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Identifying new classes of financial price jumps with wavelets Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Cecilia Aubrun, Rudy Morel, Michael Benzaquen, Jean-Philippe Bouchaud
We introduce an unsupervised classification framework that leverages a multiscale wavelet representation of time-series and apply it to stock price jumps. In line with previous work, we recover the fact that time-asymmetry of volatility is the major feature that separates exogenous, news-induced jumps from endogenously generated jumps. Local mean-reversion and trend are found to be two additional key
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Turbulence enhances wave attenuation of seagrass in combined wave–current flows Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Davide Vettori, Francesco Giordana, Costantino Manes
The wave attenuation properties of seagrasses are key to accurately predict how effective these plants are at protecting coasts from erosion and floods. While recent studies have significantly advanced the understanding of seagrass wave attenuation in pure-wave conditions, the presence of a current introduces several complications that have yet to be fully explored. In the present study, we quantify
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Thermal-solutal-induced bistability of evaporating multicomponent liquid thin films Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Yuki Wakata, Feng Wang, Chao Sun, Detlef Lohse
Volatile multicomponent liquid films show rich dynamics, due to the complex interplay of gradients in temperature and in solute concentrations. Here, we study the evaporation dynamics of a tricomponent liquid film, consisting of water, ethanol, and trans-anethole oil (known as “ouzo”). With the preferential evaporation of ethanol, cellular convective structures are observed both in the thermal patterns
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Robust inattentive discrete choice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Lars Peter Hansen, Jianjun Miao, Hao Xing
Rational inattention models characterize optimal decision-making in data-rich environments. In such environments, it can be costly to look carefully at all of the information. Some information is much more salient for the decision at hand and merits closer scrutiny. The inattention decision model formalizes this choice and deduces how best to navigate through the potentially vast array of data when
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Aqueous power source integrated on a microfluidic chip Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Song Yi Yeon, Yunju Kim, Chung Mu Kang, Sanguk Park, Taek Dong Chung
The growing demand for portable sensors for point-of-care (POC) and onsite health monitoring has led to significant interest in developing suitable power sources. In this study, we developed a microfluidic chip-integrated reverse electrodialysis (μRED) system for ecofriendly power generation with monolithic operation. Leveraging its fully ionic characteristic, μRED was successfully applied to an ionic
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Temperature-dependent polar lignification of a seed coat suberin layer promoting dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Lena Hyvärinen, Christelle Fuchs, Anne Utz-Pugin, Kay Gully, Christian Megies, Julia Holbein, Mayumi Iwasaki, Lara Demonsais, Maria Beatriz Capitão, Marie Barberon, Rochus B. Franke, Christiane Nawrath, Sylvain Loubéry, Luis Lopez-Molina
The seed is a landmark plant adaptation where the embryo is sheltered by a protective seed coat to facilitate dispersion. In Arabidopsis , the seed coat, derived from ovular integuments, plays a critical role in maintaining dormancy, ensuring germination occurs during a favorable season. Dormancy is enhanced by cold temperatures during seed development by affecting seed coat permeability through changes
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The genomic and epigenomic landscapes of hemizygous genes across crops with contrasting reproductive systems Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Yanling Peng, Yiwen Wang, Yuting Liu, Xinyue Fang, Lin Cheng, Qiming Long, Dalu Su, Tianhao Zhang, Xiaoya Shi, Xiaodong Xu, Qi Xu, Nan Wang, Fan Zhang, Zhongjie Liu, Hua Xiao, Jin Yao, Ling Tian, Wei Hu, Songbi Chen, Haibo Wang, Sanwen Huang, Brandon S. Gaut, Yongfeng Zhou
Hemizygous genes, which are present on only one of the two homologous chromosomes of diploid organisms, have been mainly studied in the context of sex chromosomes and sex-linked genes. However, these genes can also occur on the autosomes of diploid plants due to structural variants (SVs), such as a deletion/insertion of one allele, and this phenomenon largely unexplored in plants. Here, we investigated
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Anomalous suppression of large-scale density fluctuations in classical and quantum spin liquids Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Duyu Chen, Rhine Samajdar, Yang Jiao, Salvatore Torquato
Classical spin liquids (CSLs) are intriguing states of matter that do not exhibit long-range magnetic order and are characterized by an extensive ground-state degeneracy. Adding quantum fluctuations, which induce dynamics between these different classical ground states, can give rise to quantum spin liquids (QSLs). QSLs are highly entangled quantum phases of matter characterized by fascinating emergent
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Out-of-distribution generalization via composition: A lens through induction heads in Transformers Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Jiajun Song, Zhuoyan Xu, Yiqiao Zhong
Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 sometimes appear to be creative, solving novel tasks often with a few demonstrations in the prompt. These tasks require the models to generalize on distributions different from those from training data—which is known as out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization. Despite the tremendous success of LLMs, how they approach OOD generalization remains an open and
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Touching the classical scaling in penetrative convection Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-07 Zhen Ouyang, Qi Wang, Kai Li, Baole Wen, Zijing Ding
The Cassini missions have identified the tiger stripes on Enceladus as the source of both thermal emission and plume jets. The hot spots in the tiger stripes are highly localized, and the plumes suggest active hydrothermal processes within the subglacial ocean of Enceladus. However, understanding the mechanism responsible for the heat anomalies in the tiger stripes remains a challenge. About 60 y ago
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HflX-mediated drug resistance through ribosome splitting and rRNA disordering in mycobacteria Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Soneya Majumdar, Amuliya Kashyap, Ravi K. Koripella, Manjuli R. Sharma, Kelley Hurst-Hess, Swati R. Manjari, Nilesh K. Banavali, Pallavi Ghosh, Rajendra K. Agrawal
HflX is a highly conserved ribosome-associated GTPase implicated in rescuing stalled ribosomes and mediating antibiotic resistance in several bacteria, including macrolide-lincosamide antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria. Mycobacterial HflXs carry a distinct N-terminal extension (NTE) and a small insertion, as compared to their eubacterial homologs. Here, we present several high-resolution cryo-EM
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Mec1-mediated Atg9 phosphorylation regulates the PAS recruitment of Atg9 vesicles upon energy stress Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Siyu Fan, Shuling Dong, Weijing Yao, Yi Zhang, Mingzhu Fan, Shan Feng, Choufei Wu, Liqin Zhang, Cong Yi
Mec1 plays an essential role in both the DNA damage response and glucose starvation–induced autophagy. We recently reported that Mec1 regulates glucose starvation–induced autophagy through its direct binding to Atg13. However, the role of Mec1’s kinase activity in autophagy remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the kinase activity of Mec1 is required for glucose starvation–induced autophagy
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Top-performing girls are more impactful peer role models than boys, teachers say Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Sofoklis Goulas, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Panagiotis Sotirakopoulos
We examine teachers’ perceptions toward top-performing students and their role model influence on others in an online survey-based experiment. We randomly expose teachers to profiles of top-performing students and inquire whether they consider the profiled top performers to be influential role models. These profiles varied by gender and field of study (STEM or Non-STEM). Our findings show that teachers
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The structure of full-length AFPK supports the ACP linker in a role that regulates iterative polyketide and fatty acid assembly Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Heidi L. Schubert, Feng Li, Christopher P. Hill, Eric W. Schmidt
The polyketide synthases (PKSs) in microbes and the cytoplasmic fatty acid synthases in humans (FASs) are related enzymes that have been well studied. As a result, there is a paradigm explaining in general terms how FASs repeatedly use a set of enzymatic domains to produce simple fats, while PKSs use the domains in a much more complex manner to produce pharmaceuticals and other elaborate molecules
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The canonical RPA complex interacts with Est3 to regulate yeast telomerase activity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Corinne A. Moeller-McCoy, Thomas A. Wieser, Johnathan W. Lubin, Abigail E. Gillespie, Jocelyn A. Ramirez, Margherita Paschini, Deborah S. Wuttke, Victoria Lundblad
In most eukaryotic organisms, cells that rely on continuous cell division employ the enzyme telomerase which replenishes chromosome termini through the addition of telomeric repeats. In budding yeast, the telomerase holoenzyme is composed of a catalytic core associated with two regulatory subunits, Est1 and Est3. The Est1 protein binds a telomere-specific RPA-like complex to recruit telomerase to chromosome
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Contextual neural dynamics during time perception in the primate ventral premotor cortex Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Héctor Díaz, Lucas Bayones, Manuel Alvarez, Bernardo Andrade-Ortega, Sebastián Valero, Antonio Zainos, Ranulfo Romo, Román Rossi-Pool
Understanding how time perception adapts to cognitive demands remains a significant challenge. In some contexts, the brain encodes time categorically (as “long” or “short”), while in others, it encodes precise time intervals on a continuous scale. Although the ventral premotor cortex (VPC) is known for its role in complex temporal processes, such as speech, its specific involvement in time estimation
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Comparative transcriptomics reveals a mixed basal, club, and hillock epithelial cell identity in castration-resistant prostate cancer Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Samuel P. Pitzen, Amber N. Rudenick, Yinjie Qiu, Weijie Zhang, Sarah A. Munro, Braedan M. McCluskey, Colleen Forster, Hannah E. Bergom, Atef Ali, Ella Boytim, John T. Lafin, Simon Linder, Mazlina Ismail, Wout Devlies, Conner J. Sessions, Frank Claessens, Steven Joniau, Gerhardt Attard, Wilbert Zwart, Peter S. Nelson, Eva Corey, Yuzhuo Wang, Joshua M. Lang, Himisha Beltran, Douglas Strand, Emmanuel
Inhibiting the androgen receptor (AR) is effective for treatment of advanced prostate cancers because of their AR-dependent luminal epithelial cell identity. Tumors progress during therapy to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by restoring AR signaling and maintaining luminal identity or by converting through lineage plasticity to a neuroendocrine (NE) identity or double-negative CRPC (DNPC)
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The ER–PM interaction is essential for cytokinesis and recruits the actin cytoskeleton through the SCAR/WAVE complex Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Zhijing Xu, Jingze Zang, Xintong Zhang, Qiwei Zheng, Yifan Li, Nadine Field, Jindriska Fiserova, Bing Hua, Xiaolu Qu, Verena Kriechbaumer, Michael J. Deeks, Patrick J. Hussey, Pengwei Wang
Plant cytokinesis requires coordination between the actin cytoskeleton, microtubules, and membranes to guide division plane formation and cell plate expansion; how these regulatory factors are coordinated remains unknown. The actin cytoskeleton assembly is controlled by several actin nucleation factors, such as the SCAR/WAVE complex, which regulates actin nucleation and branching through the activation
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tRNA selectivity during ribosome-associated quality control regulates the critical sterility-inducing temperature in two-line hybrid rice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Can Zhou, Chunyan Liu, Bin Yan, Jing Sun, Shengdong Li, Ji Li, Jia Wang, Xiahe Huang, Wei Yan, Shuying Yang, Chenjian Fu, Peng Qin, Xingxue Fu, Xinghui Zhao, Yaxian Wu, Xianwei Song, Yingchun Wang, Wenfeng Qian, Yuanzhu Yang, Xiaofeng Cao
The two-line hybrid rice system, a cutting-edge hybrid rice breeding technology, has greatly boosted global food security. In thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines, the critical sterility-inducing temperature (CSIT; the temperature at which TGMS lines change from male fertile to complete male sterile) acts as a key threshold. We recently uncovered that thermo-sensitive genic male sterility
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Extrinsic induction of apoptosis and tumor suppression via the p53–Reprimo–Hippo–YAP/TAZ–p73 pathway Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Masahiro Takikawa, Airi Nakano, Jayaraman Krishnaraj, Yuko Tabata, Yuzo Watanabe, Atsushi Okabe, Yukiko Sakaguchi, Ryoji Fujiki, Ami Mochizuki, Tomoko Tajima, Akane Sada, Shu Matsushita, Yuichi Wakabayashi, Kimi Araki, Atsushi Kaneda, Fuyuki Ishikawa, Mahito Sadaie, Rieko Ohki
Tumor progression is suppressed by inherent cellular mechanisms such as apoptosis. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer and plays a pivotal role in tumor suppression. RPRM is a target gene of p53 known to be involved in tumor suppression, but its molecular function has remained elusive. Here, we report that Reprimo (the protein product of RPRM ) is secreted
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G-quadruplexes catalyze protein folding by reshaping the energetic landscape Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Zijue Huang, Kingshuk Ghosh, Frederick Stull, Scott Horowitz
Many proteins have slow folding times in vitro that are physiologically untenable. To combat this challenge, ATP-dependent chaperonins are thought to possess the unique ability to catalyze protein folding. Performing quantitative model selection using protein folding and unfolding data, we here show that short nucleic acids containing G-quadruplex (G4) structure can also catalyze protein folding. Performing
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Deep learning–driven bacterial cytological profiling to determine antimicrobial mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Diana Quach, Marc Sharp, Sara Ahmed, Lauren Ames, Amala Bhagwat, Aditi Deshpande, Tanya Parish, Joe Pogliano, Joseph Sugie
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , remains a significant global health threat, affecting an estimated 10.6 million people in 2022. The emergence of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant strains necessitates the development of novel and effective drugs. Accelerating the determination of mechanisms of action (MOAs) for these drugs is crucial for advancing TB treatment
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Microlevel structural poverty estimates for southern and eastern Africa Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-06 Elizabeth Tennant, Yating Ru, Peizan Sheng, David S. Matteson, Christopher B. Barrett
For many countries in the Global South traditional poverty estimates are available only infrequently and at coarse spatial resolutions, if at all. This limits decision-makers’ and analysts’ ability to target humanitarian and development interventions and makes it difficult to study relationships between poverty and other natural and human phenomena at finer spatial scales. Advances in Earth observation
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An ear for an ear, but only if you are a deomyinid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Malcolm Maden
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QnAs with Jeremy J. Michalek and Corey D. Harper. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Matthew Hardcastle
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Rapid restoration of potent neutralization activity against the latest Omicron variant JN.1 via AI rational design and antibody engineering Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Yunji Liao, Hang Ma, Zhenyu Wang, Shusheng Wang, Yang He, Yunsong Chang, Huifang Zong, Haoneng Tang, Lei Wang, Yong Ke, Huiyu Cai, Ping Li, Jian Tang, Hua Chen, Aleksandra Drelich, Bi-Hung Peng, Jason Hsu, Vivian Tat, Chien-Te K. Tseng, Jingjing Song, Yunsheng Yuan, Mingyuan Wu, Junjun Liu, Yali Yue, Xiaoju Zhang, Ziqi Wang, Li Yang, Jing Li, Xiaodan Ni, Hongshi Li, Yuning Xiang, Yanlin Bian, Baohong
The rapid evolution of the viral genome has led to the continual generation of new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Developing antibody drugs with broad-spectrum and high efficiency is a long-term task. It is promising but challenging to develop therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) through in vitro evolution based on antigen–antibody binding interactions. From an early B cell antibody repertoire, we isolated
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Ethylene-independent modulation of root development by ACC via downregulation of WOX5 and group I CLE peptide expression Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Wangshu Mou, Ria Khare, Joanna K. Polko, Isaiah Taylor, Juan Xu, Dawei Xue, Philip Benfey, Bram Van de Poel, Caren Chang, Joseph J. Kieber
In seed plants, the canonical role of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is to serve as the precursor in the biosynthesis of the phytohormone ethylene, and indeed, ACC treatment is often used as a proxy for ethylene treatment. Increasing evidence suggests that ACC can also act independently of ethylene to regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. Here, we explore the effects
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Microtubule inner proteins of Plasmodium are essential for transmission of malaria parasites Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Franziska Hentzschel, Annika M. Binder, Lilian P. Dorner, Lea Herzel, Fenja Nuglisch, Meslo Sema, Katharina Röver, Buyuan He, Manuela C. Aguirre-Botero, Marek Cyrklaff, Charlotta Funaya, Friedrich Frischknecht
Microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) are microtubule-associated proteins that bind to tubulin from the luminal side. MIPs can be found in axonemes to stabilize flagellar beat or within cytoplasmic microtubules. Plasmodium spp. are the causative agents of malaria that feature different parasite forms across a complex life cycle with both unique and divergent microtubule-based arrays. Here, we investigate
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Synergistic anion–π interactions in peptidomimetic polyethers Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Seunghyun Lee, Aram Shin, Jinwoo Park, Sowon Yun, Minseong Kim, Dong Woog Lee, Byeong-Su Kim
Anion–π interactions are crucial in various biological processes, such as enzyme catalysis and ion transport. Despite their significance, the exploitation of anion–π interactions in synthetic polymer systems remains underexplored. This study investigates anion–π interactions using chemically well-defined peptidomimetics guided by the composition of mussel foot proteins. Specifically, polyether-based
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Free-electron resonance transition radiation via Brewster randomness Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Zheng Gong, Ruoxi Chen, Zun Wang, Xiangfeng Xi, Yi Yang, Baile Zhang, Hongsheng Chen, Ido Kaminer, Xiao Lin
Free-electron radiation, such as Cherenkov radiation and transition radiation, can generate light at arbitrary frequencies and is fundamental to diverse applications, ranging from electron microscopy, spectroscopy, lasers, to particle detectors. Generally, the features of free-electron radiation are stochastic when electrons interact with random media. Counterintuitively, here, we reveal a type of
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Abscisic acid signaling gates salt-induced responses of plant roots Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Jasper Lamers, Yanxia Zhang, Eva van Zelm, Cheuk Ka Leong, A. Jessica Meyer, Thijs de Zeeuw, Francel Verstappen, Mark Veen, Ayodeji O. Deolu-Ajayi, Charlotte M. M. Gommers, Christa Testerink
Soil salinity presents a dual challenge for plants, involving both osmotic and ionic stress. In response, plants deploy distinct yet interconnected mechanisms to cope with these facets of salinity stress. In this investigation, we observed a substantial overlap in the salt (NaCl)-induced transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis roots with those triggered by osmotic stress or the plant stress hormone
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CO 2 potentiates echinocandin efficacy during invasive candidiasis therapy via dephosphorylation of Hsp90 by Ptc2 in condensates Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-05 Mao Zhang, Youzhi Zhao, Hao Cui, Wenqiang Huang, Kang Xiong, Shan Yang, Yuanyuan Duan, Yong He, Lianjuan Yang, Chang Su, Yang Lu
Carbon dioxide is a signaling cue critical for fungal pathogenesis. Ptc2, a type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C), serves as a conserved CO 2 sensor in fungi. By combining phosphoproteomic and biochemical assays, we identified Hsp90 as a direct target of Ptc2 at host CO 2 concentrations and Ssb1 as a Ptc2 target protein regardless of CO 2 levels in Candida albicans , the most prevalent human fungal pathogen
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Black and Latinx workers reap lower rewards than White workers from years spent working in big cities Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Maximilian Buchholz, Michael Storper
The large labor markets of big cities offer greater possibilities for workers to gain skills and experience through successively better employment opportunities. This “experience effect” contributes to the higher average wages that are found in big cities compared to the economy as a whole. Racial wage inequality is also higher in bigger cities than in the economy on average. We offer an explanation
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Fixational eye movements as active sensation for high visual acuity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Trang-Anh E. Nghiem, Jenny L. Witten, Oscar Dufour, Wolf M. Harmening, Rava Azeredo da Silveira
Perception and action are inherently entangled: our world view is shaped by how we explore our environment through complex and variable self-motion. Even when fixating stable stimuli, our eyes undergo small, involuntary movements. Fixational eye movements (FEM) render a stable world jittery on our retinae, which can be expected to harm neural coding. Yet, empirical evidence suggests that FEM help rather
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Intracranial substrates of meditation-induced neuromodulation in the amygdala and hippocampus Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Christina Maher, Lea Tortolero, Soyeon Jun, Daniel D. Cummins, Adam Saad, James Young, Lizbeth Nunez Martinez, Zachary Schulman, Lara Marcuse, Allison Waters, Helen S. Mayberg, Richard J. Davidson, Fedor Panov, Ignacio Saez
Meditation is an accessible mental practice associated with emotional regulation and well-being. Loving-kindness meditation (LKM), a specific subtype of meditative practice, involves focusing one’s attention on thoughts of well-being for oneself and others. Meditation has been proven to be beneficial in a variety of settings, including therapeutic applications, but the neural activity underlying meditative
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Biochemical and structural bases for talin ABSs–F-actin interactions Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Christian Biertümpfel, Yurika Yamada, Victor Vasquez-Montes, Thien Van Truong, A. King Cada, Naoko Mizuno
Focal adhesions (FAs) are large intracellular macromolecular assemblies that play a critical role in cell polarization and migration. Talin serves as a direct connection between integrin receptor and actomyosin cytoskeleton within FAs. Talin contains three actin-binding sites (ABS1-3) that engage discreetly during the development of FAs, thus acting as a critical player in FA initiation and maturation
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The revised elastic field of an edge dislocation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 J. P. Hirth, P. M. Anderson
We modify the traditional linear-elastic field of an edge dislocation. The modifications stem from symmetry and energy requirements imposed in terms of embedded (deformed) coordinates. These requirements are satisfied if a line force is added to the dislocation field. The modification to the stress field is expressed by coefficients that are a function only of Poisson’s ratio. Qualitatively, the field
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Human beauty illustrates the economic impact of heritable physical traits Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Daniel S. Hamermesh, Anwen Zhang
Intergenerational transmission of inequality is a central question in the social sciences. We use one trait, beauty, to infer how much parents’ physical characteristics transmit inequality across generations. Analyses of a large-scale longitudinal dataset in the United States, and a much smaller dataset of Chinese parents and children, show that increases in parents’ looks are associated with increases
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Uncovering the hidden RNA virus diversity in Lake Nam Co: Evolutionary insights from an extreme high-altitude environment Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Lilin Wu, Yongqin Liu, Wenqing Shi, Tianyi Chang, Pengfei Liu, Keshao Liu, Yong He, Zhaorong Li, Mang Shi, Nianzhi Jiao, Andrew S. Lang, Xiyang Dong, Qiang Zheng
Alpine lakes, characterized by isolation, low temperatures, oligotrophic conditions, and intense ultraviolet radiation, remain a poorly explored ecosystem for RNA viruses. Here, we present the first comprehensive metatranscriptomic study of RNA viruses in Lake Nam Co, a high-altitude alkaline saline lake on the Tibetan Plateau. Using a combination of sequence- and structure-based homology searches
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Identification of a central regulator of ginkgolide biosynthesis in Ginkgo biloba that integrates jasmonate and light signaling Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Jinfa Du, Zhen Zhao, Lingqi Jin, Lijin Huang, Dian Jin, Xiaoyan Zheng, Qiaolei Wang, Wenbo Xu, Huijun Guo, Xinyue Xing, Raphael N. Alolga, Lam-Son Phan Tran, Luis Rafael Herrera-Estrella, Ping Li, Xiaojian Yin, Xu Lu
Ginkgolides are secondary metabolites unique to Ginkgo biloba with the potential to prevent and treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although the biosynthetic pathways of ginkgolides have been partly uncovered, the mechanism regulating their biosynthesis is still largely unknown. Here, using multiomic and genetic analyses, we report the identification of a transcription factor, named
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Impact of APOE , Klotho, and sex on cognitive decline with aging Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Kengo Shibata, Cheng Chen, Xin You Tai, Sanjay G. Manohar, Masud Husain
The effects of apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) and Klotho genes, both implicated in aging, on human cognition as a function of sex and age are yet to be definitively established. Here, we showed in the largest cohort studied to date ( N = 320,861) that APOE homozygous ε4 carriers had a greater decline in cognition with aging compared to ε3 carriers (ε3/ε4 and ε3/ε3) as well as smaller hippocampi and amygdala
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Engineering drive–selection balance for localized population suppression with neutral dynamics Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Katie Willis, Austin Burt
While the release of sterile males has been highly successful in suppressing some pest populations, it is impractical for many species due to the males disappearing after a single generation, necessitating large, repeated releases to maintain sufficient impact. Synthetic gene drives promise more efficient approaches since they can increase in frequency from rare, yet this also allows them to spread
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Spatial propagation of temperate phages within and among biofilms Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 James B. Winans, Lanying Zeng, Carey D. Nadell
Bacteria form groups composed of cells and a secreted polymeric matrix that controls their spatial organization. These groups—termed biofilms—can act as refuges from environmental disturbances and from biotic threats, including phages. Despite the ubiquity of temperate phages and bacterial biofilms, live propagation of temperate phages within biofilms has not been characterized on cellular spatial
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Creation, stabilization, and investigation at ambient pressure of pressure-induced superconductivity in Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Liangzi Deng, Busheng Wang, Clayton Halbert, Daniel J. Schulze, Melissa Gooch, Trevor Bontke, Ting-Wei Kuo, Xin Shi, Shaowei Song, Nilesh Salke, Hung-Duen Yang, Zhifeng Ren, Russell J. Hemley, Eva Zurek, Rohit P. Prasankumar, Ching-Wu Chu
In light of breakthroughs in superconductivity under high pressure, and considering that record critical temperatures (T c s) across various systems have been achieved under high pressure, the primary challenge for higher T c should no longer solely be to increase T c under extreme conditions but also to reduce, or ideally eliminate, the need for applied pressure in retaining pressure-induced or -enhanced
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Observed declines in upper ocean phosphate-to-nitrate availability Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Skylar D. Gerace, Jun Yu, J. Keith Moore, Adam C. Martiny
Climate warming is increasing ocean stratification, which in turn should decrease the nutrient flux to the upper ocean. This may slow marine primary productivity, causing cascading effects throughout food webs. However, observing changes in upper ocean nutrients is challenging because surface concentrations are often below detection limits. We show that the nutricline depth, where nutrient concentrations
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Variable transduction of thyroid hormone signaling in structures of the mouse brain Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Richárd Sinkó, Federico Salas-Lucia, Petra Mohácsik, Emese Halmos, Gábor Wittmann, Péter Egri, Barbara M. L. C. Bocco, Alice Batistuzzo, Tatiana L. Fonseca, Csaba Fekete, Antonio C. Bianco, Balázs Gereben
L-thyroxine (L-T4) monotherapy is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism, administered daily to normalize TSH levels. Once absorbed, T4 is converted to T3 to alleviate most symptoms. However, this treatment abnormally elevates plasma T4 levels in over 50% of patients. Using L-T4-treated Thyroid Hormone (TH) Action Indicator mice, which express a T3-regulated luciferase (Luc) reporter, we examined
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Activation-induced thrombospondin-4 works with thrombospondin-1 to build cytotoxic supramolecular attack particles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Chiara Cassioli, Nagaja Capitani, Claire C. Staton, Claudia Schirra, Francesca Finetti, Anna Onnis, Nadia Alawar, Szu-Min Tu, Ludovica Lopresti, Vanessa Tatangelo, Carmela Tangredi, Salvatore Valvo, Hsin-Fang Chang, Annachiara Miccoli, Ewoud B. Compeer, Jemma Nicholls, Bruce R. Blazar, Giuseppe Marotta, Matthew J. A. Wood, Livio Trentin, Laura Patrussi, Michael L. Dustin, Ute Becherer, Cosima T. Baldari
Cytotoxic attack particles released by CTLs and NK cells include diverse phospholipid membrane and glycoprotein encapsulated entities that contribute to target cell killing. Supramolecular attack particles (SMAPs) are one type of particle characterized by a cytotoxic core enriched in granzymes and perforin surrounded by a proteinaceous shell including thrombospondin (TSP)-1. TSP-4 was also detected
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Circadian clock control of interactions between eIF2α kinase CPC-3 and GCN1 with ribosomes regulates rhythmic translation initiation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Ebimobowei O. Preh, Manuel A. Ramirez, Sidharth Mohan, Chanté R. Guy, Deborah Bell-Pedersen
Misregulation of the activity of GCN2, the kinase that phosphorylates and inactivates translation initiation factor eIF2α, has been implicated in several health disorders, underscoring the need to determine the mechanisms controlling GCN2 activation. During nutrient starvation, increased uncharged tRNA levels trigger GCN1 and GCN20 proteins to mediate the binding of uncharged tRNA to GCN2 to activate
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Human MAIT cell response profiles biased toward IL-17 or IL-10 are distinct effector states directed by the cytokine milieu Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Caroline Boulouis, Elli Mouchtaridi, Thomas R. Müller, Jeffrey Y. W. Mak, David P. Fairlie, Peter Bergman, Jakob Michaëlsson, Jonas Halfvarson, Jenny Mjösberg, Marcus Buggert, Johan K. Sandberg
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T cells that mediate rapid antimicrobial immune responses to antigens derived from microbial riboflavin pathway metabolites presented by the evolutionarily conserved MR1 molecules. MAIT cells represent a large pre-expanded T cell subset in humans and are involved in both protective immunity and inflammatory immunopathology. However, what
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Spatial Patterning Analysis of Cellular Ensembles (SPACE) finds complex spatial organization at the cell and tissue levels Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-04 Edward C. Schrom, Erin F. McCaffrey, Vivek Sreejithkumar, Andrea J. Radtke, Hiroshi Ichise, Armando Arroyo-Mejias, Emily Speranza, Leanne Arakkal, Nishant Thakur, Spencer Grant, Ronald N. Germain
Spatial patterns of cells and other biological elements drive physiologic and pathologic processes within tissues. While many imaging and transcriptomic methods document tissue organization, discerning these patterns is challenging, especially when they involve multiple elements in complex arrangements. To address this challenge, we present Spatial Patterning Analysis of Cellular Ensembles (SPACE)
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Yet another twist to the regulation of the TGF-β family ligands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Marko Hyvönen
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Light's hidden power: Vacuum fluctuations reshape superconductivity from within. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 T F Nova,A D Caviglia
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The Regulatory-associated protein of target of rapamycin 1B (RAPTOR 1B) interconnects with the photoperiod pathway to promote flowering in Arabidopsis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Reynel Urrea-Castellanos, Maria J. Calderan-Rodrigues, Anthony Artins, Magdalena Musialak-Lange, Appanna Macharanda-Ganesh, Alisdair R. Fernie, Vanessa Wahl, Camila Caldana
The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, or floral transition, is a tightly regulated, energy-demanding process. In Arabidopsis , the interplay of light perception and circadian rhythms detects changes in photoperiod length, accelerating flowering under long days (LD). CONSTANS (CO), a transcription factor, upregulates FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in leaves during dusk. The FT protein then
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The estimated cost of preventing extinction and progressing recovery for Australia’s priority threatened species Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Michelle Ward, Hugh P. Possingham, Brendan A. Wintle, John C. Z. Woinarski, Jessica R. Marsh, David G. Chapple, Mark Lintermans, Ben C. Scheele, Nick S. Whiterod, Conrad J. Hoskin, Bora Aska, Chuanji Yong, Ayesha Tulloch, Romola Stewart, James E. M. Watson
The global extinction crisis is intensifying rapidly, driven by habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, invasive species, and disease. This unprecedented loss of species not only threatens ecological integrity but also undermines ecosystem services vital for human survival. In response, many countries have set ambitious conservation targets such as halting species extinctions, yet the necessary
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Bonobos point more for ignorant than knowledgeable social partners Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Luke A. Townrow, Christopher Krupenye
Numerous uniquely human phenomena, from teaching to our most complex forms of cooperation, depend on our ability to tailor our communication to the knowledge and ignorance states of our social partners. Despite four decades of research into the “theory of mind” capacities of nonhuman primates, there remains no evidence that primates can communicate on the basis of their mental state attributions, to
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Spatiotemporal distribution of the North American Indigenous population prior to European contact Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2025-02-03 Robert L. Kelly, Madeline E. Mackie, Spencer R. Pelton, Erick Robinson
We examine spatiotemporal trends in the pre-European-contact Indigenous population of North America using radiocarbon ( 14 C) dates of the past 2000 y. At a continental scale, the Indigenous population of the past ~14,000 y peaked at ~1150 CE and then declined until a brief recovery shortly before 1500 CE, after which 14 C probability declines precipitously. After testing, we reject the hypothesis