Soil moisture (SM) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) are key factors affecting forest carbon stock. However, their effects on forest biomass carbon under hotter and drier climate trends are unclear. These knowledge gaps limit forest management practices and the implementation of climate change mitigation programs. In this study, satellite observations and meteorological data were combined to analyze

As Australia's primary staple and export crop, wheat necessitates reliable yield mapping to ensure timely alerts about food insecurity. Conventional crop yields are estimated using either process-based or statistical models, but both face challenges in large-scale application due to the extensive data required. Recent studies have shown that the gross primary production (GPP) of plants can be mechanistically

Soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition is crucial in the global carbon cycle. Its sensitivity to warming significantly impacts climate change. However, the effect of soil drying-rewetting, a consequence of climate change-induced water cycling shifts, on SOC decomposition sensitivity remains poorly understood. This study investigated how drying-rewetting cycles affect the temperature sensitivity (Q10)

To explore the spatio-temporal variability of vegetation phenology and its drivers under rapid climate change on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) over the past four decades, a monthly normalized vegetation index (NDVI) dataset was constructed for the TP from 1982 to 2020 using pixel-level univariate linear regression models based on GIMMS NDVI and MODIS NDVI. The extended NDVI dataset passed a consistency

Spatially explicit information of forest status is important for obtaining more accurate predictions of C balance. Spatially explicit predictions of forest characteristics at high resolution can be obtained by Earth Observations (EO), but the accuracy of satellite-based predictions may vary significantly. Modern computational techniques, such as data assimilation (DA), allow us to improve the accuracy

Aridification due to climate change and water table lowering due to human management are intensifying the environmental filter of summer aridity for Mediterranean riparian forests. This may represent an opportunity for the entry of non-native (NNT) species which might be pre-adapted to these new conditions, thus favoring their invasive potential. Differences in water uptake depth by coexisting native

The majority of Fennoscandian boreal forests are managed. Forest management inherently changes the physical structure of forests, thus altering ecosystem functions and the conditions for living organisms within these environments. However, the impacts of management on the microclimate buffering of boreal forests have not been comprehensively studied, despite that microclimate is one of the key determinants

Vorticity is a key characteristic of flow patterns that determine wildland fire behavior, frontal evolution, and wind-canopy interaction. Investigating the role of vorticity in the flow fields around vegetation can help us better understand fire-atmosphere feedback and the influences of vegetation on this feedback. In modeling vorticity, “perhaps the greatest knowledge gap exists in understanding which

Environmental characterisation provides a useful summary of a major source of variation in grain yield. Environments consist of water and photothermal regimes that covary in time and space, but previous characterisations have focussed on single-variable regimes such as drought, or downplayed the temporal pattern of multivariate regimes. Season-long, multivariate characterisations are needed to more

The role of carbon starvation in drought-induced plant mortality remains a topic of debate. This underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) during drought and subsequent recovery. To this end, we compiled 226 articles and conducted a meta-analysis to examine the responses of NSCs to drought and rewatering, as well as the influences

Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.) is an evergreen conifer native to Japan and widely distributed in East Asia. Evergreen forests in temperate regions are usually exposed to high solar radiation and low temperatures during winter, a combination of stresses that can negatively impact leaf photosynthetic capacity. In response to excessive light energy stress under cold temperatures

Stand structural complexity influences various forest ecosystem functions, such as carbon storage or productivity. However, defining and measuring stand structural complexity is not trivial, as different structural attributes can be used to describe stand structure. We focus on a terrestrial laser scan-based stand structural complexity index (SSCI) and its components, mean fractal dimension (MeanFrac)

Understanding how epiphytic vascular plants respond to drought is essential for elucidating the potential mechanisms that may contribute to their resilience in the context of global climate change. Despite numerous studies have estimated tropical epiphytic vascular plants’ water source and use efficiency, their response to drought induced water scarcity poorly understood. We conducted an in-situ water

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important metric for quantifying the trade-off between ecosystem photosynthesis and transpiration, which can reflect how ecosystems respond to extreme climate events (e.g., drought). However, due to the different definitions of WUE indices and the complexity of drought with different dimensions, the responses of ecosystem WUE to drought still remain debated. Here, we

Root zone storage capacity (Sr) represents the maximum subsurface storage accessible to plant roots. It is primarily influenced by water availability and water demand, thus exhibiting temporal change in response to climate variations. Previous studies have primarily focused on the spatial patterns of Sr across local to global scales; however, there remains a limited understanding of its temporal patterns

The land surface temperature gradient (LSTG) serves as a key indicator of mountain thermal patterns that critically influences hydrological and ecological processes in mountainous regions. However, our understanding of LSTG across the Asian high mountains (AHM) is limited due to sparse observations and unexplored influences of surface characteristic heterogeneity within the grid used for LSTG calculation

A spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) -corn (Zea mays L.) -soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation has become widespread in dry-land cropping systems in the northern Great Plains of the United States. But this region experiences extreme variability in climate, which is projected to increase in the future, and little is known about how seasonal weather changes impact this crop rotation in terms of

Vegetation phenology modulates climate by altering energy and water exchange between the land and atmosphere. However, how extreme hydroclimatic conditions modify these phenology-climate feedbacks is still poorly understood. In this study, we used a land–atmosphere-coupled Weather Research and Forecasting model to explore the impacts of advanced green-up on air temperature under different hydroclimate

The semi-arid climate of the Southwestern United States (‘Southwest’) presents unique challenges for quantifying drought conditions due to annual potential evapotranspiration being significantly greater than annual precipitation. Southwestern vegetation is adapted to seasonal soil water recharge for primary productivity, with recharge delays potentially resulting in drought impacts. Understanding how

Grazing by livestock can influence the diversity and productivity of plants in an ecosystem, as well as the relationship between productivity and diversity. Furthermore, these effects or their relationship can be strongly influenced by variation in the intensity of grazing as well as external environmental conditions, such as rainfall amount. We used observations over an 18-year period in a desert

Leaf area index (LAI) describes the main plant surface area for gas exchange. Accurate LAI measurements are integral to effective hydrological, ecological, and climate modelling. LAI is commonly modelled using canopy gap fraction measurements from optical sensors. In woody vegetation, however, the wood to total plant area ratio (α) must also be estimated to convert plant area index (PAI) to LAI. Historically

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has emerged as a valuable tool for estimating gross primary production (GPP). However, the mechanism linking SIF to GPP under waterlogging stress remains unclear. Here, we investigated the GPP-SIF relationship and their responses to waterlogging stress using three years of continuous ground measurements in a maize field. Our results revealed a significant

Just before the installation of a long-term energy/carbon flux tower site at the 10,000-acre Appleton-Whittle Research Ranch in southern Arizona, a wildfire burned nearly 90 % of this semi-arid grassland area in the region and there was little vegetation remaining on the surface. Wildfires in this region occur roughly every 7 - 15 years. The establishment of the site allowed for the determination of

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivation contributes to economic development, particularly in the Cotton Belt of the Southern United States (U.S.). As one of the world's largest exporters of cotton, the U.S. cotton industry plays a pivotal role in both the domestic and international markets. Accurate quantification of carbon budgets and their responses to the environment is thus crucial for the sustainable

Rainfall interception loss (I) by forest canopy is a crucial hydrological process in forest ecosystems, and thus its accurate modeling is essential for understanding water balance. The revised Gash model is commonly employed in I modeling; however, its performance is affected by the accuracy of canopy storage capacity (S), which is identified as one of the most sensitive parameters. Consequently, optimizing

Understanding of the crop carbon balance across different time scales and corresponding responses to abiotic and biotic factors is crucial for improving carbon cycle models in the context of future climate change and management practices. In this study, we employed the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filtering method and structural equation modeling (SEM) to quantify the effects of

Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) is a widely planted tree species. Fertilizers, especially those containing leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), are essential for maximizing growth. Nutrient deficiencies and excessive fertilization can limit growth, so monitoring is crucial. Leaf pigments such as chlorophyll a+b (Ca+b) can be used to assess plant nutrition, specifically leaf N. Remote sensing

The scarcity and uneven global distribution of eddy covariance (EC) towers are the key factors that contribute to significant uncertainties in carbon cycle studies of terrestrial ecosystems. To address this limitation of EC towers, Zhang et al. (2023b) developed a meteorological station-based net ecosystem exchange (NEE) dataset. This dataset includes 4674 global meteorological stations, representing

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of water deficits and extreme rainfall events in temperate regions, with significant effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we investigated the impact of water deficits and drying and rewetting events on GHG fluxes in two Irish sites with adjacent forest and grassland ecosystems. We deployed rain-out shelters to simulate

Climate change is expected to negatively impact cocoa production in West and Central Africa, where over 70 % of cocoa is grown. However, effects of temperature, precipitation and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on cocoa tree physiology and productivity are poorly understood. Consequently, climate-change implications have not been adequately considered. The objective was to improve understanding

Rainfall canopy interception plays a crucial role in rainfall redistribution and hydrological processes in forests. While previous studies have often focused on monthly or yearly time scales, the responses of forest canopy interception to different rainfall magnitudes, frequencies and intensities, particularly under changing climate conditions have been less explored. In addition, the performance of

This study presents the development and application of models to estimate leaf wetness duration and their integration with drone-based imagery to analyze plant disease patterns across a coastal gradient. By comparing machine learning algorithms with empirical models, we identified that both approaches effectively predict leaf wetness, particularly in a temperate maritime ecosystem. The models were

Climate change has significantly altered precipitation patterns worldwide, resulting in more frequent and intense droughts and heavy rainstorms, particularly in vulnerable ecosystems such as arid deserts. This study investigated how dominant desert shrubs, the C3 plant Kalidium gracile and the C4 plant Salsola passerina, respond to varying precipitation regimes. A six-year controlled experiment (2016–2021)

Partitioning evapotranspiration components is crucial for an in-depth understanding of energy, water, and carbon cycles in agricultural and forest ecosystems. In this study, the Flux Variance Similarity (FVS) method, lauded for its capability to segregate eddy covariance datasets' evapotranspiration, was applied in Taiwan's Chi-Lan montane cloud forest and the Lien-Hua-Chih forest. However, we discovered

Impending climate change is anticipated to exacerbate the frequency and severity of extreme droughts, significantly affecting tree growth and distribution ranges. A critical endeavor in predicting how tree species will respond to more frequent and intense severe droughts is assessing the drought sensitivity and resilience of tree growth across a species' different range. However, the variation in tree

Drought has imposed severe effects on vegetation productivity, and such impacts will continue to increase under ongoing climate change. However, long-term changes in vegetation sensitivity to drought (Sdro) remain poorly understood. Here, with satellite-based vegetation indexes (kNDVI and LAI) and soil moisture dataset, we investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of Sdro across the global land during

How and what soil fauna influence the soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition rate (Rs) and its temperature sensitivity (Q10) have been largely ignored, although this is a crucial matter, especially under the scenario of global change. In this study, a novel approach was adopted with a continuous changing-temperature incubation (daytime, from 7 °C to 22 °C; nighttime, from 22 °C to 7 °C) with rapid

Current estimates of diel respiratory carbon release depend on accurate predictions of the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of leaf respiration during the day and night. Such predictions typically rely on measurements of the Q10 of respiration in the light (RL) and dark (RD) made during the day, and assuming that the Q10 of nocturnal respiration (RN) equals that of RD. Using RD as a surrogate for RN,

Adjusting sowing dates and rates are effective measures for winter wheat to adapt to future climate change in achieving high yields. However, the combined influence of sowing date and sowing rate on winter wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under plastic mulching (PM) conditions, particularly in the context of climate change, remains unexplored. To address this, a two-year field experiment

Ecosystem water use efficiency (eWUE = gross primary production (GPP)/evapotranspiration (ET)) is widely used to characterize the coupling of ecosystem water and carbon processes. To investigate how eWUE responds to environmental changes, we compared environmental controls on annual, monthly, and daily GPP, ET, and eWUE from diverse ecosystems and climate regimes and quantified their daily relative

Drought and heat stress often occur simultaneously causing detrimental impacts on crop growth and physiology. Stomata behave differently when plants are exposed to drought and heat stress, which may change the coupling relationship of stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis (An) and thereby influence the capability of the Ball-Berry (BB)-based gs model. To examine the prevalence of this gs-An

The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme heat events necessitate reliable global estimates of crop productivity under heat stress. Light use efficiency (LUE) models are commonly used for macroscale crop productivity estimation but exhibit uncertainties under high-temperature extremes related to the representation of model components and their interactions. They also struggle to isolate heat

The terrestrial carbon cycle is strongly influenced by climate changes, but the impact of extreme temperature events on carbon fluxes in Northwest China's ecosystems remains poorly understood. To understand the impacts of extreme temperature events on carbon fluxes, we measured net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Reco) along with meteorological

Snow cover variation significantly impacts alpine vegetation dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), yet this effect under climate change remains underexplored. This study uses a survival analysis model to assess the influence of snow on vegetation green-up dynamics, while controlling for key temperature and water availability factors. This analysis integrates multi-source data, including satellite-derived

Increasing evidence indicates that plant productivity is constrained by water and nutrient availability under natural conditions of the stimulatory effects of elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2). However, it remains unclear how plant traits related to water and nitrogen acquisition and utilization acclimate to the soil water and nitrogen limitations on productivity. To address this, we investigated isotopic

To cope with climate change-induced alterations, forest ecosystems’ conservation and restoration require models that are both capable to incorporate current local-scale dynamics but also to anticipate future changes. These requirements may be fulfilled by robust assessments of response (i.e., species data such as forest inventories) and predictor (e.g., climate) variables. The aim of this study is

Exchanging latent heat flux (LE) through evapotranspiration impacts the atmospheric thermodynamics and water cycle. The Earth System Models (ESMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase6 (CMIP6) are vital to reproduce improved LE variations globally, albeit with significant uncertainties. Meanwhile, the rational attribution to regions of LE simulations is essential for informed water resources