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  •   An evolutionary epigenetic clock in plants
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    N. Yao, Z. Zhang, L. Yu, R. Hazarika, C. Yu, H. Jang, L. M. Smith, J. Ton, L. Liu, J. J. Stachowicz, T. B. H. Reusch, R. J. Schmitz, F. Johannes

    Molecular clocks are the basis for dating the divergence between lineages over macroevolutionary timescales (~10 5 to 10 8 years). However, classical DNA-based clocks tick too slowly to inform us about the recent past. Here, we demonstrate that stochastic DNA methylation changes at a subset of cytosines in plant genomes display a clocklike behavior. This “epimutation clock” is orders of magnitude faster

  •   Aromatic nitrogen scanning by ipso -selective nitrene internalization
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Tyler J. Pearson, Ryoma Shimazumi, Julia L. Driscoll, Balu D. Dherange, Dong-Il Park, Mark D. Levin

    Nitrogen scanning in aryl fragments is a valuable aspect of the drug discovery process, but current strategies require time-intensive, parallel, bottom-up synthesis of each pyridyl isomer because of a lack of direct carbon-to-nitrogen (C-to-N) replacement reactions. We report a site-directable aryl C-to-N replacement reaction allowing unified access to various pyridine isomers through a nitrene-internalization

  •   Genomic signatures of disease resistance in endangered staghorn corals
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Steven V. Vollmer, Jason D. Selwyn, Brecia A. Despard, Charles L. Roesel

    White band disease (WBD) has caused unprecedented declines in the Caribbean Acropora corals, which are now listed as critically endangered species. Highly disease-resistant Acropora cervicornis genotypes exist, but the genetic underpinnings of disease resistance are not understood. Using transmission experiments, a newly assembled genome, and whole-genome resequencing of 76 A. cervicornis genotypes

  •   A Candida auris –specific adhesin, Scf1 , governs surface association, colonization, and virulence
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Darian J. Santana, Juliet A. E. Anku, Guolei Zhao, Robert Zarnowski, Chad J. Johnson, Haley Hautau, Noelle D. Visser, Ashraf S. Ibrahim, David Andes, Jeniel E. Nett, Shakti Singh, Teresa R. O’Meara

    Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen responsible for health care–associated outbreaks that arise from persistent surface and skin colonization. We characterized the arsenal of adhesins used by C. auris and discovered an uncharacterized adhesin, Surface Colonization Factor (Scf1), and a conserved adhesin, Iff4109, that are essential for the colonization of inert surfaces and mammalian hosts

  •   Integrative neurocircuits that control metabolism and food intake
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Jens C. Brüning, Henning Fenselau

    Systemic metabolism has to be constantly adjusted to the variance of food intake and even be prepared for anticipated changes in nutrient availability. Therefore, the brain integrates multiple homeostatic signals with numerous cues that predict future deviations in energy supply. Recently, our understanding of the neural pathways underlying these regulatory principles—as well as their convergence in

  •   Flight risks
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Jon Cohen

    Migratory birds efficiently ferry pathogens around the world. As a warming climate reshapes their journeys, infectious disease experts are on guard for new threats to humans

  •   A Bayesian inversion for emissions and export productivity across the end-Cretaceous boundary
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Alexander A. Cox, C. Brenhin Keller

    The end-Cretaceous mass extinction was marked by both the Chicxulub impact and the ongoing emplacement of the Deccan Traps flood basalt province. To understand the mechanism of extinction, we must disentangle the timing, duration, and intensity of volcanic and meteoritic environmental forcings. In this study, we used a parallel Markov chain Monte Carlo approach to invert for carbon dioxide (CO 2 )

  •   3D printing of inorganic nanomaterials by photochemically bonding colloidal nanocrystals
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Fu Li, Shao-Feng Liu, Wangyu Liu, Zheng-Wei Hou, Jiaxi Jiang, Zhong Fu, Song Wang, Yilong Si, Shaoyong Lu, Hongwei Zhou, Dan Liu, Xiaoli Tian, Hengwei Qiu, Yuchen Yang, Zhengcao Li, Xiaoyan Li, Linhan Lin, Hong-Bo Sun, Hao Zhang, Jinghong Li

    3D printing of inorganic materials with nanoscale resolution offers a different materials processing pathway to explore devices with emergent functionalities. However, existing technologies typically involve photocurable resins that reduce material purity and degrade properties. We develop a general strategy for laser direct printing of inorganic nanomaterials, as exemplified by more than 10 semiconductors

  •   Valley-addressable monolayer lasing through spin-controlled Berry phase photonic cavities
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Xiaoyang Duan, Bo Wang, Kexiu Rong, Chieh-li Liu, Vladi Gorovoy, Subhrajit Mukherjee, Vladimir Kleiner, Elad Koren, Erez Hasman

    The spin-valley coupling between circularly polarized light and valley excitons in transition metal dichalcogenides provides the opportunity to generate and manipulate spin information by exploiting the valley degree of freedom. Here, we demonstrate a room-temperature valley-addressable tungsten disulfide monolayer laser in which the spin of lasing is controlled by the spin of pump without magnetic

  •   Proudly nonprofit
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    H. Holden Thorp

    S cience is fortunate that so many authors seek to publish with us. We shoulder enormous responsibility from both our outsized influence on research across many fields and from the journal's impact on the careers of scientists who publish in our pages. Although there can be some cynicism about the role of highly selective “glam journals,” we understand why we are part of conversations that sometimes

  •   Fibroblasts in heart scar tissue directly regulate cardiac excitability and arrhythmogenesis
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Yijie Wang, Qihao Li, Bo Tao, Marina Angelini, Sivakumar Ramadoss, Baiming Sun, Ping Wang, Yuliya Krokhaleva, Feiyang Ma, Yiqian Gu, Alejandro Espinoza, Ken Yamauchi, Matteo Pellegrini, Bennett Novitch, Riccardo Olcese, Zhilin Qu, Zhen Song, Arjun Deb

    After heart injury, dead heart muscle is replaced by scar tissue. Fibroblasts can electrically couple with myocytes, and changes in fibroblast membrane potential can lead to myocyte excitability, which suggests that fibroblast-myocyte coupling in scar tissue may be responsible for arrhythmogenesis. However, the physiologic relevance of electrical coupling of myocytes and fibroblasts and its impact

  •   Community-wide genome sequencing reveals 30 years of Darwin’s finch evolution
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Erik D. Enbody, Ashley T. Sendell-Price, C. Grace Sprehn, Carl-Johan Rubin, Peter M. Visscher, B. Rosemary Grant, Peter R. Grant, Leif Andersson

    A fundamental goal in evolutionary biology is to understand the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. Using whole-genome data of 3955 of Darwin’s finches on the Galápagos Island of Daphne Major, we identified six loci of large effect that explain 45% of the variation in the highly heritable beak size of Geospiza fortis, a key ecological trait. The major locus is a supergene comprising four genes

  •   Handling fluorinated gases as solid reagents using metal-organic frameworks
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Kaitlyn T. Keasler, Mary E. Zick, Emily E. Stacy, Jaehwan Kim, Jung-Hoon Lee, Lida Aeindartehran, Tomče Runčevski, Phillip J. Milner

    Fluorine is an increasingly common substituent in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals because it improves the bioavailability and metabolic stability of organic molecules. Fluorinated gases represent intuitive building blocks for the late-stage installation of fluorinated groups, but they are generally overlooked because they require the use of specialized equipment. We report a general strategy for

  •   Diverse functional polyethylenes by catalytic amination
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Nicodemo R. Ciccia, Jake X. Shi, Subhajit Pal, Mutian Hua, Katerina G. Malollari, Carlos Lizandara-Pueyo, Eugen Risto, Martin Ernst, Brett A. Helms, Phillip B. Messersmith, John F. Hartwig

    Functional polyethylenes possess valuable bulk and surface properties, but the limits of current synthetic methods narrow the range of accessible materials and prevent many envisioned applications. Instead, these materials are often used in composite films that are challenging to recycle. We report a Cu-catalyzed amination of polyethylenes to form mono- and bifunctional materials containing a series

  •   Cycles of fusion and fission enabled rapid parallel adaptive radiations in African cichlids
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28
    Joana I. Meier, Matthew D. McGee, David A. Marques, Salome Mwaiko, Mary Kishe, Sylvester Wandera, Dirk Neumann, Hilary Mrosso, Lauren J. Chapman, Colin A. Chapman, Les Kaufman, Anthony Taabu-Munyaho, Catherine E. Wagner, Rémy Bruggmann, Laurent Excoffier, Ole Seehausen

    Although some lineages of animals and plants have made impressive adaptive radiations when provided with ecological opportunity, the propensities to radiate vary profoundly among lineages for unknown reasons. In Africa’s Lake Victoria region, one cichlid lineage radiated in every lake, with the largest radiation taking place in a lake less than 16,000 years old. We show that all of its ecological guilds

  •   Recovery of walking after paralysis by regenerating characterized neurons to their natural target region
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Jordan W. Squair, Marco Milano, Alexandra de Coucy, Matthieu Gautier, Michael A. Skinnider, Nicholas D. James, Newton Cho, Anna Lasne, Claudia Kathe, Thomas H. Hutson, Steven Ceto, Laetitia Baud, Katia Galan, Viviana Aureli, Achilleas Laskaratos, Quentin Barraud, Timothy J. Deming, Richie E. Kohman, Bernard L. Schneider, Zhigang He, Jocelyne Bloch, Michael V. Sofroniew, Gregoire Courtine, Mark A. Anderson

    Axon regeneration can be induced across anatomically complete spinal cord injury (SCI), but robust functional restoration has been elusive. Whether restoring neurological functions requires directed regeneration of axons from specific neuronal subpopulations to their natural target regions remains unclear. To address this question, we applied projection-specific and comparative single-nucleus RNA sequencing

  •   Manipulating mitochondrial electron flow enhances tumor immunogenicity
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Kailash Chandra Mangalhara, Siva Karthik Varanasi, Melissa A. Johnson, Mannix J. Burns, Gladys R. Rojas, Pau B. Esparza Moltó, Alva G. Sainz, Nimesha Tadepalle, Keene L. Abbott, Gaurav Mendiratta, Dan Chen, Yagmur Farsakoglu, Tenzin Kunchok, Filipe Araujo Hoffmann, Bianca Parisi, Mercedes Rincon, Matthew G. Vander Heiden, Marcus Bosenberg, Diana C. Hargreaves, Susan M. Kaech, Gerald S. Shadel

    Although tumor growth requires the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), the relative contribution of complex I (CI) and complex II (CII), the gatekeepers for initiating electron flow, remains unclear. In this work, we report that the loss of CII, but not that of CI, reduces melanoma tumor growth by increasing antigen presentation and T cell–mediated killing. This is driven by succinate-mediated

  •   Reproductive outcomes after pregnancy-induced displacement of preexisting microchimeric cells
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Tzu-Yu Shao, Jeremy M. Kinder, Gavin Harper, Giang Pham, Yanyan Peng, James Liu, Emily J. Gregory, Bryan E. Sherman, Yuehong Wu, Alexandra E. Iten, Yueh-Chiang Hu, Abigail E. Russi, John J. Erickson, Hilary Miller-Handley, Sing Sing Way

    Pregnancy confers partner-specific protection against complications in future pregnancy that parallel persistence of fetal microchimeric cells (FMcs) in mothers after parturition. We show that preexisting FMcs become displaced by new FMcs during pregnancy and that FMc tonic stimulation is essential for expansion of protective fetal-specific forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)–positive regulatory T cells (T reg

  •   Solid-solvent processing of ultrathin, highly loaded mixed-matrix membrane for gas separation
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Guining Chen, Cailing Chen, Yanan Guo, Zhenyu Chu, Yang Pan, Guozhen Liu, Gongping Liu, Yu Han, Wanqin Jin, Nanping Xu

    Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) that combine processable polymer with more permeable and selective filler have potential for molecular separation, but it remains difficult to control their interfacial compatibility and achieve ultrathin selective layers during processing, particularly at high filler loading. We present a solid-solvent processing strategy to fabricate an ultrathin MMM (thickness less

  •   Endogenous CO 2 ice mixture on the surface of Europa and no detection of plume activity
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    G. L. Villanueva, H. B. Hammel, S. N. Milam, S. Faggi, V. Kofman, L. Roth, K. P. Hand, L. Paganini, J. Stansberry, J. Spencer, S. Protopapa, G. Strazzulla, G. Cruz-Mermy, C. R. Glein, R. Cartwright, G. Liuzzi

    Jupiter’s moon Europa has a subsurface ocean beneath an icy crust. Conditions within the ocean are unknown, and it is unclear whether it is connected to the surface. We observed Europa with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to search for active release of material by probing its surface and atmosphere. A search for plumes yielded no detection of water, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethane, or methane

  •   Solid-state batteries: The critical role of mechanics
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Sergiy Kalnaus, Nancy J. Dudney, Andrew S. Westover, Erik Herbert, Steve Hackney

    Solid-state batteries with lithium metal anodes have the potential for higher energy density, longer lifetime, wider operating temperature, and increased safety. Although the bulk of the research has focused on improving transport kinetics and electrochemical stability of the materials and interfaces, there are also critical challenges that require investigation of the mechanics of materials. In batteries

  •   The distribution of CO 2 on Europa indicates an internal source of carbon
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Samantha K. Trumbo, Michael E. Brown

    Jupiter’s moon Europa has a subsurface ocean, the chemistry of which is largely unknown. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has previously been detected on the surface of Europa, but it was not possible to determine whether it originated from subsurface ocean chemistry, was delivered by impacts, or was produced on the surface by radiation processing of impact-delivered material. We mapped the distribution of CO

  •   A regional approach to save the Amazon
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Marielos Peña-Claros, Carlos Nobre

    Early in August this year, a high-profile summit was held in Belém, Brazil, where the eight Amazonian countries discussed the future of the Amazon. The nations recognized that the Amazon is very close to reaching a tipping point for turning into a degraded ecosystem. The result of their discussions was the Belém Declaration, an ambitious plan to protect and conserve the Amazon forests and to support

  •   Reducing cartel recruitment is the only way to lower violence in Mexico
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Rafael Prieto-Curiel, Gian Maria Campedelli, Alejandro Hope

    Mexican cartels lose many members as a result of conflict with other cartels and incarcerations. Yet, despite their losses, cartels manage to increase violence for years. We address this puzzle by leveraging data on homicides, missing persons, and incarcerations in Mexico for the past decade along with information on cartel interactions. We model recruitment, state incapacitation, conflict, and saturation

  •   Mother Nature’s playground: Sometimes in the wild it is all about fun
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Terrie M. Williams

    From surfboard-stealing sea otters to sailboat-chomping killer whales, the summer of 2023 was a landmark year of wild animal antics. Why is wildlife suddenly interacting with humans and their toys in this way? Speculation and headlines have espoused theories about learned behaviors due to enticements with food, increased intrusion, and proximity of humans in wild habitats, as well as aberrant animal

  •   Impacts of metal mining on river systems: a global assessment
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    M. G. Macklin, C. J. Thomas, A. Mudbhatkal, P. A. Brewer, K. A. Hudson-Edwards, J. Lewin, P. Scussolini, D. Eilander, A. Lechner, J. Owen, G. Bird, D. Kemp, K. R. Mangalaa

    An estimated 23 million people live on floodplains affected by potentially dangerous concentrations of toxic waste derived from past and present metal mining activity. We analyzed the global dimensions of this hazard, particularly in regard to lead, zinc, copper, and arsenic, using a georeferenced global database detailing all known metal mining sites and intact and failed tailings storage facilities

  •   Short tandem repeats bind transcription factors to tune eukaryotic gene expression
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Connor A. Horton, Amr M. Alexandari, Michael G. B. Hayes, Emil Marklund, Julia M. Schaepe, Arjun K. Aditham, Nilay Shah, Peter H. Suzuki, Avanti Shrikumar, Ariel Afek, William J. Greenleaf, Raluca Gordân, Julia Zeitlinger, Anshul Kundaje, Polly M. Fordyce

    Short tandem repeats (STRs) are enriched in eukaryotic cis -regulatory elements and alter gene expression, yet how they regulate transcription remains unknown. We found that STRs modulate transcription factor (TF)–DNA affinities and apparent on-rates by about 70-fold by directly binding TF DNA-binding domains, with energetic impacts exceeding many consensus motif mutations. STRs maximize the number

  •   Disequilibrating azobenzenes by visible-light sensitization under confinement
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Julius Gemen, Jonathan R. Church, Tero-Petri Ruoko, Nikita Durandin, Michał J. Białek, Maren Weißenfels, Moran Feller, Miri Kazes, Magdalena Odaybat, Veniamin A. Borin, Rishir Kalepu, Yael Diskin-Posner, Dan Oron, Matthew J. Fuchter, Arri Priimagi, Igor Schapiro, Rafal Klajn

    Photoisomerization of azobenzenes from their stable E isomer to the metastable Z state is the basis of numerous applications of these molecules. However, this reaction typically requires ultraviolet light, which limits applicability. In this study, we introduce disequilibration by sensitization under confinement (DESC), a supramolecular approach to induce the E -to- Z isomerization by using light of

  •   Structural basis for inactivation of PRC2 by G-quadruplex RNA
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-21
    Jiarui Song, Anne R. Gooding, Wayne O. Hemphill, Brittney D. Love, Anne Robertson, Liqi Yao, Leonard I. Zon, Trista E. North, Vignesh Kasinath, Thomas R. Cech

    Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) silences genes through trimethylation of histone H3K27. PRC2 associates with numerous precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with a binding preference for G-quadruplex RNA. In this work, we present a 3.3-Å-resolution cryo–electron microscopy structure of PRC2 bound to a G-quadruplex RNA. Notably, RNA mediates the dimerization of PRC2

  •   Accurate proteome-wide missense variant effect prediction with AlphaMissense
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-19
    Jun Cheng, Guido Novati, Joshua Pan, Clare Bycroft, Akvilė Žemgulytė, Taylor Applebaum, Alexander Pritzel, Lai Hong Wong, Michal Zielinski, Tobias Sargeant, Rosalia G. Schneider, Andrew W. Senior, John Jumper, Demis Hassabis, Pushmeet Kohli, Žiga Avsec

    The vast majority of missense variants observed in the human genome are of unknown clinical significance. We present AlphaMissense, an adaptation of AlphaFold fine-tuned on human and primate variant population frequency databases to predict missense variant pathogenicity. By combining structural context and evolutionary conservation, our model achieves state-of-the-art results across a wide range of

  •   Powerful, soft combustion actuators for insect-scale robots
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-18
    Cameron A. Aubin, Ronald H. Heisser, Ofek Peretz, Julia Timko, Jacqueline Lo, E. Farrell Helbling, Sadaf Sobhani, Amir D. Gat, Robert F. Shepherd

    Insects perform feats of strength and endurance that belie their small stature. Insect-scale robots—although subject to the same scaling laws—demonstrate reduced performance because existing microactuator technologies are driven by low–energy density power sources and produce small forces and/or displacements. The use of high–energy density chemical fuels to power small, soft actuators represents a

  •   Presynaptic Ube3a E3 ligase promotes synapse elimination through down-regulation of BMP signaling
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Kotaro Furusawa, Kenichi Ishii, Masato Tsuji, Nagomi Tokumitsu, Eri Hasegawa, Kazuo Emoto

    Inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase Ube3a causes the developmental disorder Angelman syndrome, whereas increased Ube3a dosage is associated with autism spectrum disorders. Despite the enriched localization of Ube3a in the axon terminals including presynapses, little is known about the presynaptic function of Ube3a and mechanisms underlying its presynaptic localization. We show that developmental synapse

  •   Conserved γδ T cell selection by BTNL proteins limits progression of human inflammatory bowel disease
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Robin J. Dart, Iva Zlatareva, Pierre Vantourout, Efstathios Theodoridis, Ariella Amar, Shichina Kannambath, Philip East, Timothy Recaldin, John C. Mansfield, Christopher A. Lamb, Miles Parkes, Peter M. Irving, Natalie J. Prescott, Adrian C. Hayday

    Murine intraepithelial γδ T cells include distinct tissue-protective cells selected by epithelial butyrophilin-like (BTNL) heteromers. To determine whether this biology is conserved in humans, we characterized the colonic γδ T cell compartment, identifying a diverse repertoire that includes a phenotypically distinct subset coexpressing T cell receptor Vγ4 and the epithelium-binding integrin CD103.

  •   MEG3 activates necroptosis in human neuron xenografts modeling Alzheimer’s disease
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Sriram Balusu, Katrien Horré, Nicola Thrupp, Katleen Craessaerts, An Snellinx, Lutgarde Serneels, Dries T’Syen, Iordana Chrysidou, Amaia M. Arranz, Annerieke Sierksma, Joel Simrén, Thomas K. Karikari, Henrik Zetterberg, Wei-Ting Chen, Dietmar Rudolf Thal, Evgenia Salta, Mark Fiers, Bart De Strooper

    Neuronal cell loss is a defining feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We xenografted human or mouse neurons into the brain of a mouse model of AD. Only human neurons displayed tangles, Gallyas silver staining, granulovacuolar neurodegeneration (GVD), phosphorylated tau blood biomarkers, and considerable neuronal cell loss. The long noncoding RNA MEG3 was

  •   Architecture of the MKK6-p38α complex defines the basis of MAPK specificity and activation
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Pauline Juyoux, Ioannis Galdadas, Dorothea Gobbo, Jill von Velsen, Martin Pelosse, Mark Tully, Oscar Vadas, Francesco Luigi Gervasio, Erika Pellegrini, Matthew W. Bowler

    The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38α is a central component of signaling in inflammation and the immune response and is, therefore, an important drug target. Little is known about the molecular mechanism of its activation by double phosphorylation from MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks), because of the challenge of trapping a transient and dynamic heterokinase complex. We applied a multidisciplinary

  •   As artificial intelligence goes multimodal, medical applications multiply
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Eric J. Topol

    Machines don’t have eyes, but you wouldn’t know that if you followed the progression of deep learning models for accurate interpretation of medical images, such as x-rays, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, pathology slides, and retinal photos. Over the past several years, there has been a torrent of studies that have consistently demonstrated how powerful “machine

  •   Songbird species that display more-complex vocal learning are better problem-solvers and have larger brains
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Jean-Nicolas Audet, Mélanie Couture, Erich D. Jarvis

    Complex vocal learning, a critical component of human spoken language, has been assumed to be associated with more-advanced cognitive abilities. Tests of this hypothesis between individuals within a species have been inconclusive and have not been done across species. In this work, we measured an array of cognitive skills—namely, problem-solving, associative and reversal learning, and self-control—across

  •   Future generations are watching
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Sudip Parikh

    In many ways, the current US scientific enterprise is the intellectual descendant of 87 scientists who gathered in Philadelphia 175 years ago to establish the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, the publisher of Science ). They joined disparate, scattered scientific disciplines to identify and address key challenges of the day. Today’s research community and AAAS itself are reflections

  •   Edge learning using a fully integrated neuro-inspired memristor chip
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Wenbin Zhang, Peng Yao, Bin Gao, Qi Liu, Dong Wu, Qingtian Zhang, Yuankun Li, Qi Qin, Jiaming Li, Zhenhua Zhu, Yi Cai, Dabin Wu, Jianshi Tang, He Qian, Yu Wang, Huaqiang Wu

    Learning is highly important for edge intelligence devices to adapt to different application scenes and owners. Current technologies for training neural networks require moving massive amounts of data between computing and memory units, which hinders the implementation of learning on edge devices. We developed a fully integrated memristor chip with the improvement learning ability and low energy cost

  •   Neuromedin U programs eosinophils to promote mucosal immunity of the small intestine
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Yu Li, Shaorui Liu, Kewen Zhou, Yinsheng Wang, Yan Chen, Wen Hu, Shuyan Li, Hui Li, Yan Wang, Qiuying Wang, Danyang He, Heping Xu

    Eosinophils are granulocytes that play an essential role in type 2 immunity and regulate multiple homeostatic processes in the small intestine (SI). However, the signals that regulate eosinophil activity in the SI at steady state remain poorly understood. Through transcriptome profiling of eosinophils from various mouse tissues, we found that a subset of SI eosinophils expressed neuromedin U (NMU)

  •   Atomic faulting induced exceptional cryogenic strain hardening in gradient cell–structured alloy
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Qingsong Pan, Muxin Yang, Rui Feng, Andrew Chihpin Chuang, Ke An, Peter K. Liaw, Xiaolei Wu, Nairong Tao, Lei Lu

    Coarse-grained materials are widely accepted to display the highest strain hardening and the best tensile ductility. We experimentally report an attractive strain hardening rate throughout the deformation stage at 77 kelvin in a stable single-phase alloy with gradient dislocation cells, that even surpasses coarse-grained counterparts. Contrary to conventional understanding, the exceptional strain hardening

  •   Science needed now, for action
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Csaba Kőrösi, Johannes Cullmann

    At the beginning of the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA 77) in September 2022, UN members agreed to design and implement solutions to guarantee food, water, and education for all; improve human development; reform the global financial system; secure a healthy environment; and embark on a path toward a less unjust global society. Transformative solutions are needed to respond

  •   The Batten disease gene product CLN5 is the lysosomal bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate synthase
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14
    Uche N. Medoh, Andy Hims, Julie Y. Chen, Ali Ghoochani, Kwamina Nyame, Wentao Dong, Monther Abu-Remaileh

    Lysosomes critically rely on bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) to stimulate lipid catabolism, cholesterol homeostasis, and lysosomal function. Alterations in BMP levels in monogenic and complex neurodegeneration suggest an essential function in human health. However, the site and mechanism responsible for BMP synthesis have been subject to debate for decades. Here, we report that the Batten disease

  •   Modulation of the proteostasis network promotes tumor resistance to oncogenic KRAS inhibitors
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Xiangdong Lv, Xuan Lu, Jin Cao, Qin Luo, Yao Ding, Fanglue Peng, Apar Pataer, Dong Lu, Dong Han, Eric Malmberg, Doug W. Chan, Xiaoran Wang, Sara R. Savage, Sufeng Mao, Jingjing Yu, Fei Peng, Liang Yan, Huan Meng, Laure Maneix, Yumin Han, Yiwen Chen, Wantong Yao, Eric C. Chang, Andre Catic, Xia Lin, George Miles, Pengxiang Huang, Zheng Sun, Bryan Burt, Huamin Wang, Jin Wang, Qizhi Cathy Yao, Bing Zhang

    Despite substantial advances in targeting mutant KRAS, tumor resistance to KRAS inhibitors (KRASi) remains a major barrier to progress. Here, we report proteostasis reprogramming as a key convergence point of multiple KRASi-resistance mechanisms. Inactivation of oncogenic KRAS down-regulated both the heat shock response and the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) branch of the unfolded protein response

  •   A type 2 immune circuit in the stomach controls mammalian adaptation to dietary chitin
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Do-Hyun Kim, Yilin Wang, Haerin Jung, Rachael L. Field, Xinya Zhang, Ta-Chiang Liu, Changqing Ma, James S. Fraser, Jonathan R. Brestoff, Steven J. Van Dyken

    Dietary fiber improves metabolic health, but host-encoded mechanisms for digesting fibrous polysaccharides are unclear. In this work, we describe a mammalian adaptation to dietary chitin that is coordinated by gastric innate immune activation and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). Chitin consumption causes gastric distension and cytokine production by stomach tuft cells and group 2 innate lymphoid

  •   Lifelong restructuring of 3D genome architecture in cerebellar granule cells
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Longzhi Tan, Jenny Shi, Siavash Moghadami, Bibudha Parasar, Cydney P. Wright, Yunji Seo, Kristen Vallejo, Inma Cobos, Laramie Duncan, Ritchie Chen, Karl Deisseroth

    The cerebellum contains most of the neurons in the human brain and exhibits distinctive modes of development and aging. In this work, by developing our single-cell three-dimensional (3D) genome assay—diploid chromosome conformation capture, or Dip-C—into population-scale (Pop-C) and virus-enriched (vDip-C) modes, we resolved the first 3D genome structures of single cerebellar cells, created life-spanning

  •   Implantable bioelectronic systems for early detection of kidney transplant rejection
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Surabhi R. Madhvapathy, Jiao-Jing Wang, Heling Wang, Manish Patel, Anthony Chang, Xin Zheng, Yonggang Huang, Zheng J. Zhang, Lorenzo Gallon, John A. Rogers

    Early-stage organ transplant rejection can be difficult to detect. Percutaneous biopsies occur infrequently and are risky, and measuring biomarker levels in blood can lead to false-negative and -positive outcomes. We developed an implantable bioelectronic system capable of continuous, real-time, long-term monitoring of the local temperature and thermal conductivity of a kidney for detecting inflammatory

  •   Reducing single-use cutlery with green nudges: Evidence from China’s food-delivery industry
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Guojun He, Yuhang Pan, Albert Park, Yasuyuki Sawada, Elaine S. Tan

    Rising consumer demand for online food delivery has increased the consumption of disposable cutlery, leading to plastic pollution worldwide. In this work, we investigate the impact of green nudges on single-use cutlery consumption in China. In collaboration with Alibaba’s food-delivery platform, Eleme (which is similar to Uber Eats and DoorDash), we analyzed detailed customer-level data and found that

  •   Neurodegeneration enters the era of functional genomics
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Adriano Aguzzi, Martin Kampmann

    There are no cures for the most common neurodegenerative diseases. None of the currently approved treatments cure or halt these conditions; rather, they address symptoms or slow disease progression. A focus on protein deposits in the brain—a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD)—has led to the development of immunotherapy drugs. Other promising avenues of investigation include

  •   Embed equity throughout innovation
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Keith A. Wailoo, Victor J. Dzau, Keith R. Yamamoto

    The social benefit of technologies is frequently unevenly realized across the United States. Rural communities, individuals with disabilities, and historically marginalized groups face out-of-reach costs or lack access to products that meet their needs. Blame is typically placed on complicated regulatory processes or complex delivery systems, but this response neglects the problem that equity is not

  •   Widespread shifts in body size within populations and assemblages
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Inês S. Martins, Franziska Schrodt, Shane A. Blowes, Amanda E. Bates, Anne D. Bjorkman, Viviana Brambilla, Juan Carvajal-Quintero, Cher F. Y. Chow, Gergana N. Daskalova, Kyle Edwards, Nico Eisenhauer, Richard Field, Ada Fontrodona-Eslava, Jonathan J. Henn, Roel van Klink, Joshua S. Madin, Anne E. Magurran, Michael McWilliam, Faye Moyes, Brittany Pugh, Alban Sagouis, Isaac Trindade-Santos, Brian J.

    Biotic responses to global change include directional shifts in organismal traits. Body size, an integrative trait that determines demographic rates and ecosystem functions, is thought to be shrinking in the Anthropocene. Here, we assessed the prevalence of body size change in six taxon groups across 5025 assemblage time series spanning 1960 to 2020. Using the Price equation to partition this change

  •   Oxidative addition of an alkyl halide to form a stable Cu(III) product
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Yongrui Luo, Yuli Li, Jian Wu, Xiao-Song Xue, John F. Hartwig, Qilong Shen

    The step that cleaves the carbon-halogen bond in copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions remains ill defined because of the multiple redox manifolds available to copper and the instability of the high-valent copper product formed. We report the oxidative addition of α-haloacetonitrile to ionic and neutral copper(I) complexes to form previously elusive but here fully characterized copper(III) complexes

  •   Cross-coupling by a noncanonical mechanism involving the addition of aryl halide to Cu(II)
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Connor P. Delaney, Eva Lin, Qinan Huang, Isaac F. Yu, Guodong Rao, Lizhi Tao, Ana Jed, Serena M. Fantasia, Kurt A. Püntener, R. David Britt, John F. Hartwig

    Copper complexes are widely used in the synthesis of fine chemicals and materials to catalyze couplings of heteroatom nucleophiles with aryl halides. We show that cross-couplings catalyzed by some of the most active catalysts occur by a mechanism not previously considered. Copper(II) [Cu(II)] complexes of oxalamide ligands catalyze Ullmann coupling to form the C–O bond in aryl ethers by concerted oxidative

  •   Kupffer cell–like syncytia replenish resident macrophage function in the fibrotic liver
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Moritz Peiseler, Bruna Araujo David, Joel Zindel, Bas G. J. Surewaard, Woo-Yong Lee, Felix Heymann, Ysbrand Nusse, Fernanda V. S. Castanheira, Raymond Shim, Adrien Guillot, Alix Bruneau, Jawairia Atif, Catia Perciani, Christina Ohland, Priyanka Ganguli Mukherjee, Annika Niehrs, Roland Thuenauer, Marcus Altfeld, Mathias Amrein, Zhaoyuan Liu, Paul M. K. Gordon, Kathy McCoy, Justin Deniset, Sonya MacParland

    Kupffer cells (KCs) are localized in liver sinusoids but extend pseudopods to parenchymal cells to maintain their identity and serve as the body’s central bacterial filter. Liver cirrhosis drastically alters vascular architecture, but how KCs adapt is unclear. We used a mouse model of liver fibrosis and human tissue to examine immune adaptation. Fibrosis forced KCs to lose contact with parenchymal

  •   Carbon-doped metal oxide interfacial nanofilms for ultrafast and precise separation of molecules
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07
    Bratin Sengupta, Qiaobei Dong, Rajan Khadka, Dinesh Kumar Behera, Ruizhe Yang, Jun Liu, Ji Jiang, Pawel Keblinski, Georges Belfort, Miao Yu

    Membranes with molecular-sized, high-density nanopores, which are stable under industrially relevant conditions, are needed to decrease energy consumption for separations. Interfacial polymerization has demonstrated its potential for large-scale production of organic membranes, such as polyamide desalination membranes. We report an analogous ultrafast interfacial process to generate inorganic, nanoporous

  •   Fluctuating Atlantic inflows modulate Arctic atlantification
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-31
    Igor V. Polyakov, Randi B. Ingvaldsen, Andrey V. Pnyushkov, Uma S. Bhatt, Jennifer A. Francis, Markus Janout, Ronald Kwok, Øystein Skagseth

    Enhanced warm, salty subarctic inflows drive high-latitude atlantification, which weakens oceanic stratification, amplifies heat fluxes, and reduces sea ice. In this work, we show that the atmospheric Arctic Dipole (AD) associated with anticyclonic winds over North America and cyclonic winds over Eurasia modulates inflows from the North Atlantic across the Nordic Seas. The alternating AD phases create

  •   The future of ocean health
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-31
    Robert Richmond, Ken Buesseler

    Human and environmental health are inextricably linked. Yet ocean ecosystem health is declining because of anthropogenic pollution, overexploitation, and the effects of global climate change. These problems affect billions of people dependent on oceans for their lives, livelihoods, and cultural practices. The importance of ocean health is recognized by scientists, managers, policy-makers, nongovernmental

  •   Observations of a black hole x-ray binary indicate formation of a magnetically arrested disk
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-31
    Bei You, Xinwu Cao, Zhen Yan, Jean-Marie Hameury, Bozena Czerny, Yue Wu, Tianyu Xia, Marek Sikora, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Pu Du, Piotr T. Zycki

    Accretion of material onto a black hole drags any magnetic fields present inwards, increasing their strength. Theory predicts that sufficiently strong magnetic fields can halt the accretion flow, producing a magnetically arrested disk (MAD). We analyzed archival multiwavelength observations of an outburst from the black hole x-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 in 2018. The radio and optical fluxes were delayed

  •   Wild pedigrees inform mutation rates and historic abundance in baleen whales
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-31
    Marcos Suárez-Menéndez, Martine Bérubé, Fabrício Furni, Vania E. Rivera-León, Mads-Peter Heide-Jørgensen, Finn Larsen, Richard Sears, Christian Ramp, Britas Klemens Eriksson, Rampal S. Etienne, Jooke Robbins, Per J. Palsbøll

    Phylogeny-based estimates suggesting a low germline mutation rate (μ) in baleen whales have influenced research ranging from assessments of whaling impacts to evolutionary cancer biology. We estimated μ directly from pedigrees in four baleen whale species for both the mitochondrial control region and nuclear genome. The results suggest values higher than those obtained through phylogeny-based estimates

  •   A machine-learning tool to predict substrate-adaptive conditions for Pd-catalyzed C–N couplings
    Science (IF 56.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-31
    N. Ian Rinehart, Rakesh K. Saunthwal, Joël Wellauer, Andrew F. Zahrt, Lukas Schlemper, Alexander S. Shved, Raphael Bigler, Serena Fantasia, Scott E. Denmark

    Machine-learning methods have great potential to accelerate the identification of reaction conditions for chemical transformations. A tool that gives substrate-adaptive conditions for palladium (Pd)–catalyzed carbon-nitrogen (C–N) couplings is presented. The design and construction of this tool required the generation of an experimental dataset that explores a diverse network of reactant pairings across

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