Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium), especially its varieties, is the red petal yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium var. purpurea), an important tree species with great ornamental value, and its flower petals change color throughout the flowering period. In this study, we mainly focused on the mechanism of the petal color change with transcriptomics and metabolomics data. A phased chromosome-scale

The nuclear-encoded factors and the photosynthetic apparatus have been studied extensively during chloroplast biogenesis. However, many questions regarding these processes remain unanswered, particularly in perennial woody plants. As a model material of woody plants, poplar not only has very significant value of research, but also possesses economic and ecological properties. This study reports the

Bacterial proliferation causes stem bending, which shortens the vase life of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. F.). We investigated the effect of an antimicrobial compound on the symptoms of ornamental value loss using 8 gerbera cultivars. In five different cultivars, the vase life of 11–44% and 11% cut flowers held in distilled water and antimicrobial solution, respectively, was terminated

Cucumbers are frequently subjected to heat stress (HS) during the summer, which severely limits their growth and fruit yield and quality. Soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance the abiotic stress tolerance of host plants, but it is unclear whether and how soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance the HS tolerance of cucumber. This work aimed to assess the effects of an arbuscular

Grapevine powdery mildew is caused by Erysiphe necator that seriously harms grape production in the world. Stilbene synthase makes phytoalexins that contribute to the resistance of grapevine against powdery mildew. A novel VqNSTS3 was identified and cloned from Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis accession Danfeng-2. Novel VqNSTS3 was transferred into susceptible ‘Thompson Seedless’ by Agrobacterium-mediated

‘Chinese Cling’ is an important founder in peach breeding history due to the pleasant flavor. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) combined with genomic selection (GS) are promising tools in fruit tree breeding, as there is a considerable time lapse between crossing and release of a cultivar. In this study, 242 peaches from Shanghai germplasm were genotyped with 145,456 single nucleotide polymorphisms

Mulberry is a fundamental component of the global sericulture industry, and its positive impact on our health and the environment cannot be overstated. However, the mulberry reference genomes reported previously remained unassembled or unplaced sequences. Here, we report the assembly and analysis of the telomere-to-telomere gap-free reference genome of the mulberry species, Morus notabilis, which has

WRKY transcription factor plays important roles in plant growth and resistance, but only a few members have been identified in strawberry. Here we identified a WRKY transcription factor FvWRKY50 in diploid strawberry which played essential roles in strawberry vegetative growth and reproductive growth. Knocking out FvWRKY50 by genome editing accelerated flowering time and leaf senescence but delayed

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a model medicinal plant with significant economic and medicinal value. Its roots produce a group of diterpenoid lipophilic bioactive components, termed tanshinones. Biosynthesis and regulation of tanshinones has attracted widespread interest. However, the methylome of S. miltiorrhiza has not been analyzed and the regulatory mechanism of DNA methylation in tanshinone production

Salvia miltiorrhiza and S. grandifolia are rich in diterpenoids and have therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the spatial distribution of diterpenoids in both species was analyzed by a combination of metabolomics and mass spectrometry imaging techniques. The result indicated that diterpenoids in S. miltiorrhiza were mainly abietane-type norditerpenoid quinones with a furan

Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), the main form of flavones in citrus, are derived from the flavone branch of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Flavone synthases (FNSs) are enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of flavones from flavanones. However, the FNS in citrus has not been characterized yet. Here, we identified two type II FNSs, designated CitFNSII-1 and CitFNSII-2, based on phylogenetics and

Melaleuca bracteata F. Muell. is among the most significant aromatic plants belonging to the Myrtaceae family, and its essential oil has various biological activities. However, the key enzymes involved in essential oil biosynthesis and their expression patterns are not clearly understood. Appropriate reference genes are required for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), sensitive

The present experiment was conducted to map resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) race 2 in a highly resistant Citrullus lanatus accession (EC794421). For this purpose, a F2:3 population was developed by crossing a susceptible accession BIL-53 with EC794421. The F2:3 progenies were screened in two bioassays employing artificial inoculation of conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia per

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has a long cultivation history in China, and is well-loved for its unique flavor, health benefits, and beautiful symbol. However, handling redundant genetic information from a large number of germplasms is inefficient for breeding program of pomegranate, so it is necessary to construct a core set with minimal germplasm sampling and maximal genetic diversity. In this

Paeonia ostii T. Hong & J. X. Zhang (Paeoniaceae), a traditional ornamental and medicinal plant, is used as a new oil tree crop in China, but its cultivation is greatly hindered by seed dormancy. By using an alternating temperature stratification assay, the present study investigated seed germination of P. ostii. Seeds of P. ostii did not germinate under low temperature, and produced the root but not

Water deficit is a challenge for apple (Malus domestica) growth and productivity worldwide, and improving water use efficiency (WUE) is important for apple plants to adapt to arid climates. RAD23 (RADIATION SENSITIVE23) proteins are a group of UBL-UBA (ubiquitin-like-ubiquitin-associated) proteins that shuttle ubiquitylated proteins to the 26S proteasome for breakdown. Here, we explored the biological

Melastoma candidum D. Don is widely distributed in South China. However, its application in the garden industry is not ideal due to its sole flower color; thus, its color needs urgent improvement. In this study, we conducted high throughput transcriptome sequencing for circular RNA (circRNA), mRNA, small RNA (sRNA), and widely targeted metabolome in flowers at three developmental stages. RNA expression

In the present study, we compared our previously identified elite walnut selection JWSP06 (Parbat) with other walnut selections from the region. Based on DUS (distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability) characterization, Parbat is high yielding late maturing selection with superior quality nut and kernel traits. This selection is also resistant to walnut anthracnose. Recently the Parbat was notified

Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is one of the important tropical and subtropical fruit trees of the genus Ziziphus Mill. Most cultivars of Ber keep green throughout fruit development while its close relative Chinese jujube (Z. jujuba Mill.) changes the color from green to red in all cultivars. However, the lack of transcriptomic and genomic information limits our insights into the molecular mechanisms

Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) is a typical evergreen nut crop with a large amount of racemes. During the development of its racemes, two infructescences of different growth potential, bearing the distinctly different fruit-setting ability and rachis size, can often be found in the trees. However, knowledge about the formation mechanism of these two types of infructescences is

Fear of crime significantly reduces people’s time–space access to and use of public space, notably in high-crime neighborhoods where concerns around personal safety are more acute. One widely used strategy to reduce fear of crime is the regeneration of the built environment. However, tension remains on whether this strategy is effective, and if it is, then where, which and for whom public space interventions

Cities’ environmental factors are pivotal for the quality of life of the population, and green space is increasingly recognized as a significant environmental factor in this regard. In this analysis, we study the contribution of green space to happiness in a mid-sized city in the Global South. We use a population survey and open satellite imagery to assess the relationship between self-reported happiness

Chestnut crop is regaining its fame worldwide with powerful investment perspectives. Unluckily the climate change effects are posing high threat to its cultivation with less available resources and increased production cost both in traditional and specialized orchards. Additionally, the chestnut physiological knowledge is still limited, especially as concern the burr development (i.e., the economical

Green infrastructure is an increasingly popular urban sustainability strategy, widely promoted for its ability to provide multiple benefits. We examined 120 planning documents from 19 U.S. cities to identify if and how the stated benefits that cities use within their rationales for green infrastructure programs (rationale statements) align with the criteria used to site green infrastructure at the

The pear is an economic fruit that is widely planted around the world and is loved by people for its rich nutritional value. Autophagy is a self-protection mechanism in eukaryotes, and its occurrence often accompanied by the degradation of damaged substances in cells and the recycling of nutrients. Autophagy is one of the mechanisms through which plants respond to environmental stress and plays an

Thousands of long-distance mobile mRNAs were identified from different grafting systems, based on high-throughput sequencing technology. Moreover, the long-distance delivery of RNAs was proved to involve multiple mechanisms. Here, we analyzed the homology, motif, and tRNA-like structures (TLS) of long-distance mobile mRNAs identified by RNA-seq as well as the RNA binding proteins (RBP) in nine grafting

The high salt concentration in soils depresses crop growth and saline soil reclamation. An appropriate irrigation method is essential to alleviate water shortage and promote wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) cultivation in saline soils. Subsurface irrigation with ceramic emitters (SICE) is a novel technique that maintains a stable soil water environment through adaptive outflow and holds a beneficial

Boron (B) deficiency and H+toxicity are two prominent factors that severly restrict trifoliate seedlings growth in acid soil. Exogenous B can support to mitigate the harm of H+toxicity, however, research on the protective mechanism and the impact of physiological processes in citrus is limited. To fill the above gaps, the current study was performed on trifoliate rootstock using two pH levels (pH 4

“High mountain, cloud and mist produce high-quality tea”; however, the specific mechanism has not been fully understood. To explore the influence of environmental factors on the quality of tea fresh leaves, we firstly selected the same variety of tea plant growing at different altitudes in Xuan'en County, China. And then, based on the analyses of the physical and chemical properties of the soil where

Salinity is a major abiotic stress factor affecting crop plants' growth, development, and yield in many areas of the world, which may greatly influence the world's food security in the future. It is therefore a must to understand and unmask the crop salinity tolerance mechanisms to find biomarkers that can be utilized in developing crop species resistant to high salinity. Anthocyanins are a class of

Development in natural areas is a leading threat to biodiversity. Global conservationists have called for the expansion of protected areas to preserve wildlands that are free from buildings, and in the U.S., the ‘America the Beautiful’ initiative aims to protect 30% of land and water areas by 2030 (known as the ‘30x30’ target). Here, we determined opportunities and limitations for conservation in the

The spatial implications of urban parks for residents’ mental health have attracted significant attention in the context of rapid urbanization and spatial reconstruction. While previous studies have examined park access in residential areas and mental health, direct evidence on the impact of park features in workplaces has been limited. This paper focuses on the association between mental health and

Strawberry is a major fruit crop worldwide because its nutritional and health benefits to human health, but its productivity is limited by Botrytis cinerea. Sucrose nonfermentation 1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) has a defense function against pathogens, but the function of SnRK1 in the defense response to B. cinerea in plants is still unclear. In this study, FaSnRK1α-OE and RNAi fruits were constructed

Tropical flowers species of high commercial importance such as heliconia, if grown in semi-arid regions, can have their photosynthesis compromised and, consequently, flower production, due to high irradiation. Foliar applications of kaolin and the mineral nutrients boron and zinc may be an alternative for reducing the harmful effects of light stress. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate

Aeration drip irrigation (ADI) promotes crop growth and productivity, possibly by changing soil microorganisms. However, the impact of ADI on soil microbial communities, especially changes in the archaea community, remain unclear. We conducted a three-season tomato field experiment in Shouguang, China, to investigate changes in soil archaeal communities under three dissolved oxygen concentrations (10

Basil is susceptible to stressful conditions, of which salinity is a major problem in agriculture, causing significant yield losses. Biostimulants can be used as stress reducers and can be used for sustainable agriculture. Genovese-type 'Marian' basil and Greek-type 'Manos' basil were grown under 100 mM NaCl salt stress conditions and treated with a hydrolyzed animal protein-based biostimulant (as

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), as a plant growth regulator, which is involves in many morphological and physiological processes, plays an important role in defense systems of plants under stress conditions. However, the roles of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of enhancing salt tolerance of okra plants based on application of MeJA is poorly understood. In this study, the application of the investigated

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most expensive spice in the world. Its organoleptic properties are mainly dictated by the apocarotenoids crocins (dyeing capacity), picrocrocin (pleasant taste), and safranal (scent). Cultivation of saffron in controlled conditions with beneficial microorganisms may increase its profitability. In this study saffron was grown in hydroponics under a greenhouse with

Previous green space equity studies have relied on access measures, such as the distance to, number of, or size of green spaces and have produced mixed results on green space disparities in the U.S. While the benefits of green spaces can be fulfilled when people visit them, attention to the differential use of green spaces has been less common. We examined green space inequalities using traditional

Dopamine has demonstrated promise as a stress-relief substance. However, the function of dopamine in Cd tolerance and its mechanism remains largely unknown. The current study was performed to investigate the mechanism of dopamine on alleviating apple Cd stress through regular application of CdCl2 and dopamine solution to potting soil. The results indicated that dopamine significantly reduced reactive

This study investigates the diversity of neighborhood types in which green spaces, particularly parks, are either concentrated or sparsely distributed across different segments of society in New York City. Using a latent profile analysis, the study presents a probabilistic classification of neighborhood typologies based on various combinations of multiple explanatory factors related to their socioeconomic

“The Great Acceleration” poses serious challenges to land managers, policy makers, and all who are interested in the global sustainability of socioecological systems. Methods that can effectively address the uncertainty of the future to allow more robust and adaptive planning and management are urgently needed. We present a case study from northeastern Minnesota to highlight how strategic foresight

Abiotic stress reduces plant yield and quality. WRKY transcription factors play key roles in abiotic stress responses in plants, but the molecular mechanisms by which WRKY transcription factors mediate responses to drought and osmotic stresses in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) remain unclear. Here, we functionally characterized the apple Group III WRKY gene MdWRKY115. qRT-PCR analysis showed that

Jujube witches’ broom (JWB) caused by phytoplasma has a severely negative effect on multiple metabolisms in jujube. The GST gene family in plants participates in the regulation of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aims to identify and reveal the changes in the jujube GST gene family in response to phytoplasma infection. Here, 70 ZjGSTs were identified in the jujube genome and divided

Sweet watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) grafting with complementary rootstocks is necessary for new variety design and to enhance product profiles, including fruit yield and quality and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.. Integrated selection of successful watermelon grafts using multiple traits ensures breeding and economic gains. Therefore, the objective of this study was to undertake

Terpenoids are the main components contributing to the fragrance of Lilium ‘Siberia’, and LiTPS2 plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids. Although the major terpene synthases in Lilium ‘Siberia’ have been identified, how these TPS genes are transcriptionally regulated remains elusive in this distinguished flower. This study aimed to identify transcription factors that regulate the

A short ripening stage, multiple large seeds per fruit, and anthracnose disease seriously restrict the loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) industry. To obtain breeding germplasm of loquat with multiple ideal traits, a wild Eriobotrya species, E. cavaleriei (2n=2x=34), which flowers in late spring and early summer and whose fruits ripen in autumn, was used as the male parent to produce triploid plants from

The modulation of plant secondary metabolism by the manipulation of nutrient solution (NS) electrical conductivity and biostimulant application has the potential to increase crop growth and the content of bioactive compounds, thus ameliorating the qualitative attributes of vegetables. A Graminaceae-derived protein hydrolysate (pH) and its molecular fractions PH1 (>10 kDa), PH2 (1 < x <10 kDa) and PH3

Tomato is attacked by numerous insects that can cause loss of fruit and leaves and even the death of the plant. Plant herbivory by insect pests is considered the biggest cause of losses in tomato crops, representing between 20 and 30% of total production in developing countries. The tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) is among the most important predators frequently found in commercial tomato crops in

Xibei tree peony is a distinctive cultivar group that features the red-purple blotches in petals. Interestingly, the pigmentation of blotches and non-blotches is largely independent of one another. The underlying molecular mechanism had attracted lots of attention from investigators, but was still uncertain. Our present work demonstrated the factors that closely related to the blotch formation of Paeonia

The dwarfing rootstocks-mediated high-density apple orchard is becoming the main practice management. Currently, dwarfing rootstocks are widely used worldwide, but their shallow root system and drought sensitivity necessitate high irrigation requirements. Here, the root transcriptome and metabolome of dwarfing (M9-T337, a drought-sensitive rootstock) and vigorous rootstocks (Malus sieversii, a drought-tolerant

Environmental changes derived from global warming and human activities increase the intensity and frequency of stressful conditions for plants. Multiple abiotic factors acting simultaneously enhance stress pressure and drastically reduce plant growth, yield and survival. Stress combination causes a specific stress situation that induces a particular plant response different to the sum of responses

Tree peony (Paeonia rockii) is an excellent woody oilseed crop, known for its high α-linolenic acid (ALA, ~45%) content, which is of great value for human health. However, the mechanisms underlying this high-level ALA accumulation in tree peony seeds are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the dynamic changes in the lipidomic profile of P. rockii seeds during development. A total of 760

Frederiksberg is a small affluent metropolitan municipality within the city of Copenhagen at risk of urban flooding. Because Frederiksberg is characterised as resourceful, socio-political stable and has a high-quality infrastructure, disaster management organisations working with flood risk management are challenged when defining, targeting and including ‘vulnerable groups’ within this small urban

VIGS (Virus-induced gene silencing), a method for posttranscriptional gene silencing, is an effective technique for investigating the activities of genes in plants. Since there is no report for available VIGS system in Styrax japonicus, the application of a VIGS approach that results in a gene knockdown to study gene function is limited. In this study, we compared the characteristics that could affect