Trees have an indispensable role to play in the hydrological cycle. The process of interception by tree canopies alters the magnitude, pathway, and intensity of rainfall reaching the ground. This study investigates the rainfall intensity-attenuating effects of canopy interception by open-grown birch trees (Betula pendula Roth.) in an urban environment and the influence of atmospheric variables. Rainfall

Agricultural irrigation is important in boosting crop yields in especially water-stressed regions, but little is known about the distinct climatic effects induced by different irrigation methods, particularly in the North China Plain (NCP) where irrigation is applied extensively. Here we examine the climatic effects of flood (FI), sprinkler (SI) and drip irrigation (DI) over NCP during the growing

Clarifying temporal and spatial variations of carbon exchanges of arid and semi-arid grasslands, the most widespread terrestrial ecosystem in the Northern China, is critical to evaluate regional and national carbon balance. However, estimating the carbon sequestration capability of arid and semi-arid grasslands still remains a challenge due to large interannual variability and high sensitivity to human

Microclimate is a key driver of forest dynamics and shapes the response of forest organisms to global warming. The spatial and temporal variability of microclimate is strongly affected by forest management, so it is important to know how microclimate varies along successional gradients of managed forests, and how microclimatic dynamics in managed forests differ from those in old-growth forests. We

Adopting new cultivars is an effective strategy to partially offset the negative effects of climate change on crop yields. We integrated the regional agro-meteorological observations, site-level field experiment data, and a process-based crop model to assess the effects of maize hybrid management on grain yield at meteorological sites across Northeast China. On a regional scale, for per 1 ℃ increase

Estimating forest fire danger is of primary concern for the Austrian forest fire management. The fine fuel moisture code (FFMC) of the Canadian Fire Weather Index (CFWI) is used for determining ignition danger. The FFMC is calculated by using the Integrated Nowcasting through Comprehensive Analysis (INCA) system, which provides interpolated weather parameters, available at 1 km2 spatial resolution

Extensive research suggests that sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and gross primary productivity (GPP) have a near-linear relationship, providing a promising avenue for estimating the carbon uptake of ecosystems. However, the factors influencing the relationship are not yet clear. This study examines the roles of SIF's radiative, structural, and physiological information in predicting GPP

Characterization of crop CO2 fluxes in different growing periods and their corresponding responses to abiotic and biotic factors is essential for the adaption of cropland ecosystem carbon balance to future climate change and management practices. In this study, based on long-term (2003–2018) monitoring of CO2 fluxes, meteorological data and leaf area index (LAI) of a winter wheat-summer maize rotation

Research on autumn phenology is very important for understanding and simulating the future growth of temperate deciduous forests. This is especially needed at the southern edge of the temperate zone, where climate change impacts are particularly intense. We studied foliar senescence timing for mature stands of Fagus sylvatica L., Populus tremula L., Betula pendula Roth, Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl

Vegetation change can provide strong feedback to climate system, but there is a severe shortage of understanding regarding how biogeophysical (BGP) processes related to vegetation changes and their impact on local temperature in arid and semi-arid regions of China (ASAC), a unique region where large-scale ecological engineering projects have been implemented. To address this knowledge gap, this study

The generalized nonlinear advection aridity (GNAA) model has been widely applied for evaporation estimations and drought assessments at regional and global scales. Here, the GNAA model was combined with a semi-empirical function for the parameter αe-B to estimate actual evaporation (E) in nine Level-I water resources regions and one typical revegetation area (i.e., the Loess Plateau) in China. The

This study is the first to evaluate latitudinal characteristics of the coupled impacts of atmospheric-CO2 fertilization and soil nitrogen limitation on global plant photosynthesis for 2001–2019 by using a remote sensing-based light use efficiency model (DTECM-l-CN). It predicted that the global GPP should have increased by 0.40 Pg C a − 2 (PMK < 0.001) from 2001 to 2019. Leaf area index change contributed

Despite inter-specific differences in hydraulic traits at broad scale have been comprehensively studied, intra-specific hydraulic variability in situ is less well known. Which hydraulic traits can better predict whole-plant performance in field both within and across species remains largely ambiguous. In the study, we conducted a field investigation on branch radial growth, leaf and branch anatomical

Transpiration from vegetation accounts for about two thirds of land evapotranspiration (ET), and exerts important effects on of global water, energy, and carbon cycles. Resistance-based ET partitioning models using remote sensing data are one of the main methods to estimate global land transpiration, overcoming the limitation by the sparse distribution and short observation periods of site-level measurements

The atmospheric mixing layer height (MLH) is a critical variable for understanding and constraining ecosystem and climate dynamics. Past MLH estimation efforts have largely relied on data with low temporal (radiosondes) or spatial (reanalysis) resolutions. This study is unique in that it utilized continuous point-based ceilometer- and radiosonde-derived measurements of MLH at surface flux tower sites

Nocturnal water loss (NWL), the evapotranspiration minus dew at night, has been identified to play a significant role in the surface water and energy balance. However, few studies have examined the variability in NWL in croplands with high water consumption across different timescales. Here, based on the eddy-covariance measurements of latent heat flux during nighttime, the dynamics and biophysical

Two micrometeorological methods utilizing high-frequency sampled air temperature were tested against eddy covariance (EC) sensible heat flux (H) measurements at three sites representing agricultural, agro-forestry, and forestry systems. The two methods cover conventional and newly proposed forms of the flux-variance (FV) and surface renewal (SR) schemes of differing complexities. The sites represent

Peatland rewetting, a management effort to restore water levels in previously drained peatlands, is important for re-establishing the role of these peatlands as carbon (C) sinks. Since rewetted peatlands have a highly variable response to interannual variations in climatic conditions and functional changes, long term studies of C fluxes in these ecosystems are needed. Here, we evaluated the impact

Process-based simulation models, such as land surface (LSM) and crop models, are useful tools for studying the impacts of the environment, management and genotype on agricultural production. LSM are capable of simulating crop development and growth, but not in as much detail as the processes embedded in crop models. Crop models, on the other hand, do not usually have the ability to solve the surface

To enable an evidence-based management of ecosystems to adapt to the climate crisis, we require fine spatiotemporal resolution estimates of carbon, water, and energy fluxes at the field scale. To overcome the limitations resulting from the coarse spatial resolution of existing flux products, e.g. 500 m (Running et al., 2015), and the challenges in matching eddy covariance (EC) footprints with land

The orientation of slopes in alpine zones creates microclimates, e.g. equatorial-facing slopes (EFSs) are generally drier and warmer than are polar-facing slopes (PFSs). The vegetation growing in these microhabitats responds divergently to climatic warming depending on the slope orientation. We proposed a spatial metric, the greenness asymmetric index (GAI), defined as the ratio between the average

Selective logging and smallholder clearing are the dominant drivers of tropical forest disturbances in Cameroon (CAM). However, they are difficult to monitor accurately by satellite remote sensing because openings in the canopy can be very small, the vegetation is generally fast-growing, and cloud cover is common. Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) provides access to monthly

The anticipated climate change in South Africa is of great concern as Southern Africa appears to be warming at twice that of the global average, limiting maize production in the country and threatening food security in the region. The formulation of effective adaptation measures calls for understanding how projected changes in temperature, precipitation, and climate extremes might become misaligned

Two European pine species, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra, are experiencing dieback as a result of the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events. Recent species distribution models predicted shrinkage of ecological niches in the near future and shifted their habitat range towards the northeast. Consequently, P. sylvestris may contract its range and P. nigra may expand in Central

Solar radiation must be efficiently utilised to enhance dry matter accumulation and carbon sequestration capacity within dryland agroecosystems. The study evaluated the effects of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) intercropping time and stand density on radiation interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in a maize-based system. Field experiments were conducted under the in-field rainwater harvesting

With a warming climate and greater evaporative demand, many forest ecosystems are increasingly affected by water limitation as prolonged water deficits reduce tree-level growth and survival. Water deficit can be monitored in several ways, including from daily measurements of sap flow or changes in stem radius from automated sensors mounted on individual trees. As an alternative approach, we evaluated

Terrestrial carbon flux shows greater interannual variation (IAV) than the ocean and drives most temporal changes in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate. Accurate estimation of the interannual variation in the terrestrial carbon budget is crucial for predicting changes in the carbon balance of ecosystems and atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the context of climate change. However, the interannual variation

By contributing to what is considered as the world's largest carbon flux, global climate change has been significantly altering terrestrial vegetation gross primary production (GPP) at a global level. Thus, a robust understanding of the main driving factors influencing GPP change is neccessary for increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration potential of a region. In this study, we conduct an analysis

Dominant species play a crucial role in regulating plant community structure and productivity. Climate change affects community productivity by changing plant traits and resource use efficiency. However, the response of the productivity of a dominant species to warming and precipitation addition and the related effects on community biomass production in semi-arid grasslands remain unclear. We conducted

Urban forestry is a challenging task in densely populated cities. Tree failure accidents often induce casualties and property damage that should be prevented in advance. In light of such a need, an AI-IoT integrated framework for tree tilt monitoring is proposed in this study, and consists of three stages: (I) data collection through a LoRaWAN-based IoT tree monitoring system, called Internet of Tree

Ecosystems are exposed to continuous shifts in droughts. This shows up as a point on a pixel that moves continuously in a specific direction and angle (spatial migration) to preserve its original climate niche. We currently do not have a good understanding whether ecosystems exposed to droughts are more sensitive to droughts temporal trends or spatial migrations. Using dataset of vapor pressure deficit

Understanding the role of tree biodiversity in stabilizing ecosystem processes is of paramount importance in forest ecology, especially because of increasing temperatures and droughts. The portfolio effect is one of the main hypotheses explaining the biodiversity-stability relationship that has been defined as a variance reduction effect of biodiversity in an ecosystem process, so that fluctuations

In recent decades, there have been significant changes in temperature and precipitation, as well as in the occurrence of phenological stages of the grapevine in most wine-growing regions around the world. These changes are not the same for each variety, nor in all locations. Due to the vulnerability of the viticulture sector, including the possible losses in production in the current winegrowing areas

Brazil supplies half of the world's exported soybeans. Forecasting its national soybean yield before harvest could help mitigate disruptions in food supply. The objective of this study is to develop a national soybean yield forecasting system for Brazil based on machine learning (ML) models. Twenty years (2001–2020) of municipality yield, the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), remote sensing, and gridded daily

Warmer and drier conditions increase forest mortality worldwide. At the same time, nitrogen deposition, longer growing seasons and higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations may increase site productivity accelerating forest growth. However, tree physiological studies suggest that increased site productivity can also have adverse effects, reducing adaptation to drought. Understanding such intricate interactions

Natural wetlands are the primary sources of CH4 emissions in the natural environment. However, the understanding of CH4 fluxes in floodplain wetlands remains limited. This study employed eddy covariance methods to observe CH4 fluxes over a three-year period in a subtropical wetland floodplain, specifically the Miscanthus sacchariflorus (M. sacchariflorus) ecosystem in Dongting Lake wetland. Our analysis

Recently, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is a promising tool to estimate gross primary production (GPP). Photosynthesis gradually saturates with the increasing light, but fluorescence tends to keep increasing, leading to a nonlinear SIF-GPP relationship. This nonlinearity occurs for sunlit leaves but not for shaded leaves for which photosynthesis is light-limited. However, the separation

Enforcing water budget closure is critical for providing consistent estimates of budget components to understand water movement between the atmosphere and the terrestrial land surface. However, existing water budget closure correction (BCC) methods do not consider improving the performance of budget-corrected datasets when closing the water budget. This study proposes a method for enforcing terrestrial

Carbon gains (gross ecosystem production, GEP) and water losses (evapotranspiration, ET) are critical for assessing vegetation recovery potential in drylands. However, large uncertainties remain regarding the controlling factors that regulate GEP and ET in semiarid grasslands, especially during periods of vegetation re-establishment and succession. Using the eddy-covariance technique, we assessed the

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key parameter regulating land–atmosphere interaction processes and the water cycle. The seasonal and interannual variability of ET and its environmental controls over an alpine meadow in a subfrigid humid zone of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are reported on. Direct measurements were made using the eddy covariance method over a 10-year period with a significant increase in growing

In tall vegetation canopies, calm weather conditions may result in the formation of an isolated below-canopy air layer. Especially during night, below-canopy carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes may be concealed from above-canopy eddy covariance (EC) measurements, masking the magnitude of CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Particular attention to this “nighttime problem” needs to be paid in oil palm (Elaeis

Forests create unique microclimates that have the potential to serve as microrefugia for species under climate change. Yet, our understanding of the heterogenous thermal patterns at the forest floor of complex landscapes (e.g., in mountain forests) remains incomplete. We here used Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) for predicting summer temperature offsets in a mountain forest landscape in the European

Crop–water interactions define productivity in water-limited dryland agricultural production systems in cold regions. Despite the agronomic and economic importance of this relationship there are challenges in quantifying crop water use efficiency (WUE). To understand dynamics driving crop water use and agricultural productivity in these environments, observations of evapotranspiration, carbon assimilation

Salt marshes are highly productive ecosystems relevant for Blue Carbon assessments, but information for estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) from proximal remote sensing (PRS) is limited. Temperate salt marshes have seasonal canopy structure and metabolism changes, defining different canopy phenological phases, GPP rates, and spectral reflectance. We combined multi-annual PRS data (i.e., PhenoCam

Evapotranspiration plays a key role in regulating the water cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. Transpiration fraction to evapotranspiration (TF) characterizes the role of vegetation function in evapotranspiration and is a pivot feature for the interactions between soil, ecosystem, and the atmosphere. Generally, the amount of vegetation has the most direct impact to TF, but the sensitivity of TF to vegetation

The risk of wind damage to European forests is expected to increase due to the changed climate. Research efforts in forestry have been focussing on the development of analytical and modelling tools to aid with the evaluation and the prediction of forests' vulnerability to wind damage, and ultimately to inform forest management decisions aimed at promoting wind-resistance in forest stands. Recent catastrophic

Accurate estimates of above-ground tree biomass within forest inventories are essential for calibration and validation of biomass mapping products based on Earth observation data. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) enables detailed and non-destructive volume estimation of individual trees, which can be converted to biomass with wood basic density. Existing TLS-based approaches range from simple geometrical