. Here, we provide insights into the longstanding controversy regarding the off-centering of transition metal (TM) ions in the archetypal ferroelectric alloy KTa 1 − x Nb x O 3 (KTN). By mapping the full energy ( E ) and wavevector ( Q ) dependence
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Ethylene response factor SlERF.D6 promotes ripening in part through transcription factors SlDEAR2 and SlTCP12 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Yao Chen, Xin Wang, Vincent Colantonio, Zhuo Gao, Yangang Pei, Tara Fish, Jie Ye, Lance Courtney, Theodore W. Thannhauser, Zhibiao Ye, Yongsheng Liu, Zhangjun Fei, Mingchun Liu, James J. Giovannoni
Ripening is crucial for the development of fleshy fruits that release their seeds following consumption by frugivores and are important contributors to human health and nutritional security. Many genetic ripening regulators have been identified, especially in the model system tomato, yet more remain to be discovered and integrated into comprehensive regulatory models. Most tomato ripening genes have
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Machine learning–enhanced surface-enhanced spectroscopic detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the human placenta Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Oara Neumann, Yilong Ju, Andres B. Sanchez-Alvarado, Guodong Zhou, Weiwu Jiang, Bhagavatula Moorthy, Melissa A. Suter, Ankit Patel, Peter Nordlander, Naomi J. Halas
The detection and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), are essential for environmental and health monitoring, for assessing toxicological exposure and their associated health risks. PAHs/PACs are the most dangerous chemicals found in tobacco smoke, and cigarette use during pregnancy can convey these molecules to the developing
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Wholesale flat subduction of the Indian slab and northward mantle convective flow: Plateau growth and driving force of the India–Asia collision Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Jincheng Ma, Xiaodong Song, Hans-Peter Bunge, Andreas Fichtner, You Tian
The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau has been influenced by continental collision and postcollisional convergence of Indian and Eurasian plates, both of which have undoubtedly imposed their imprints on the lithosphere and upper-mantle structures beneath the collision zone. However, the mode by which the Indian Plate has subducted beneath Tibet, and its driving forces, have been highly uncertain
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Early colonization of the deep-sea bottom—The protracted build-up of an ecosystem Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Luis A. Buatois, M. Gabriela Mángano, Maximiliano Paz, Nicholas J. Minter, Kai Zhou
Our understanding of the patterns and processes behind the evolution of deep-marine ecosystems is limited because the body-fossil record of the deep sea is poor. However, that gap in knowledge may be filled as deposits are host to diverse and abundant trace fossils that record the activities of benthic deep-marine organisms. Here, we built a global dataset of trace-fossil occurrences from a comprehensive
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Identification of FSH-regulated and estrous stage–specific transcriptional networks in mouse ovaries Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Kathryn Walters, Amber Baldwin, Zhenghui Liu, Mark Larsen, Neelanjan Mukherjee, T. Rajendra Kumar
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acts by binding to FSHRs expressed on ovarian granulosa cells and produces estradiol. FSH is essential for female fertility because mice lacking FSH ( Fshb KO ) are anestrous and infertile. Although several in vitro cell culture and ex vivo approaches combined with pharmacological hormone treatment were used to identify FSH-regulated genes, how FSH orchestrates ovarian
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Thermoelastic twisting–assisted crystal jumping based on a self-healing molecular crystal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Zhihua Wang, Puxin Cheng, Wenqing Han, Rongchao Shi, Jian Xu, Yongshen Zheng, Jialiang Xu, Xian-He Bu
Adaptive crystals have attracted significant attention from solid-state chemists and crystal engineers for their promising applications in memories, capacitors, sensors, and actuators. Among them, thermosalient crystals are particularly favored thanks to their efficient energy conversions and rapid responses. However, the mechanisms for the mechanical responses of thermosalient crystals remain largely
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Bacterial species with different nanocolony morphologies have distinct flow-dependent colonization behaviors Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Kelsey M. Hallinen, Steven P. Bodine, Howard A. Stone, Tom W. Muir, Ned S. Wingreen, Zemer Gitai
Fluid flows are dominant features of many bacterial environments, and flow can often impact bacterial behaviors in unexpected ways. For example, the most common type of cardiovascular infection is heart valve colonization by gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis (endocarditis). This behavior is counterintuitive because heart valves experience high shear rates that
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Astrocytic EphA4 signaling is important for the elimination of excitatory synapses in Alzheimer’s disease Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Xin Yang, Ye Wang, Yi Qiao, Jingwen Lin, Jackie K. Y. Lau, Wing-Yu Fu, Amy K. Y. Fu, Nancy Y. Ip
Cell surface receptors, including erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular A4 (EphA4), are important in regulating hippocampal synapse loss, which is the key driver of memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the cell-specific roles and mechanisms of EphA4 are unclear. Here, we show that EphA4 expression is elevated in hippocampal CA1 astrocytes in AD conditions. Specific knockout of astrocytic
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Double assurance in the induction of axial development by egg dorsal determinants in Xenopus embryos Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Yagmur Azbazdar, Edward M. De Robertis
We recently reported that microinjection of Xenopus nodal-related ( xnr ) mRNAs into β-catenin-depleted Xenopus embryos rescued a complete dorsal axis. Xnrs mediate the signal of the Nieuwkoop center that induces the Spemann–Mangold organizer in the overlying mesoderm, a process inhibited by the Nodal antagonist Cerberus-short (CerS). However, β-catenin also induces a second signaling center in the
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Maple samaras recover autorotation following raindrop collisions Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Breanna M. Schaeffer, Tadd T. Truscott, Andrew K. Dickerson
Samaras are known for their elegant and robust autorotation, a resilience that persists in the adverse conditions imposed by high-speed raindrops. Like flying insects, samaras descending from tall trees are likely to be struck by raindrops in an intense storm. In this study, we detail the collision dynamics for impact regions across the samara body and the drop-shedding mechanisms that samaras exhibit
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Correction for Rachuri et al., Mutational analysis of an antimalarial drug target, PfATP4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07
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Identifying new classes of financial price jumps with wavelets Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Cecilia Aubrun, Rudy Morel, Michael Benzaquen, Jean-Philippe Bouchaud
We introduce an unsupervised classification framework that leverages a multiscale wavelet representation of time-series and apply it to stock price jumps. In line with previous work, we recover the fact that time-asymmetry of volatility is the major feature that separates exogenous, news-induced jumps from endogenously generated jumps. Local mean-reversion and trend are found to be two additional key
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Turbulence enhances wave attenuation of seagrass in combined wave–current flows Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Davide Vettori, Francesco Giordana, Costantino Manes
The wave attenuation properties of seagrasses are key to accurately predict how effective these plants are at protecting coasts from erosion and floods. While recent studies have significantly advanced the understanding of seagrass wave attenuation in pure-wave conditions, the presence of a current introduces several complications that have yet to be fully explored. In the present study, we quantify
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Thermal-solutal-induced bistability of evaporating multicomponent liquid thin films Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Yuki Wakata, Feng Wang, Chao Sun, Detlef Lohse
Volatile multicomponent liquid films show rich dynamics, due to the complex interplay of gradients in temperature and in solute concentrations. Here, we study the evaporation dynamics of a tricomponent liquid film, consisting of water, ethanol, and trans-anethole oil (known as “ouzo”). With the preferential evaporation of ethanol, cellular convective structures are observed both in the thermal patterns
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Robust inattentive discrete choice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Lars Peter Hansen, Jianjun Miao, Hao Xing
Rational inattention models characterize optimal decision-making in data-rich environments. In such environments, it can be costly to look carefully at all of the information. Some information is much more salient for the decision at hand and merits closer scrutiny. The inattention decision model formalizes this choice and deduces how best to navigate through the potentially vast array of data when
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Aqueous power source integrated on a microfluidic chip Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Song Yi Yeon, Yunju Kim, Chung Mu Kang, Sanguk Park, Taek Dong Chung
The growing demand for portable sensors for point-of-care (POC) and onsite health monitoring has led to significant interest in developing suitable power sources. In this study, we developed a microfluidic chip-integrated reverse electrodialysis (μRED) system for ecofriendly power generation with monolithic operation. Leveraging its fully ionic characteristic, μRED was successfully applied to an ionic
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Temperature-dependent polar lignification of a seed coat suberin layer promoting dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Lena Hyvärinen, Christelle Fuchs, Anne Utz-Pugin, Kay Gully, Christian Megies, Julia Holbein, Mayumi Iwasaki, Lara Demonsais, Maria Beatriz Capitão, Marie Barberon, Rochus B. Franke, Christiane Nawrath, Sylvain Loubéry, Luis Lopez-Molina
The seed is a landmark plant adaptation where the embryo is sheltered by a protective seed coat to facilitate dispersion. In Arabidopsis , the seed coat, derived from ovular integuments, plays a critical role in maintaining dormancy, ensuring germination occurs during a favorable season. Dormancy is enhanced by cold temperatures during seed development by affecting seed coat permeability through changes
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The genomic and epigenomic landscapes of hemizygous genes across crops with contrasting reproductive systems Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Yanling Peng, Yiwen Wang, Yuting Liu, Xinyue Fang, Lin Cheng, Qiming Long, Dalu Su, Tianhao Zhang, Xiaoya Shi, Xiaodong Xu, Qi Xu, Nan Wang, Fan Zhang, Zhongjie Liu, Hua Xiao, Jin Yao, Ling Tian, Wei Hu, Songbi Chen, Haibo Wang, Sanwen Huang, Brandon S. Gaut, Yongfeng Zhou
Hemizygous genes, which are present on only one of the two homologous chromosomes of diploid organisms, have been mainly studied in the context of sex chromosomes and sex-linked genes. However, these genes can also occur on the autosomes of diploid plants due to structural variants (SVs), such as a deletion/insertion of one allele, and this phenomenon largely unexplored in plants. Here, we investigated
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Anomalous suppression of large-scale density fluctuations in classical and quantum spin liquids Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Duyu Chen, Rhine Samajdar, Yang Jiao, Salvatore Torquato
Classical spin liquids (CSLs) are intriguing states of matter that do not exhibit long-range magnetic order and are characterized by an extensive ground-state degeneracy. Adding quantum fluctuations, which induce dynamics between these different classical ground states, can give rise to quantum spin liquids (QSLs). QSLs are highly entangled quantum phases of matter characterized by fascinating emergent
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Out-of-distribution generalization via composition: A lens through induction heads in Transformers Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Jiajun Song, Zhuoyan Xu, Yiqiao Zhong
Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 sometimes appear to be creative, solving novel tasks often with a few demonstrations in the prompt. These tasks require the models to generalize on distributions different from those from training data—which is known as out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization. Despite the tremendous success of LLMs, how they approach OOD generalization remains an open and
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Touching the classical scaling in penetrative convection Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Zhen Ouyang, Qi Wang, Kai Li, Baole Wen, Zijing Ding
The Cassini missions have identified the tiger stripes on Enceladus as the source of both thermal emission and plume jets. The hot spots in the tiger stripes are highly localized, and the plumes suggest active hydrothermal processes within the subglacial ocean of Enceladus. However, understanding the mechanism responsible for the heat anomalies in the tiger stripes remains a challenge. About 60 y ago
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HflX-mediated drug resistance through ribosome splitting and rRNA disordering in mycobacteria Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Soneya Majumdar, Amuliya Kashyap, Ravi K. Koripella, Manjuli R. Sharma, Kelley Hurst-Hess, Swati R. Manjari, Nilesh K. Banavali, Pallavi Ghosh, Rajendra K. Agrawal
HflX is a highly conserved ribosome-associated GTPase implicated in rescuing stalled ribosomes and mediating antibiotic resistance in several bacteria, including macrolide-lincosamide antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria. Mycobacterial HflXs carry a distinct N-terminal extension (NTE) and a small insertion, as compared to their eubacterial homologs. Here, we present several high-resolution cryo-EM
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Mec1-mediated Atg9 phosphorylation regulates the PAS recruitment of Atg9 vesicles upon energy stress Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Siyu Fan, Shuling Dong, Weijing Yao, Yi Zhang, Mingzhu Fan, Shan Feng, Choufei Wu, Liqin Zhang, Cong Yi
Mec1 plays an essential role in both the DNA damage response and glucose starvation–induced autophagy. We recently reported that Mec1 regulates glucose starvation–induced autophagy through its direct binding to Atg13. However, the role of Mec1’s kinase activity in autophagy remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the kinase activity of Mec1 is required for glucose starvation–induced autophagy
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Top-performing girls are more impactful peer role models than boys, teachers say Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Panagiotis Sotirakopoulos
We examine teachers’ perceptions toward top-performing students and their role model influence on others in an online survey-based experiment. We randomly expose teachers to profiles of top-performing students and inquire whether they consider the profiled top performers to be influential role models. These profiles varied by gender and field of study (STEM or Non-STEM). Our findings show that teachers
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The structure of full-length AFPK supports the ACP linker in a role that regulates iterative polyketide and fatty acid assembly Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Heidi L. Schubert, Feng Li, Christopher P. Hill, Eric W. Schmidt
The polyketide synthases (PKSs) in microbes and the cytoplasmic fatty acid synthases in humans (FASs) are related enzymes that have been well studied. As a result, there is a paradigm explaining in general terms how FASs repeatedly use a set of enzymatic domains to produce simple fats, while PKSs use the domains in a much more complex manner to produce pharmaceuticals and other elaborate molecules
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The canonical RPA complex interacts with Est3 to regulate yeast telomerase activity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Corinne A. Moeller-McCoy, Thomas A. Wieser, Johnathan W. Lubin, Abigail E. Gillespie, Jocelyn A. Ramirez, Margherita Paschini, Deborah S. Wuttke, Victoria Lundblad
In most eukaryotic organisms, cells that rely on continuous cell division employ the enzyme telomerase which replenishes chromosome termini through the addition of telomeric repeats. In budding yeast, the telomerase holoenzyme is composed of a catalytic core associated with two regulatory subunits, Est1 and Est3. The Est1 protein binds a telomere-specific RPA-like complex to recruit telomerase to chromosome
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Contextual neural dynamics during time perception in the primate ventral premotor cortex Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Héctor Díaz, Lucas Bayones, Manuel Alvarez, Bernardo Andrade-Ortega, Sebastián Valero, Antonio Zainos, Ranulfo Romo, Román Rossi-Pool
Understanding how time perception adapts to cognitive demands remains a significant challenge. In some contexts, the brain encodes time categorically (as “long” or “short”), while in others, it encodes precise time intervals on a continuous scale. Although the ventral premotor cortex (VPC) is known for its role in complex temporal processes, such as speech, its specific involvement in time estimation
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Comparative transcriptomics reveals a mixed basal, club, and hillock epithelial cell identity in castration-resistant prostate cancer Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Samuel P. Pitzen, Amber N. Rudenick, Yinjie Qiu, Weijie Zhang, Sarah A. Munro, Braedan M. McCluskey, Colleen Forster, Hannah E. Bergom, Atef Ali, Ella Boytim, John T. Lafin, Simon Linder, Mazlina Ismail, Wout Devlies, Conner J. Sessions, Frank Claessens, Steven Joniau, Gerhardt Attard, Wilbert Zwart, Peter S. Nelson, Eva Corey, Yuzhuo Wang, Joshua M. Lang, Himisha Beltran, Douglas Strand, Emmanuel
Inhibiting the androgen receptor (AR) is effective for treatment of advanced prostate cancers because of their AR-dependent luminal epithelial cell identity. Tumors progress during therapy to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by restoring AR signaling and maintaining luminal identity or by converting through lineage plasticity to a neuroendocrine (NE) identity or double-negative CRPC (DNPC)
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The ER–PM interaction is essential for cytokinesis and recruits the actin cytoskeleton through the SCAR/WAVE complex Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Zhijing Xu, Jingze Zang, Xintong Zhang, Qiwei Zheng, Yifan Li, Nadine Field, Jindriska Fiserova, Bing Hua, Xiaolu Qu, Verena Kriechbaumer, Michael J. Deeks, Patrick J. Hussey, Pengwei Wang
Plant cytokinesis requires coordination between the actin cytoskeleton, microtubules, and membranes to guide division plane formation and cell plate expansion; how these regulatory factors are coordinated remains unknown. The actin cytoskeleton assembly is controlled by several actin nucleation factors, such as the SCAR/WAVE complex, which regulates actin nucleation and branching through the activation
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tRNA selectivity during ribosome-associated quality control regulates the critical sterility-inducing temperature in two-line hybrid rice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Can Zhou, Chunyan Liu, Bin Yan, Jing Sun, Shengdong Li, Ji Li, Jia Wang, Xiahe Huang, Wei Yan, Shuying Yang, Chenjian Fu, Peng Qin, Xingxue Fu, Xinghui Zhao, Yaxian Wu, Xianwei Song, Yingchun Wang, Wenfeng Qian, Yuanzhu Yang, Xiaofeng Cao
The two-line hybrid rice system, a cutting-edge hybrid rice breeding technology, has greatly boosted global food security. In thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines, the critical sterility-inducing temperature (CSIT; the temperature at which TGMS lines change from male fertile to complete male sterile) acts as a key threshold. We recently uncovered that thermo-sensitive genic male sterility
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Extrinsic induction of apoptosis and tumor suppression via the p53–Reprimo–Hippo–YAP/TAZ–p73 pathway Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Masahiro Takikawa, Airi Nakano, Jayaraman Krishnaraj, Yuko Tabata, Yuzo Watanabe, Atsushi Okabe, Yukiko Sakaguchi, Ryoji Fujiki, Ami Mochizuki, Tomoko Tajima, Akane Sada, Shu Matsushita, Yuichi Wakabayashi, Kimi Araki, Atsushi Kaneda, Fuyuki Ishikawa, Mahito Sadaie, Rieko Ohki
Tumor progression is suppressed by inherent cellular mechanisms such as apoptosis. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer and plays a pivotal role in tumor suppression. RPRM is a target gene of p53 known to be involved in tumor suppression, but its molecular function has remained elusive. Here, we report that Reprimo (the protein product of RPRM ) is secreted