An estimate of the gross primary productivity (GPP) of rice fields is instrumental for understanding both their harvest yield and landscape greenhouse gas dynamics. Rice contributes $1.7 billion annually to Arkansas’s economy, however, there is a lack of understanding of the spatial variation of rice’s GPP and its predictors. We employ the satellite-based vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM) to estimate

About half of Brazil’s water demand is for irrigation, which has expanded greatly in Central Brazil in the last several decades. This study aims to estimate the feedback of irrigation on the regional climate system. More specifically, we estimate the amount of water withdrawals for irrigation in four irrigation zones in Central Brazil reprecipitate locally and in downwind regions. First, we used satellite

This study presents an in-depth analysis of precipitation patterns, surface energy balance (SEB) components, and atmospheric vertical gradients (AVG) in the Huancayo Geophysical Observatory (HYGO) situated in an agricultural region inside the Mantaro valley within the central Andes of Peru, utilizing data from January 2018 to April 2022 and climatic-scale data from 1965 to 2018. Our findings reveal

Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTFs) may act as considerable carbon sinks, regulating the atmospheric and terrestrial carbon storage and fluxes with implications for local, regional and global climates. In the Caatinga, an endemic Brazilian SDTF, the research on the magnitude of the CO2 sink is still incipient. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of observed CO2 fluxes using

Crop quality is a critical aspect of food security, impacting end-use applications and market competitiveness. There is a well-established understanding of the impacts of climate change on crop yields, while its impacts on crop quality are often overlooked. Given the critical role of wheat in global food security and the ongoing climate change, it is essential to explore the climate drivers in shaping

Restoration of degraded grasslands can enhance productivity and promote carbon and water cycling, but changes in energy fluxes and the partitioning of net radiation (Rn) during restoration remain poorly understood. Clarifying the role of vegetation structural and physiological regulations of energy partitioning in semiarid grasslands is critical for advancing our understanding of ecosystem functioning

Drought-related forest mortality or dieback is increasing with climate warming. Previous studies have showed canopy height was one of the most important factors that related to forest survival and growth under drought, but the mechanism of this canopy height-dependency is still unclear. Based on standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) data, gross primary productivity (GPP) data and

Remote sensing estimation of aerial net primary production (ANPP) is a key challenge in precision agriculture and environmental monitoring. The Monteith model serves as the main conceptual frameworkin pastures.Sun-induced fluorescence (SIF), closely linked to photosynthesis, is a promising candidate for ANPP estimations when radiation use efficiency (RUE) undergoes physiological changes.Our aim was

Biochar is applied worldwide as an effective tool for improving rice yield and increasing soil carbon pools while contributing to greenhouse gas emission reduction. However, there is a knowledge gap concerning the effects of biochar application on rice yield, soil carbon pools, and greenhouse gas emissions in rice fields under varying environmental conditions. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive

The authors regret that the acknowledgments section did not conform to the requirements of the funding agencies, and should read as follows:

Climate change amplifies the frequency and severity of fires in tropical regions, particularly in savanna ecosystems. Amidst these changes, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of future fire risks in northern South American tropical savanna ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios. Utilizing a compounded-event framework, we not only assess but also predict fire risks in savannas under varying

Terrestrial ecosystems play a crucial role in carbon sequestration and provide vital ecosystem services such as food, energy, and raw materials. Climate change, through rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme events, threatens the carbon sink potential of these ecosystems, with forests and grasslands particularly at risk. Long-term data from flux tower networks offer valuable

Rising vapor pressure deficit (VPD) due to warming has increased global land surface soil evaporation (E), whereas reduced soil moisture (SM) from global drying has suppressed E. However, the relative contributions of these two factors to global E remain poorly understood, creating significant uncertainty regarding its long-term trends. This study constructed an E model that integrated physical processes

Canopy and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUET and WUEE) measure the trade-off between carbon gain and water loss at canopy and ecosystem scale respectively, and provide vital information for water resource management in drylands. But the assessment of environmental controls on WUET and WUEE on the decadal scale in drylands remains limited. Here, using eddy covariance (2014–2023) and sap-flow measurements

Integrating genomic prediction (GP) and biophysical crop models has the potential to support plant breeding in defining adapting strategies to climate change. However, whether this integrated approach can actually broaden the prediction domain to unexplored environments is still unclear. We showed how crop models can extend GP to new environments and capture genotype-specific response to future climate

Process-based models (PBMs) and artificial intelligence models (AIMs) are both widely used to simulate crop growth under various environmental conditions and farm management practices. PBMs offer the advantage of interpretable simulations due to their mechanistic underpinnings, but the latest insights from crop growth mechanism research are often not promptly incorporated into PBMs. Further, while

The seasonal dynamics and interannual variation of gross primary production (GPP, g C/m2/day) of evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) are important but most of models underestimate ENF GPP. In this work, we selected three ENF sites with 10+ years of data from the eddy flux towers and investigated temporal dynamics of GPP, climate, and vegetation greenness (as measured by vegetation indices from MODIS

Despite the importance of soil respiration (Rs) in the global carbon (C) cycle, our understanding of the dynamics of Rs and its temperature sensitivity (Q10) over time and across timescales remains to be improved for dryland ecosystems. We measured Rs continuously in a temperate semiarid shrubland in northern China during 2013–2019 to examine seasonal and interannual variations in Rs and Q10. Daily

Disease severity grading is a key prerequisite and major aspect of the integrated management of cotton Verticillium wilt (VW). However, the application of current VW severity grading methods requires an investigation into the disease status of all cotton leaves. It is time-consuming, unrelated to yield, and difficult to reflect the actual severity, especially when it comes to large-scale remote-sensing

The active layer thickness (ALT) is a critical indicator of permafrost response to climate change, holding important implications for ecological and hydrological systems. This study analyzed ALT trends and assessed dominant influencing factors along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway from 2004 to 2023, using observational data from 9 sites. Results showed a warming trend of 0.25 °C/10 a across the study sites

Autumn phenology regulates the length of the growing season and carbon uptake in terrestrial ecosystems. Under climate change, delayed autumn phenology has been widely reported, but the driving factors are still unclear, especially the impact of developmental factors. In this study, based on satellite-derived end of the growing season (EOS) and photosynthesis data over the Northern Hemisphere (>30° N)

Recently, Southwest China has experienced continuous climate extremes, which could bring substantial changes to the vegetation resilience of this region, yet little is known about the evolution of vegetation resilience and its key drivers. Here we investigated the vegetation resilience in Southwest China from 2000 to 2020 using a long-term satellite-observed proxy of vegetation productivity, i.e.,

There is increasing evidence that plants enhance stomatal conductance and transpiration with rising temperatures to prevent leaf overheating especially in environments with ample water availability. We investigated the interplay among environmental parameters, plant water status and leaf physiology as drivers of monthly variations of leaf water oxygen and hydrogen isotopic enrichment above plant source

Kang et al. (2024) present a spatiotemporal analysis of Phytophthora ramorum outbreaks from 2005 to 2021 in the United States and Europe. However, the analysis and conclusions are flawed because of a lack of understanding of the pathosystems analyzed which led the authors to select improper methods for their analysis. The open-source data analyzed does not include sampling over all seasons of the year

Climate change has intensified droughts, severely reducing vegetation productivity and even shifting the ecosystem from a carbon sink to a carbon source. Thus, understanding the spatial and temporal variations in vegetation responses to droughts is increasingly important. This study conducts coincidence analysis to examine the vulnerability and response time of vegetation to summer droughts from 1982

Tree-rings provide the longest available quantitative records of tree and forest growth conditions at a high, annual temporal resolution. Sampling designs of dendroecological studies are typically planned for local representativity, without systematic data collection at a greater spatial scale. The integration of different sampling schemes may, however, facilitate the upscaling of findings conforming

Terrestrial water storage (TWS) plays a critical role in regulating global water-energy budget, significantly influencing water availability and carbon sequestration dynamics. However, how decreased TWS affect terrestrial carbon assimilation under climate change remains poorly understood. This study explores the influence of TWS on vegetation productivity across diverse ecosystems by synthesizing satellite

The rapid development of satellite technology has greatly contributed to the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP). However, most satellites only obtain instantaneous photosynthetic signals at overpass time. Given the demand for all-day GPP in application studies, this leads to the problem of gaps. Therefore, a temporal upscaling process is needed for daily GPP estimation

The thermal-induced wind regime is an important feature of mountain meteorology, which affects energy and scalar transports over complex terrains. Understanding wind regimes allows us to better interpret eddy covariance flux measurements and its data quality control. Due to a high spatial heterogeneity in wind features over complex terrains, single site-based measurement limits understanding of wind

Understanding the relationships among different types of droughts is critical for effective drought early warning systems and water resource management. While much attention has recently been given to how agricultural drought (AD) is influenced by meteorological drought (MD), the spatial continuity of this relationship has often been overlooked. In this study, we introduce a set of criteria for identifying

As one of the important factors limiting tree growth in forests, competition structure, such as neighborhood competitive pressure and individual tree competitive ability, plays a significant role in regulating tree responses to drought events, but how it performs in different intensities of droughts remains unclear. Here, we used a network of Larix gmelinii tree-ring data and field data in 41 sites

Fog inundation along California's Coast Range creates microclimates that support coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) forests during the summer drought period. With changes in land use and climate, the coast redwood ecosystem is more susceptible to increased drought stress. Thus, understanding the role of fog in relieving drought stress is important to manage the remaining coast redwood

Plant phenology is an important trait in the adaptation of species to climate change. Shifts in multiple sequential phenological events and phenological synchrony among species would influence ecosystem function. However, little is known about how climate change affects sequential phenological events and phenological synchrony among species, limiting our comprehensive understanding of the strategies

Shrubland soils play a significant role in global carbon sequestration, yet the factors influencing soil organic carbon stocks at different depths in subtropical shrublands remain poorly understood, introducing large biases in understanding and predicting terrestrial carbon dynamics. This study examines the relative impacts of abiotic and biotic drivers on SOC density (SOCD) in topsoils (0–30 cm) and

In the Midwest region of the United States, the dormant or cold season has experienced significant changes over the past several decades due to human-caused global warming, and changes are projected to continue or intensify through the end of the century. Changes in chill accumulation and spring frost injury risk are particularly concerning for specialty crop growers in the Midwest. Despite their importance

Perennials can produce more biomass and partially replace annual crops. However, environmental benefits of perennials over annuals in terms of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have rarely been compared in a long-term field experiment. By combining automatic and manual chamber methods, we aimed to develop reliable N2O estimates from annual and perennial systems. We measured N2O emissions from: i. perennial

The mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are one of the major gathering areas of global vegetation, playing a key role in regulating the climate and carbon cycle. Studying the interactive effects of vegetation phenological dynamics and climate change will help predict future vegetation dynamics and ecological protection. However, the response of vegetation phenology to multi-dimensional climatic

The rapid expansion of oasis areas and seasonal water scarcity pose significant threats to the stability and maintenance of oases. Oases and deserts exhibit distinct dynamic and hydrothermal properties, resulting in oasis-desert interactions that help alleviate the situation. However, due to difficulties in adequately characterizing the high dynamic and thermal heterogeneities of the real oasis-desert

Crops face vulnerability due to climate change, but the consequences of warming on crop production across diverse environmental conditions need to be better understood. We conducted a global meta-analysis by analyzing 5690 paired observations to understand the warming effects on the production of four major staple crops (wheat, rice, maize, and soybean). Results indicated that a 2.1 °C warming decreases

Afforestation is gaining global attention for its role in carbon sequestration and timber production. Afforestation affects hydrological processes in forest ecosystems, including water yield. However, there is a paucity of long-term observation data to examine the effects of afforestation on water yield. Moreover, drought caused by global warming could change the runoff generation process and make

Perennial fruit trees will likely face a severe drought during their lifespan as climate change places pressure on irrigation resources. Our understanding of carry-over effects of seasonal drought on physiological performance is limited. This research assessed the physiological effects of soil water deficit on three-year-old field-grown pear trees of the combination ‘D'Anjou’/OHxF.87 and then also

Southwest China was affected by two extreme droughts in the autumn to spring of 2012–2013 and the winter to summer of 2020–2021. These droughts caused water depletion, crop damage, and socio-economic disruption. However, little is known about the accurate representation of the two drought events and the responses of vegetation to the droughts. We used multiple vegetation indices and multi-source climate

The nocturnal boundary layer height (hN) was investigated using one year of data (2022) collected by sonic anemometers installed at 11 heights, above the canopy top on the towers of the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in Central Amazon. Unlike previous assessments relying on indirect methodologies, in the present study hN was directly estimated from measurements of turbulent fluxes of momentum

Agri-food system is facing multiple challenges under climate change. Developing climate-smart agricultural practices need process-based agroecosystem models which better simulate crop production and greenhouse gas emissions simultaneously. However, existing models often prioritize one aspect while oversimplify the other. Here, we develop an agroecosystem model, the MCWLA 2.0, which integrates the process-based

This study quantified surface energy balance and evapotranspiration in a Sphagnum-dominated ombrotrophic bog located near their southern limit in western North America (49.13∘ N, 122.98∘ W) from summer 2014 through 2022 to assess the bog's sensitivity to future climatic conditions, particularly to increasing severity and duration of drought conditions. Precipitation exceeded evapotranspiration in winter

Understanding resilience of alpine ecosystem to climatic extremes such as droughts is a key to predict its functioning and vulnerability under changing climate. However, the growth resilience of alpine woody plants to warming–induced moisture stress in the Himalayas remains poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we used annual growth rings of alpine juniper shrubs from 17 sites across five

The contrasting changes in wildfires reflect their diverse responses to bioclimates, vegetation dynamics, and human activities. However, how wildfire drivers interact to shape contrasting wildfire dynamics remains unclear. Here, wildfire dynamics at mid–high latitudes (≥30°N) were analyzed using a burned area dataset from 1982 to 2018. We integrated structural equation modeling with fire regime triangle

Remote sensing-based evapotranspiration (ET) models have been widely employed to quantify regional ET. However, mapping consecutive daily ET with high accuracy and fine spatiotemporal resolution remains challenging. This study developed a pre-processing model (SWH-mTSF) and a post-processing model (SWH-ETrF) to enhance the temporal continuity of estimates from an improved Shuttleworth-Wallace (SWH)

Climate change and human activity have profoundly altered soil hydrology, reshaping the areal extent and boundaries of wetland ecosystems. However, the impact of these shifts on the soil freeze-thaw cycle and their subsequent influence on greenhouse gas emissions remains poorly understood. This knowledge gap is particularly critical in high-latitude and high-altitude regions, which harbor substantial

Grasslands are worldwide spread ecosystems involved in the provision of multiple functional services, including biomass production and carbon storage. However, the increasingly adverse climate and non-optimised farm management are threatening these ecosystems. In this study, the original semi-mechanistic remotely sensed-driven VISTOCK model, which simulates grass growth as limited by thermal and water

To limit global warming, solar energy production is expanding in drylands globally. This study investigated phenological changes caused by photovoltaic (PV) plants in China's drylands using satellite-derived metrics. The results show that the deployment of PV plants has advanced the start of the growing season (SOS) by a median of 13.7 days, while extending the length of the growing season (LOS) by

This study investigated the impact of recent West African monsoon seasonal rainfall on the vegetation trend in Nigeria. Using Mann-Kendall test, the satellite estimates revealed increasing trends in the mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 95 % in area of the location between 1981 and 2020 with statistical significance (atα≤0.5 levels of significance) in the south-western States. The

Climate and land-use changes have altered both litter quality and quantity, with cascading impacts on soil respiration (SR). Soil extracellular enzymes (EEs) like cellulase and ligninase are crucial for deconstructing plant litter because they convert polymers into monomers. However, whether and how changes in litter inputs influence soil cellulase and ligninase activities as well as the implications

The high variability in forest responses to climate changes is often due to the different ways in which individual trees transmit climate signals. This raises the problem that tree-ring chronologies sometimes lack a strong explanation for climate variations. This study aims to efficiently optimize the climatic signals from tree rings based on the method of classifying trees according to their synchronous

Urban forests with various structures can bring considerable but divergent biophysical cooling and humidification effects on their local climate. Thus, it is crucial to unravel the 3D thermal environment within urban forests and their relationship with forest structure, which are helpful for the urban forest planning and design. In this study, we continuously observed the air temperature (Ta) at different