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Black and Latinx workers reap lower rewards than White workers from years spent working in big cities Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Maximilian Buchholz, Michael Storper
The large labor markets of big cities offer greater possibilities for workers to gain skills and experience through successively better employment opportunities. This “experience effect” contributes to the higher average wages that are found in big cities compared to the economy as a whole. Racial wage inequality is also higher in bigger cities than in the economy on average. We offer an explanation
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Fixational eye movements as active sensation for high visual acuity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Trang-Anh E. Nghiem, Jenny L. Witten, Oscar Dufour, Wolf M. Harmening, Rava Azeredo da Silveira
Perception and action are inherently entangled: our world view is shaped by how we explore our environment through complex and variable self-motion. Even when fixating stable stimuli, our eyes undergo small, involuntary movements. Fixational eye movements (FEM) render a stable world jittery on our retinae, which can be expected to harm neural coding. Yet, empirical evidence suggests that FEM help rather
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Intracranial substrates of meditation-induced neuromodulation in the amygdala and hippocampus Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Christina Maher, Lea Tortolero, Soyeon Jun, Daniel D. Cummins, Adam Saad, James Young, Lizbeth Nunez Martinez, Zachary Schulman, Lara Marcuse, Allison Waters, Helen S. Mayberg, Richard J. Davidson, Fedor Panov, Ignacio Saez
Meditation is an accessible mental practice associated with emotional regulation and well-being. Loving-kindness meditation (LKM), a specific subtype of meditative practice, involves focusing one’s attention on thoughts of well-being for oneself and others. Meditation has been proven to be beneficial in a variety of settings, including therapeutic applications, but the neural activity underlying meditative
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Biochemical and structural bases for talin ABSs–F-actin interactions Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Christian Biertümpfel, Yurika Yamada, Victor Vasquez-Montes, Thien Van Truong, A. King Cada, Naoko Mizuno
Focal adhesions (FAs) are large intracellular macromolecular assemblies that play a critical role in cell polarization and migration. Talin serves as a direct connection between integrin receptor and actomyosin cytoskeleton within FAs. Talin contains three actin-binding sites (ABS1-3) that engage discreetly during the development of FAs, thus acting as a critical player in FA initiation and maturation
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The revised elastic field of an edge dislocation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 J. P. Hirth, P. M. Anderson
We modify the traditional linear-elastic field of an edge dislocation. The modifications stem from symmetry and energy requirements imposed in terms of embedded (deformed) coordinates. These requirements are satisfied if a line force is added to the dislocation field. The modification to the stress field is expressed by coefficients that are a function only of Poisson’s ratio. Qualitatively, the field
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Human beauty illustrates the economic impact of heritable physical traits Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Daniel S. Hamermesh, Anwen Zhang
Intergenerational transmission of inequality is a central question in the social sciences. We use one trait, beauty, to infer how much parents’ physical characteristics transmit inequality across generations. Analyses of a large-scale longitudinal dataset in the United States, and a much smaller dataset of Chinese parents and children, show that increases in parents’ looks are associated with increases
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Uncovering the hidden RNA virus diversity in Lake Nam Co: Evolutionary insights from an extreme high-altitude environment Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Lilin Wu, Yongqin Liu, Wenqing Shi, Tianyi Chang, Pengfei Liu, Keshao Liu, Yong He, Zhaorong Li, Mang Shi, Nianzhi Jiao, Andrew S. Lang, Xiyang Dong, Qiang Zheng
Alpine lakes, characterized by isolation, low temperatures, oligotrophic conditions, and intense ultraviolet radiation, remain a poorly explored ecosystem for RNA viruses. Here, we present the first comprehensive metatranscriptomic study of RNA viruses in Lake Nam Co, a high-altitude alkaline saline lake on the Tibetan Plateau. Using a combination of sequence- and structure-based homology searches
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Identification of a central regulator of ginkgolide biosynthesis in Ginkgo biloba that integrates jasmonate and light signaling Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Jinfa Du, Zhen Zhao, Lingqi Jin, Lijin Huang, Dian Jin, Xiaoyan Zheng, Qiaolei Wang, Wenbo Xu, Huijun Guo, Xinyue Xing, Raphael N. Alolga, Lam-Son Phan Tran, Luis Rafael Herrera-Estrella, Ping Li, Xiaojian Yin, Xu Lu
Ginkgolides are secondary metabolites unique to Ginkgo biloba with the potential to prevent and treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although the biosynthetic pathways of ginkgolides have been partly uncovered, the mechanism regulating their biosynthesis is still largely unknown. Here, using multiomic and genetic analyses, we report the identification of a transcription factor, named
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Impact of APOE , Klotho, and sex on cognitive decline with aging Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Kengo Shibata, Cheng Chen, Xin You Tai, Sanjay G. Manohar, Masud Husain
The effects of apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) and Klotho genes, both implicated in aging, on human cognition as a function of sex and age are yet to be definitively established. Here, we showed in the largest cohort studied to date ( N = 320,861) that APOE homozygous ε4 carriers had a greater decline in cognition with aging compared to ε3 carriers (ε3/ε4 and ε3/ε3) as well as smaller hippocampi and amygdala
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Engineering drive–selection balance for localized population suppression with neutral dynamics Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Katie Willis, Austin Burt
While the release of sterile males has been highly successful in suppressing some pest populations, it is impractical for many species due to the males disappearing after a single generation, necessitating large, repeated releases to maintain sufficient impact. Synthetic gene drives promise more efficient approaches since they can increase in frequency from rare, yet this also allows them to spread
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Spatial propagation of temperate phages within and among biofilms Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 James B. Winans, Lanying Zeng, Carey D. Nadell
Bacteria form groups composed of cells and a secreted polymeric matrix that controls their spatial organization. These groups—termed biofilms—can act as refuges from environmental disturbances and from biotic threats, including phages. Despite the ubiquity of temperate phages and bacterial biofilms, live propagation of temperate phages within biofilms has not been characterized on cellular spatial
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Creation, stabilization, and investigation at ambient pressure of pressure-induced superconductivity in Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Liangzi Deng, Busheng Wang, Clayton Halbert, Daniel J. Schulze, Melissa Gooch, Trevor Bontke, Ting-Wei Kuo, Xin Shi, Shaowei Song, Nilesh Salke, Hung-Duen Yang, Zhifeng Ren, Russell J. Hemley, Eva Zurek, Rohit P. Prasankumar, Ching-Wu Chu
In light of breakthroughs in superconductivity under high pressure, and considering that record critical temperatures (T c s) across various systems have been achieved under high pressure, the primary challenge for higher T c should no longer solely be to increase T c under extreme conditions but also to reduce, or ideally eliminate, the need for applied pressure in retaining pressure-induced or -enhanced
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Observed declines in upper ocean phosphate-to-nitrate availability Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Skylar D. Gerace, Jun Yu, J. Keith Moore, Adam C. Martiny
Climate warming is increasing ocean stratification, which in turn should decrease the nutrient flux to the upper ocean. This may slow marine primary productivity, causing cascading effects throughout food webs. However, observing changes in upper ocean nutrients is challenging because surface concentrations are often below detection limits. We show that the nutricline depth, where nutrient concentrations
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Variable transduction of thyroid hormone signaling in structures of the mouse brain Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Richárd Sinkó, Federico Salas-Lucia, Petra Mohácsik, Emese Halmos, Gábor Wittmann, Péter Egri, Barbara M. L. C. Bocco, Alice Batistuzzo, Tatiana L. Fonseca, Csaba Fekete, Antonio C. Bianco, Balázs Gereben
L-thyroxine (L-T4) monotherapy is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism, administered daily to normalize TSH levels. Once absorbed, T4 is converted to T3 to alleviate most symptoms. However, this treatment abnormally elevates plasma T4 levels in over 50% of patients. Using L-T4-treated Thyroid Hormone (TH) Action Indicator mice, which express a T3-regulated luciferase (Luc) reporter, we examined
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Activation-induced thrombospondin-4 works with thrombospondin-1 to build cytotoxic supramolecular attack particles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Chiara Cassioli, Nagaja Capitani, Claire C. Staton, Claudia Schirra, Francesca Finetti, Anna Onnis, Nadia Alawar, Szu-Min Tu, Ludovica Lopresti, Vanessa Tatangelo, Carmela Tangredi, Salvatore Valvo, Hsin-Fang Chang, Annachiara Miccoli, Ewoud B. Compeer, Jemma Nicholls, Bruce R. Blazar, Giuseppe Marotta, Matthew J. A. Wood, Livio Trentin, Laura Patrussi, Michael L. Dustin, Ute Becherer, Cosima T. Baldari
Cytotoxic attack particles released by CTLs and NK cells include diverse phospholipid membrane and glycoprotein encapsulated entities that contribute to target cell killing. Supramolecular attack particles (SMAPs) are one type of particle characterized by a cytotoxic core enriched in granzymes and perforin surrounded by a proteinaceous shell including thrombospondin (TSP)-1. TSP-4 was also detected
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Circadian clock control of interactions between eIF2α kinase CPC-3 and GCN1 with ribosomes regulates rhythmic translation initiation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Ebimobowei O. Preh, Manuel A. Ramirez, Sidharth Mohan, Chanté R. Guy, Deborah Bell-Pedersen
Misregulation of the activity of GCN2, the kinase that phosphorylates and inactivates translation initiation factor eIF2α, has been implicated in several health disorders, underscoring the need to determine the mechanisms controlling GCN2 activation. During nutrient starvation, increased uncharged tRNA levels trigger GCN1 and GCN20 proteins to mediate the binding of uncharged tRNA to GCN2 to activate
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Human MAIT cell response profiles biased toward IL-17 or IL-10 are distinct effector states directed by the cytokine milieu Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Caroline Boulouis, Elli Mouchtaridi, Thomas R. Müller, Jeffrey Y. W. Mak, David P. Fairlie, Peter Bergman, Jakob Michaëlsson, Jonas Halfvarson, Jenny Mjösberg, Marcus Buggert, Johan K. Sandberg
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T cells that mediate rapid antimicrobial immune responses to antigens derived from microbial riboflavin pathway metabolites presented by the evolutionarily conserved MR1 molecules. MAIT cells represent a large pre-expanded T cell subset in humans and are involved in both protective immunity and inflammatory immunopathology. However, what
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Spatial Patterning Analysis of Cellular Ensembles (SPACE) finds complex spatial organization at the cell and tissue levels Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Edward C. Schrom, Erin F. McCaffrey, Vivek Sreejithkumar, Andrea J. Radtke, Hiroshi Ichise, Armando Arroyo-Mejias, Emily Speranza, Leanne Arakkal, Nishant Thakur, Spencer Grant, Ronald N. Germain
Spatial patterns of cells and other biological elements drive physiologic and pathologic processes within tissues. While many imaging and transcriptomic methods document tissue organization, discerning these patterns is challenging, especially when they involve multiple elements in complex arrangements. To address this challenge, we present Spatial Patterning Analysis of Cellular Ensembles (SPACE)
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Yet another twist to the regulation of the TGF-β family ligands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Marko Hyvönen
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Light's hidden power: Vacuum fluctuations reshape superconductivity from within. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 T F Nova,A D Caviglia
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The Regulatory-associated protein of target of rapamycin 1B (RAPTOR 1B) interconnects with the photoperiod pathway to promote flowering in Arabidopsis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Reynel Urrea-Castellanos, Maria J. Calderan-Rodrigues, Anthony Artins, Magdalena Musialak-Lange, Appanna Macharanda-Ganesh, Alisdair R. Fernie, Vanessa Wahl, Camila Caldana
The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, or floral transition, is a tightly regulated, energy-demanding process. In Arabidopsis , the interplay of light perception and circadian rhythms detects changes in photoperiod length, accelerating flowering under long days (LD). CONSTANS (CO), a transcription factor, upregulates FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in leaves during dusk. The FT protein then
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The estimated cost of preventing extinction and progressing recovery for Australia’s priority threatened species Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Michelle Ward, Hugh P. Possingham, Brendan A. Wintle, John C. Z. Woinarski, Jessica R. Marsh, David G. Chapple, Mark Lintermans, Ben C. Scheele, Nick S. Whiterod, Conrad J. Hoskin, Bora Aska, Chuanji Yong, Ayesha Tulloch, Romola Stewart, James E. M. Watson
The global extinction crisis is intensifying rapidly, driven by habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, invasive species, and disease. This unprecedented loss of species not only threatens ecological integrity but also undermines ecosystem services vital for human survival. In response, many countries have set ambitious conservation targets such as halting species extinctions, yet the necessary
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Bonobos point more for ignorant than knowledgeable social partners Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Luke A. Townrow, Christopher Krupenye
Numerous uniquely human phenomena, from teaching to our most complex forms of cooperation, depend on our ability to tailor our communication to the knowledge and ignorance states of our social partners. Despite four decades of research into the “theory of mind” capacities of nonhuman primates, there remains no evidence that primates can communicate on the basis of their mental state attributions, to
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Spatiotemporal distribution of the North American Indigenous population prior to European contact Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Robert L. Kelly, Madeline E. Mackie, Spencer R. Pelton, Erick Robinson
We examine spatiotemporal trends in the pre-European-contact Indigenous population of North America using radiocarbon ( 14 C) dates of the past 2000 y. At a continental scale, the Indigenous population of the past ~14,000 y peaked at ~1150 CE and then declined until a brief recovery shortly before 1500 CE, after which 14 C probability declines precipitously. After testing, we reject the hypothesis
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A 5,000-fold increase in the HAT reactivity of a nonheme Fe IV =O complex simply by replacing two pyridines of the pentadentate N4Py ligand with pyrazoles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Nabhendu Pal, Jin Xiong, Mehmet Jahja, Sami Mahri, Victor G. Young, Yisong Guo, Marcel Swart, Lawrence Que
A pentadentate [N5] ligand (N2Py2Pz) based on the classic N4Py ( N,N -bis(2-pyridylmethyl)- N -bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine) framework has been synthesized by replacing the two pyridylmethyl arms with corresponding ( N -methyl)pyrazolylmethyl units to form [ N- bis(1-methyl-2-pyrazolyl)methyl- N -( bis -2-pyridylmethyl)amine] (L1). The oxidation of the iron(II) precursor (N2Py2Pz)Fe II (OTf) 2 ( 1 ) with
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Cataract-prone variants of γD-crystallin populate a conformation with a partially unfolded N-terminal domain under native conditions Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Sara Volz, Jadyn R. Malone, Alex J. Guseman, Angela M. Gronenborn, Susan Marqusee
Human γD-crystallin, a monomeric protein abundant in the eye lens nucleus, must remain stably folded for an individual’s entire lifetime to avoid aggregation and protein deposition-associated cataract formation. γD-crystallin contains two homologous domains, an N-terminal domain (NTD) and a C-terminal domain (CTD), which interact via a hydrophobic interface. Several familial mutations in the gamma
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Broad-spectrum tolerance to disinfectant-mediated bacterial killing due to mutation of the PheS aminoacyl tRNA synthetase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Miaomiao Chen, Runbo Cui, Shouqiang Hong, Weiwei Zhu, Qiong Yang, Jiahao Li, Zihan Nie, Xue Zhang, Yanghui Ye, Yunxin Xue, Dai Wang, Yuzhi Hong, Karl Drlica, Jianjun Niu, Xilin Zhao
Disinfectants are essential tools for controlling infectious diseases and maintaining sterile conditions in many medical and food-industry settings. Recent work revealed that a deficiency in the carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) confers pan-tolerance to killing by diverse disinfectant types through its interaction with the cAMP-CRP regulatory network. The present work characterized a pan-tolerance
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Co-zorbs: Motile, multispecies biofilms aid transport of diverse bacterial species Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Shruthi Magesh, Jonathan H. Schrope, Nayanna Mercado Soto, Chao Li, Amanda I. Hurley, Anna Huttenlocher, David J. Beebe, Jo Handelsman
Biofilms are three-dimensional structures containing one or more bacterial species embedded in extracellular polymeric substances. Although most biofilms are stationary, Flavobacterium johnsoniae forms a motile spherical biofilm called a zorb, which is propelled by its base cells and contains a polysaccharide core. Here, we report the formation of spatially organized, motile, multispecies biofilms
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Evidence for domain-general arousal from semantic and neuroimaging meta-analyses reconciles opposing views on arousal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Magdalena Sabat, Charles de Dampierre, Catherine Tallon-Baudry
Arousal refers to changes in brain-body state underpinning motivated behavior but lacks a proper definition and taxonomy. Neuroscience and psychology textbooks offer surprisingly different views on what arousal is, from a global brain-wide modulation of neuronal activity to a multidimensional construct, with specific brain-body patterns tuned to a given situation. The huge number of scientific articles
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Translation elongation defects activate the Caenorhabditis elegans ZIP-2 bZIP transcription factor–mediated toxin defense Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Marina Kniazeva, Gary Ruvkun
The Caenorhabditis elegans bZIP transcription factor ZIP-2 is activated by toxins or mutations that inhibit translational elongation. The zip-2 DNA-binding protein is encoded in a downstream main open reading frame (mORF), but under normal translation elongation conditions only an upstream overlapping oORF -1 frameshifted from mORF is translated. Mutations or toxins that slow translational elongation
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Simulating atmospheric freezing of single aqueous droplets to ice in a cryogenically cooled ultrasonic levitator Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Souvick Biswas, Dababrata Paul, Koushik Mondal, Ralf I. Kaiser
Atmospheric freezing of water droplets suspended in air followed by cloud formation and precipitation represent fundamental steps of the terrestrial water cycle. These aqueous droplets exhibit distinct freezing mechanisms and thermodynamic requirements compared to bulk water often forming metastable supercooled water at subzero temperatures on the Celsius scale (<273 K) prior to crystallization. Here
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The C2 domain augments Ras GTPase-activating protein catalytic activity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Maxum E. Paul, Di Chen, Kimberly J. Vish, Nathaniel L. Lartey, Elizabeth Hughes, Zachary T. Freeman, Thomas L. Saunders, Amy L. Stiegler, Philip D. King, Titus J. Boggon
Regulation of Ras GTPases by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) is essential for their normal signaling. Nine of the ten GAPs for Ras contain a C2 domain immediately proximal to their canonical GAP domain, and in RasGAP (p120GAP, p120RasGAP; RASA1 ) mutation of this domain is associated with vascular malformations in humans. Here, we show that the C2 domain of RasGAP is required for full catalytic activity
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Active vision in freely moving marmosets using head-mounted eye tracking Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Vikram Pal Singh, Jingwen Li, Kana Dawson, Jude F. Mitchell, Cory T. Miller
Our understanding of how vision functions as primates actively navigate the real-world is remarkably sparse. As most data have been limited to chaired and typically head-restrained animals, the synergistic interactions of different motor actions/plans inherent to active sensing—e.g., eyes, head, posture, movement, etc.—on visual perception are largely unknown. To address this considerable gap in knowledge
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Bilateral cellular flows display asymmetry prior to left–right organizer formation in amniote gastrulation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Rieko Asai, Shubham Sinha, Vivek N. Prakash, Takashi Mikawa
A bilateral body plan is predominant throughout the animal kingdom. Bilaterality of amniote embryos becomes recognizable as midline morphogenesis begins at gastrulation, bisecting an embryonic field into the left and right sides, and left–right (LR) asymmetry patterning follows. While a series of laterality genes expressed after the LR compartmentalization has been extensively studied, the laterality
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Energyscapes pinpoint marine megafauna feeding hotspots in the Mediterranean Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Charlotte Lambert, Annette C. Broderick, Damla Beton, Ana Cañadas, Cécile Dars, Andrew Di Matteo, Lola Gilbert, Joan Giménez, Ioannis Keramidas, Joan Navarro, Josie L. Palmer, Robin T. E. Snape, Laura Sparks, Jérôme Spitz, Athanassios C. Tsikliras, Auriane Virgili, David Grémillet
Ocean giants shape the structure and functioning of marine food webs via trophic top–down controls, landscapes of fear, vertical and horizontal redistribution of nutrients, energy, and matter. Yet, they face threats from overfishing, pollution, habitat degradation, and climate change, and one-third of marine megafauna species are at risk of extinction, ultimately endangering the resilience of entire
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High-throughput discovery of inhibitory protein fragments with AlphaFold Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Andrew Savinov, Sebastian Swanson, Amy E. Keating, Gene-Wei Li
Peptides can bind to specific sites on larger proteins and thereby function as inhibitors and regulatory elements. Peptide fragments of larger proteins are particularly attractive for achieving these functions due to their inherent potential to form native-like binding interactions. Recently developed experimental approaches allow for high-throughput measurement of protein fragment inhibitory activity
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The unique reactivity of EKODE lipid peroxidation products allows in vivo detection of inflammation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Chuan Shi, Roozbeh Eskandari, Jianye Zhang, Guofang Zhang, Li Li, Deandrea Hawkins, Xiongwei Zhu, Gregory P. Tochtrop
Lipid peroxidation is a complex biochemical process associated with oxidative stress, and its products play crucial roles in cellular signaling and the pathophysiology of many diseases. Among the diverse array of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products, epoxyketooctadecenoic acids (EKODEs) have emerged as intriguing molecules with potential impacts on inflammatory diseases. EKODEs arise from linoleic acid
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Adoption of improved crop varieties limited biodiversity losses, terrestrial carbon emissions, and cropland expansion in the tropics Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Uris Lantz C. Baldos, Alfredo Cisneros-Pineda, Keith O. Fuglie, Thomas W. Hertel
Research investments in crop improvements, including by national and international agricultural research centers, have made significant contributions to raising yields of staple food crops in developing countries. Although mostly intended to improve food security and rural incomes, innovations in crop production also have major implications for the environment. Building on the latest productivity estimates
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Quantifying the impact of air pollution from coal-fired electricity generation on crop productivity in India Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Kirat Singh, David B. Lobell, Inês M. L. Azevedo
Air pollution from coal electricity generation is a major driver of poor air quality in India and its effects on human health have been extensively studied. Despite considerable evidence that the same pollution also reduces crop productivity, we lack similar quantitative assessments of coal electricity’s crop damages. Here, we estimate rice and wheat crop losses from coal generation’s nitrogen dioxide
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Estimating the legibility of international borders Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Michael Kenwick, Junghyun Lim, Skyler Crane, Scott Wehrwein, Beth A. Simmons
Researchers in the social sciences are interested in the consequences of institutions, increasingly on a global scale. Institutions that may be negotiated between states can have consequences at a microlevel, as local populations adjust their expectations and ultimately even their behavior to take institutional rules into account. However, large-scale fine-grained analyses that test for the complex
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In This Issue Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-28
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 4, January 2025.
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A pentatomomorpha-specific salivary protein activates plant immunity and is critical for insect feeding Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-31 Biao Hu, Xiuli Feng, Manru Xu, Yue Huang, Chunyun Guo, Ruikun Yuan, Yiyuan Li, Zhongyan Wei, Jianping Chen, Zongtao Sun
The stinkbug Riptortus pedestris , notorious for inducing soybean staygreen-like syndrome, employs a range of salivary proteins to manipulate the host plant for its benefit. Here, we show that RpSP1, a salivary protein specific to Pentatomomorpha, triggers plant defense responses in multiple plant species. RpSP1 interacts with and stabilizes a HSP40 family protein GmSPIP1 and is dependent on GmSPIP1
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Cryo-ET suggests tubulin chaperones form a subset of microtubule lumenal particles with a role in maintaining neuronal microtubules Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-31 Saikat Chakraborty, Antonio Martinez-Sanchez, Florian Beck, Mauricio Toro-Nahuelpan, In-Young Hwang, Kyung-Min Noh, Wolfgang Baumeister, Julia Mahamid
The functional architecture of the long-lived neuronal microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is maintained by various MT-associated proteins (MAPs), most of which are known to bind to the MT outer surface. However, electron microscopy (EM) has long ago revealed the presence of particles inside the lumens of neuronal MTs, of yet unknown identity and function. Here, we use cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET)
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Art promotes exploration of negative content Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-31 Yagmur Ozbay, Eftychia Stamkou, Suzanne Oosterwijk
Experiencing negative content through art has a unique power to transform our perceptions and foster engagement. While this idea has been widely discussed, empirical evidence is scarce, since experimental testing of art experiences poses significant challenges. Here, we aimed to fill this gap by quantifying and comparing individuals’ preference for engaging with art and nonart depicting matched negative
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Unconventional magnetic oscillations in a kagome Mott insulator Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-31 Guoxin Zheng, Yuan Zhu, Kuan-Wen Chen, Byungmin Kang, Dechen Zhang, Kaila Jenkins, Aaron Chan, Zhenyuan Zeng, Aini Xu, Oscar A. Valenzuela, Joanna Blawat, John Singleton, Shiliang Li, Patrick A. Lee, Lu Li
In metals, electrons in a magnetic field undergo cyclotron motion, leading to oscillations in physical properties called quantum oscillations. This phenomenon has never been seen in a robust insulator because there are no mobile electrons. We report an exception to this rule. We study a Mott insulator on a kagome lattice which does not order magnetically down to milli-Kelvin temperatures despite antiferromagnetic
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Transferrin promotes fatty acid oxidation and liver tumor growth through PHD2-mediated PPARα hydroxylation in an iron-dependent manner Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-31 Xu Qian, Qimin Zhou, Yuan Ouyang, Xiaohong Wu, Xue Sun, Shuo Wang, Yuran Duan, Zhiqiang Hu, Yueru Hou, Zheng Wang, Xiaohan Chen, Katherine L. Wang, Yuli Shen, Bofei Dong, Yanni Lin, Ting Wen, Qi Tian, Zhanpeng Guo, Min Li, Liwei Xiao, Qingang Wu, Ying Meng, Guijun Liu, Hangjie Ying, Yahui Zhou, Wuchang Zhang, Shengzhong Duan, Xueli Bai, Tong Liu, Peng Zhan, Zhimin Lu, Daqian Xu
Tumor cells reshape iron and lipid metabolism for their rapid proliferation. However, how tumor cells coordinate the interplay between tumor cell–specific iron homeostasis and lipid metabolism reprogramming to counteract energy shortages remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that glucose deprivation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells induced AMPK-dependent Transferrin S685 phosphorylation, which
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Correction for Li et al., Recurrent DNA nicks drive massive expansions of (GAA)n repeats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30
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SIV monoclonal antibody administration spanning treatment interruption in macaques delays viral rebound and selects escape variants Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Hannah A. D. King, Daniel Brammer, Eric Lewitus, Christine M. Fennessey, Kimberly M. Manalang, Hannah R. Shrader, Shayne Andrew, Phillip Kuri, Matthew Lind, Phuc Pham, Eric Sanders-Buell, Hongjun Bai, Rosemarie Mason, Kaimei Song, Elizabeth McCarthy, Sabrina Helmold Hait, John-Paul Todd, Amarendra Pegu, Kathryn E. Foulds, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Brandon F. Keele, Morgane Rolland, Mario Roederer, Diane L
HIV-1 envelope broadly neutralizing antibodies represent a promising component of HIV-1 cure strategies. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of combination monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in a rigorous nonhuman primate model, we tested different combinations of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) neutralizing mAbs in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques. Antiretroviral therapy-suppressed animals received
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Uterine organoids reveal insights into epithelial specification and plasticity in development and disease Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Jason A. Rizo, Vakil Ahmad, Jacob M. Pru, Sarayut Winuthayanon, Sridevi Challa, Tae Hoon Kim, Jae-Wook Jeong, Thomas E. Spencer, Andrew M. Kelleher
Understanding how epithelial cells in the female reproductive tract (FRT) differentiate is crucial for reproductive health, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. At birth, FRT epithelium is highly malleable, allowing differentiation into various epithelial types, but the regulatory pathways guiding these early cell fate decisions are unclear. Here, we use neonatal mouse endometrial organoids
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Optimal strategies for correcting merotelic chromosome attachments in anaphase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Evgenii Kliuchnikov, Kenneth A. Marx, Valeri Barsegov, Alex Mogilner
Accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis depends on proper connections of sister chromatids, through microtubules, to the opposite poles of the early mitotic spindle. Transiently, many inaccurate connections are formed and rapidly corrected throughout the mitotic stages, but a small number of merotelic connections, in which a chromatid is connected to both spindle poles, remain lagging at the spindle’s
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Impaired spatial coding of the hippocampus in a dentate gyrus hypoplasia mouse model Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Xiaojing Chen, Ning Cheng, Cheng Wang, James J. Knierim
The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is thought to orthogonalize inputs from the entorhinal cortex (pattern separation) and relay this information to the CA3 region. In turn, attractor dynamics in CA3 perform a pattern completion or error correction operation before sending its output to CA1. In a mouse model of congenital hypoplasia of the DG, a deficiency in the Wntless (Wls) gene, specifically in
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Rational design and modular synthesis of biodegradable ionizable lipids via the Passerini reaction for mRNA delivery Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Yue Xu, Fanglin Gong, Alex Golubovic, Amy Strilchuk, Jingan Chen, Muye Zhou, Songtao Dong, Breanna Seto, Bowen Li
The ionizable lipid component of lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations is essential for mRNA delivery by facilitating endosomal escape. Conventionally, these lipids are synthesized through complex, multistep chemical processes that are both time-consuming and require significant engineering. Furthermore, the development of new ionizable lipids is hindered by a limited understanding of the structure-activity
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Natural variations in TT8 and its neighboring STK confer yellow seed with elevated oil content in Brassica juncea Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Lunwen Qian, Liu Yang, Xianjun Liu, Tianyi Wang, Lei Kang, Hao Chen, Yin Lu, Yukun Zhang, Shujie Yang, Liang You, Min Yao, Xingru Xiang, Kan Cui, Ying Guo, Bin Yang, Mingli Yan, Shitou Xia, Jinling Meng, Tao Lin, Annaliese S. Mason, Rod J. Snowdon, Zhongsong Liu
Seed color is a critical quality trait in numerous plant species. In oilseed Brassica crops, including rapeseed and mustard, yellow seeds are distinguished by their significantly higher oil content and faster germination rates compared to black or brown counterparts. Despite the agronomic significance of the yellow seeds being a prime breeding target, the mechanisms underlying elevated oil content
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Plastic responses to past environments shape adaptation to novel selection pressures Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Sarah E. R. Coates, Aaron A. Comeault, Daniel P. Wood, Michael F. Fay, Simon Creer, Owen G. Osborne, Luke T. Dunning, Alexander S. T. Papadopulos
Phenotypic plasticity may pave the way for rapid adaptation to newly encountered environments. Although it is often contested, there is growing evidence that initial plastic responses of ancestral populations to new environmental cues may promote subsequent adaptation. However, we do not know whether plasticity to cues present in the ancestral habitat (past-cue plasticity) can facilitate adaptation
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Global natural history infrastructure requires international solidarity, support, and investment in local capacity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Bazartseren Boldgiv, Ariuntsetseg Lkhagva, Scott Edwards, Nils C. Stenseth, Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan, Dondog Altangerel, Dorj Usukhjargal, Badamgarav Dovchin, Sundev Gombobaatar, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, Christina Warinner, Isaac Hart, Kurt Galbreath, Stephen E. Greiman, Jason Malaney, James D. Murdoch, Bryan McLean, Sharon N. DeWitte, Erin Manzitto-Tripp, Karen Chin, Talia S. Karim, Carl Simpson, Nancy
Amid global challenges like climate change, extinctions, and disease epidemics, science and society require nuanced, international solutions that are grounded in robust, interdisciplinary perspectives and datasets that span deep time. Natural history collections, from modern biological specimens to the archaeological and fossil records, are crucial tools for understanding cultural and biological processes
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Establishment and application of a zebrafish model of Werner syndrome identifies sapanisertib as a potential antiaging drug Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Jianlong Ma, Yang Chen, Jingmei Song, Qingfeng Ruan, Lianghui Li, Lingfei Luo
Aging is a complex process that affects multiple organs, and the discovery of a pharmacological approach to ameliorate aging is considered the Holy Grail of medicine. Here, we performed an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea forward genetic screening in zebrafish and identified an accelerated aging mutant named meteor ( met ), harboring a mutation in the Werner syndrome RecQ - like helicase ( wrn ) gene. Loss of
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Activation of the conserved Hippo kinases by inflammasome-triggered proteolytic cleavage controls programmed cell death in macrophages Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Yu-Ting Su, Sydney M. Quagliato, Brendyn M. St. Louis, Mohamed H. Abdelaziz, Yuan He, Devanand Bondage, Stephanie S. Lehman, Pei-Chung Lee
The mammalian Hippo kinases, MST1 and MST2, regulate organ development and suppress tumor formation by balancing cell proliferation and death. In macrophages, inflammasomes detect molecular patterns from invading pathogens or damaged host cells and trigger programmed cell death. In addition to lytic pyroptosis, the signatures associated with apoptosis are induced by inflammasome activation, but how
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Errors are robustly tamed in cumulative knowledge processes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-01-30 Anna Brandenberger, Cassandra Marcussen, Elchanan Mossel, Madhu Sudan
As knowledge accumulates in science and society in a distributed fashion, erroneous derivations can be introduced into the corpus of knowledge. Such derivations can compromise the validity of any units of knowledge that rely on them in the future. Can societal knowledge maintain some level of integrity given simple distributed error-checking mechanisms? In this paper, we investigate the following formulation