Soil temperature, composition, and structure directly affect the heat transfer mechanisms in soil. Understanding the thermal behavior of soil is fundamental for describing the processes of mass and energy exchange in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. In addition, estimating thermal property values is necessary to determine the amount of heat transferred, stored, or transmitted by conduction and convection

Water deficit limits grapevine water uptake. However, the quantitative contribution of drought to vine water requirements is largely uncharacterized. Thus, we set to explore whole-plant water use during short-term drought events and recovery and associate the proportional reduction in transpiration with changes in vine physiological attributes. We hypothesized that short drought events pose long-term

Across large portions of the western United States, drought intervals are increasing, often accompanied by larger-magnitude rainfalls. Semi-arid ecosystems are expected to be especially responsive to such temporal repackaging of rainfall because of their high sensitivity to variation in soil moisture. We conducted a field manipulation experiment to evaluate the impacts of summer rainfall repackaging

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is used to estimate terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) due to its physiological link to photosynthesis. However, strong angular variations in satellite-observed SIF (SIFobs), especially for forest canopies with a high structural heterogeneity, hampers robust estimation of GPP. Here, we use directional SIFobs datasets from OCO-2 and TROPOMI satellite

Ground solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is important for the mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of vegetation gross primary production (GPP) at fine spatiotemporal scales. However, eddy covariance (EC) observations generally cover larger footprint areas than ground SIF observations (a bare fiber with nadir), and this footprint mismatch between nadir SIF and GPP could complicate the

Ground surface temperature (Ts) was manually measured using mercury thermometers in the early stage, and the snow surface temperature was substituted for Ts in areas with thick seasonal snow covers due to measurement difficulty. However, this practice produced Ts data that were inconsistent with more recent automatic measurements that determine Ts in the soil beneath the snow cover using modern instrumentation

Numerous studies have attempted reflectance-based estimations of leaf photosynthetic capacity parameters using different statistical approaches. Although increasing attention has been paid to selecting effective variables for data-driven methods to assess vegetation parameters, there has been less attention to the estimation of leaf photosynthetic capacity. The primary objective of this study is to

Peatlands are among the largest stocks of soil carbon, which can be stored for thousands of years under well-wetted conditions. The main goals of the study were to assess annual and seasonal CO2 balances of a temperate peatland and the main biophysical factors affecting these CO2 fluxes. The studied peatland was usually a CO2 sink with a mean annual net ecosystem production (NEP) of 110±83 gCO2-C·m−2·yr−1

The Optical Trapezoidal method is a recently proposed method using solely optical remote sensing data with promising potential in hydroclimatic applications; however, its application in evapotranspiration (ET) partitioning is still questionable. This study therefore improved an Optical Trapezoidal-based Evaporative Fraction (OPTREF) model reliant on the physical association between soil surface properties

Reconstruction of past precipitation cycles using tree ring growth is a common practice to study climatic conditions from the past. However, several studies have attested that not all tree species provide with the same accuracy to reconstruct past climate and in particular precipitation. In this study, we present evidence that anatomical and morphological differences in trunk and root traits of two

Boreal forests play a crucial role in the global carbon (C) cycle and in climate stabilization. To better predict global C budgets, it is important to accurately estimate the size of forest C pools, and to identify the factors affecting them. We used national forest inventory data for the Greater Khingan Mountains, northeast China from 1999 to 2018 and 149 additional field plots to estimate C storage

Forested headwater catchments are important sources of stable and abundant freshwater resources. Interactions between vegetation and topography influence lateral hydrologic connectivity by altering shallow subsurface flow paths. This in turn influences vegetation density along those paths, and subsequent hydrologic partitioning between localized water use and subsurface flows at catchment scales. Climate

Fire-induced turbulence and the feedback into the fire, following ambient changes, differ for forested (sub-canopy) and grassland environments. Here, we synthesize observations from multiple experimental surface fires: two sub-canopy backing fires, one sub-canopy heading fire, and a grassland heading fire. We identify and compare the most essential coherent structures and processes of each case from

With global warming, the mean temperature during the insect development season has been increasing in Switzerland over the last decades, and this trend is predicted to continue. As a result, the annual number of generations could increase for polyvoltine insect species. Some pest species, such as the box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis), the grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana), the codling moth (Cydia

Droughts have intensified in Central Europe and will likely become a major driver of forest ecosystem change in the future. Regional studies are needed to understand drought impacts on forests and to provide guidance for adaptive management. In this study, we have investigated the effects of an extraordinary drought period in 2018 – 2020 on tree growth in the State of Bavaria (Germany). We (i) assessed

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been proposed as a promising tracer for the estimation of the gross primary productivity (GPP) from ecosystem to global scale in recent years. Despite substantial work at spatial scales from leaf to regions, the uncertainty of COS-based GPP estimates are poorly known compared to widely used GPP estimates derived from the net ecosystem CO2 exchange. One key uncertainty in

The two-source energy balance model coupled with soil moisture (TSEB-SM) was evaluated against observations from a global set of 57 eddy covariance (EC) sites, part of the FLUXNET2015 dataset. In addition, modeled soil evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) were compared with the values obtained from the Transpiration Estimation Algorithm (TEA) and underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) approaches.

Sustainability is related to the exploitation of a resource without depleting it. To reduce environmental damage, sustainable forest management practices through low-impact exploration have been encouraged. However, studies that provide information for understanding the rainfall partitioning are incipient. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Sustainable Forest Management on rainfall partitioning

Abstract not available

Exogenous factors (such as temperature and water availability) as well as endogenous factors (such as tree age) have effects on cambial phenology and intra-annual tree growt dynamics. However, how these factors interactively influence this physiological process remains unclear. Here, we compared biweekly cambial activity, timing and duration of xylogenesis in adult (< 250 yr) and old (> 400 yr) trees

Dryland ecosystems are complex systems that can exhibit alternative tree-cover states, making conservation and restoration efforts challenging. However, our understanding of these states is still limited, particularly at the global level. In this study, we utilized remote sensing data to analyze the distribution of tree cover in drylands and assess the impacts of factors such as the aridity index,

Abstract not available

Plantation has large carbon sequestration potential, and it plays an important role in mitigating global warming. However, the responses of carbon fluxes to biophysical factors across plantation sites are still not clear. We synthesized carbon flux data measured by the eddy covariance method over the plantations at the global scale to explore the shifts of carbon exchange with latitude, discuss the

Statistical crop modeling is pivotal for understanding climate impacts on crop yields. Choices of models matter: Linear regression is interpretable but limited in predictive power; machine learning predicts well but often remains a black box. To develop explainable artificial intelligence (AI) for exploring historical crop yield data and predicting crop yield, here we reported a Bayesian ensemble model

The frequency and intensity of extreme climate events are expected to increase and have a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle. However, the effects of these events on the end of the growing season (EOS), a crucial phenological phase, are still unclear. Here, we first examined the spatiotemporal patterns of the EOS and extreme climate events in contrasting temperate and

We present refinements for equations describing the temperature-wind covariance (v′Ta′¯) reported by Massman and Lee (2002); namely, Eqs. (B.24), (B.25), and (B.28) in its Appendix B. The purpose of these equations is to express the wind covariance of air temperature (Ta) in terms of sonic temperature (Ts), as a sonic anemometer directly measures the latter rather than the former. Results of the derivations

As a general disturbance in terrestrial ecosystems, fire can have far-reaching consequences on the carbon (C) cycle. Although soil respiration (SR) is important in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations, a general pattern of the response of SR to fire in terrestrial ecosystems remains unclear. In this study, a meta-analysis of 91 studies on fires across 116 global sites was conducted to investigate

Remote sensing using spectral data has been commonly applied to retrieve tree layer properties while the monitoring of forest floor remains a less studied topic. We investigated the links between light availability at forest floor, and forest floor's spectral reflectance properties (350–2500 nm) and fractional cover across boreal and temperate Europe. We hypothesized that tree canopy structure (and

The daily average ground surface soil heat flux (G0_daily) has been widely applied in land surface models. The accuracy of modeling G0_daily greatly impacts the estimation of the evapotranspiration and heat and moisture exchanges between the atmosphere and ground surface in frozen ground regions. We propose two methods for estimating G0_daily over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP): the combination method

Reference evapotranspiration data from atmometers at three locations on the Delmarva Peninsula (USA) were compared to Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ETo) data across two growing seasons. Atmometer reference evapotranspiration (ETa) was found to underestimate ETo by 22.8% in 2016 and 30.4% in 2017. Stepwise linear regression was used to examine the relationship between both ET datasets

Natural resource management requires knowledge of terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET). Most existing numeric models for ET include multiple plant- or ecosystem-type specific parameters that require calibration. This is a significant source of uncertainty under changing environmental conditions. A novel ET model with no type−specific parameters was developed recently. Based on the coupling the diffusion

Climate warming causes an impact on the protein supplied to grains by affecting the winter wheat growth period and yield formation; however, research on the effects of warming on protein formation of winter wheat grains is limited. We investigated this phenomenon by conducting no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) field warming trials in the North China Plain for four consecutive years (2017–2020)

Prolonged drought due to global warming can have significant effects on tree growth and sustainability by changing physiological traits. Agroforestry is considered climate-smart and can help buffer the effects of extreme climates. However, it remains unclear as to how trees in agroforestry physiologically adapt to prolonged drought in semiarid regions. Here, we report results from a three-year rainfall

Understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of droughts is critical for food security and water allocation. In this study, we propose an approach to construct the linkage of the propagation from meteorological drought to agricultural drought to explore the simultaneous spatiotemporal evolution of droughts based on a 3-dimensional clustering algorithm. We first evaluate the improvement of the downscaled

Climate warming will cause more frequent drought events in arid regions with rain shortage, especially seasonal droughts, with strong impacts on tree transpiration. Tree transpiration responses to drought are further affected by competition among trees that can be quantified using Hegyi competition indice (HCI). However, how seasonal drought affects tree transpiration among conpetitive pressures remains

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) can exert abiotic stresses on biota to influence regional terrestrial carbon cycling. Here, we investigated their interactive effects on tropical net ecosystem productivity (NEP) when ENSO and IOD simultaneously occur (mainly El Niño & positive IOD [pIOD] and La Niña & negative IOD [nIOD]), based on TRENDYv9 multi-model simulations.

Terrestrial ecosystem photosynthesis plays a crucial role in global carbon cycling. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is a state-of-the-art proxy for ecosystem photosynthesis. Although satellite-derived SIF correlates with gross primary productivity (GPP), it needs to be complemented with ground-based measurements to better understand the dynamics of carbon uptake by plants, because of the

Forests in the Himalayas are a major carbon store, but are under threat due to changes in precipitation regime. To simulate a precipitation decline, throughfall-exclusion (TFE) shelters were applied during three consecutive monsoon seasons in an oak forest (2.650 m a.s.l.) and a conifer-dominated forest (3.260 m a.s.l.) in central Bhutan. Leaf water potentials, tree mortality, stem increment, soil

Hemispherical photography is a relevant tool to estimate canopy attributes such as leaf area index (LAI). Advancements in digital photography and image processing tools have supported long-lasting use of digital hemispherical photography (DHP). While some open-source tools exists for DHP, very few solutions have been made available in R programming packages, and none of these allows a full processing

Predicting the length of growing season to further warming relies on both spring and autumn phenological responses of different species, but with little experimental evidence under different levels of warming. Here, the timing of spring phenology including budburst and leaf unfolding, and autumn phenology including leaf coloration and leaf fall, were examined in 2-year-old seedlings of three temperate

Abstract not available

Global warming is having an unprecedented impact on plant phenology and vitality worldwide, potentially leading to significant changes in the food web, carbon, water cycling and ecosystem functions. Environmental drivers explaining spring phenology, mainly including temperature (chilling in late autumn and winter and forcing in late winter and spring) and photoperiod, have been extensively investigated

Heatwaves have increased significantly in recent decades, seriously affecting the biosphere. The vegetation canopy is altered by heatwaves through high temperatures and water deficit, adversely affecting the ecosystem's health. However, how the canopy resilience of different ecosystems responding to heatwaves behaves remains less understood. Canopy conductance (Gc) couples the carbon and water cycles

Croplands, especially rice paddies, are important anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4) emission. Currently, the effects of extreme weather events, which are occurring more frequently with climate warming, on CH4 emissions from croplands still remain uncertain. In this study, we calibrated the CLM5BGCCrop model and implemented it to nine cropland sites and global simulations, in order to a) analyze

Phenological changes of evergreen vegetation affect ecosystem functions and land-atmosphere exchanges. Although recent studies have documented changes in the spring onset of photosynthesis derived from satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SOSSIF) of evergreen vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere, spatial variations in the response of the onset of spring photosynthesis to climate change

With the increase in high temperature intensity and occurrence frequency, heat stress has become the main threat to the production of majority of crops, including maize (Zea mays L.). Maize husks play protective and energy-providing roles in ear growth; however, the effects of the husk as well as the response of husk traits to heat stress are not fully understood. To address this gap, a series of experiments

Accurate evapotranspiration (ET) data are required for many hydro-meteorological applications. Compared with the traditional evaluation that requires in-situ measurements, the triple collocation (TC) technique estimates geophysical product errors without the need for ground truth, which is especially suitable over large areas lacking a dense in-situ network. However, violations of the zero-error cross-correlation

Chlorophyll fluorescence can serve as a proxy of photosynthesis in boreal forests. When sustained non-photochemical quenching (NPQS) relaxes towards summer, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) emission increases along with photosynthesis. Yet, other physical and physiological factors can also leave a measurable imprint on the fluorescence emission spectra, and disrupt this relationship. We measured

Assessment of the effects of enclosure and grazing on soil respiration based on long-term continuous field observations is scarce, and seasonal dynamics of the dependence of soil respiration on hydrothermal factors (soil moisture and temperature) and the regulation of soil respiration by ambient climate (precipitation and air temperature) under long-term fencing and grazing have been inconclusive so

A better understanding of the relationship between tree growth and climate in natural forests (NF) and planted forests (PF) may help in predicting the potential impacts of climate change on forest growth. In this study, we compare the effects of climate variability on the radial growth of Pinus massoniana in NF and PF in the subtropical region of central-southern China along a large latitudinal gradient

Predicting the optimal harvest date after crop physiological maturity is highly relevant for maize (Zea mays L.). While harvesting before achieving the commercial kernel moisture implies additional costs of grain drying, a delayed harvest of maize crops is linked to grain yield and quality losses. The main objective of this work was to identify weather variables affecting the post-maturity grain dry-down

Inventory estimates of N2O and CH4 emissions disregard temporal and spatial variabilities, which hinders the search for effective local strategies to lower greenhouse gas emissions. We have quantified the emissions of N2O and CH4 in a mixed agriculture-urban region using two independent approaches, i.e., the vertical gradient method (VGM) and the radon-tracer method (RTM), compared the estimated annual