-
A typology of proportional quantifiers: Evidence from Polish partitives Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 Marcin Wągiel
Abstract In this paper, I investigate the distribution and semantic behavior of various proportional quantifiers (PQs) in Polish. Based on novel evidence including corpus data, I conclude that Polish PQs do not constitute a uniform category, but rather can be divided into four distinct classes based on the following properties: i) (in)compatibility with numerals and measure words, ii) (in)compatibility
-
Self-addressed questions and honorifications: The case of Japanese daroo-ka/desyoo-ka Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 Chen-An Chang
Abstract Japanese self-addressed questions (SAQs) are either marked with SAQ question particles (i.e. kana, yara) or marked with modals daroo or desyoo. The present paper argues that the pragmatic profile of Japanese SAQs should not be limited to solitary contexts. The paper presents an experiment examining whether daroo-ka/desyoo-ka can be perceived as SAQs in the accompanied contexts. The results
-
Tonal peaks in the spontaneous speech of vantage level Hungarian learners of Spanish Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 Kata Baditzné Pálvölgyi
Abstract This paper reports on a two-part research project, conducted in order to see how Hungarian learners with at least vantage level of Spanish realize melodic peaks in their Spanish utterances. First, we are focusing on the tonal and distributional characteristics of melodic peaks, taking into consideration the proportion of the rise in f0 with respect to the previous syllable and examining if
-
The role of phonology in Vata adjectival agreement Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 Sebastian Bredemann
Abstract In realizational theories of morphology, different opinions exist on the relationship between phonology and Vocabulary Insertion. On the one hand, there are separational theories like Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993), which assume that Vocabulary Insertion does not interact with the phonological component of the grammar. These theories predict that the properties of a language's
-
Unstressed vowels in English: Distributions and consequences Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 Péter Szigetvári
Abstract Following Trager & Bloch (1941), I argue that diphthongs in English are short vowels followed by a glide, that is, a consonant (Szigetvári 2016). In the present paper, I bring further evidence for this claim, based on the distribution of unstressed vowels in British English.
-
Q-particles and islands in Sinhala wh- and polar questions Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 Maribel Romero,Erlinde Meertens
Abstract This paper is concerned with the Q-particle də in Sinhala wh-questions and polar questions. Previous approaches propose a two-legged semantic dependency: (i) the lower leg projects a set of alternatives and (ii) the upper leg forms a choice function dependency. The contribution of the present paper is two-fold. First, it presents novel empirical data on complex questions with islands that
-
Place of articulation shifts in sound change: A gradual road to the unmarked Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 Eirini Apostolopoulou
Abstract This paper investigates place of articulation shifts involving heterosyllabic C[non-coronal]C[coronal] clusters. Such phenomena are found, among other languages, in the diachrony of Italiot Greek, where three typologically different historical stages are observed: (a) no shifts; (b) dorsal > labial shift; (c) dorsal, labial > coronal shift. Drawing on Rice's (1994) model of the Place node
-
The historical development of the suffix -en in English Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-01-28 Jeroen van de Weijer,Hua Gao
Abstract This paper investigates the historical development during the past three centuries of the English suffix -en, used to create denominal adjectives (e.g. golden, silken), focusing on words that have remained in the language until the present day. We specify a way of calculating the rate of loss of the suffix and apply this to different lexical items involved in this process. Finally, we explore
-
Defining the prosodic word with segmental processes in Dagbani Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-01-28 Fusheini Hudu
Abstract Few studies have explored the relevance of metrical structures in segmental processes. This paper shows that Dagbani (Gur, Ghana), has a prosodic word dominating a trochaic foot which licenses segmental processes and phonotactics. The foot is the domain for marked vowels and unmarked consonants. The prosodic word regulates the sequencing of syllables of different degrees of sonority and weight
-
The Sociopragmatics of Attitude Datives in Levantine Arabic Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-01-20 Christina Hodeib
-
Mora-timed, stress-timed, and syllable-timed rhythm classes: Clues in English speech production by bilingual speakers Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-09-10 Sha Liu,Kaye Takeda
Abstract A growing body of literature suggests that the world's languages can be classified into three rhythm classes: mora-timed languages, stress-timed languages, and syllable-timed languages. However, scholars cannot agree on which rhythmic measures discriminate rhythm classes most satisfactorily and whether the speech rate factor should be considered. In this study, we analyze speech production
-
A comparative study of possessive construction in Kurdish and Hungarian from a cognitive perspective Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-29 Rahman Veisi Hasar,Zaniar Naghshbandi
AbstractThe present paper seeks to investigate the characteristics of possessive constructions in Kurdish (the Central variety also known as Sorani) and Hungarian from a cognitive viewpoint. Starting with nominal possessive constructions, which include attenuated possessors and nominal possessees, we will argue that both Kurdish and Hungarian make use of essentially similar typological strategies to
-
Against phonologically-optimizing suppletive allomorphy (POSA) in Irish, Tiene, Katu, and Konni Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-24 Nicholas Rolle
AbstractSuppletive allomorphs may be conditioned based on their phonological environment. When the allomorphy distribution is phonologically natural, this has motivated theoretical models supporting phonologically-optimizing suppletive allomorphy (POSA), whereby the phonological grammar selects the suppletive allomorph whose output is least marked. This paper re-examines four cases argued to support
-
Harmonic Uniformity and Hungarian front/back harmony Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-24 Péter Rebrus,Miklós Törkenczy
AbstractIn the paper we argue against the traditional assumption about the relationship between morphology and harmony in Hungarian according to which monomorphemic and polymorphemic (suffixed) forms behave in the same way harmonically within the domain of harmony. We show that the harmonic properties of the root are inherited by morphologically complex forms based on the root and this can override
-
Erzya stem-internal vowel-consonant harmony: A new approach Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-24 László Fejes
AbstractAlthough Erzya harmony is discussed as a kind of vowel harmony traditionally, suffix alternations show that there is a close interaction between consonants and vowels, therefore we should speak about a consonant-vowel harmony. This paper demonstrates that the palatalizedness of the consonants and the frontness of the vowels are also strongly connected inside stems: first syllable front vowels
-
Morphology made (too) simple? Phonological problems with and a solution to the analytic/non-analytic distinction Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-24 Markus A. Pöchtrager
AbstractThis article addresses some shortcomings in the standard theory of the phonology-morphology interface within Government Phonology, which is built on the dichotomy of analytic/non-analytic morphology. I argue that many cases which had previously been thought to be analytic and therefore to require a cyclic application of phonology should be reinterpreted without: Many constructions that seemed
-
The perception of voicing contrast in assimilation contexts in minimal pairs: evidence from Hungarian Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-24 Zsuzsanna Bárkányi,Zoltán G. Kiss
AbstractIt has been long acknowledged that the perception and production of speech is affected by the presence or absence of higher levels of linguistic information, too. The recoverability of meaning heavily relies on semantic context, similarly, the precision of articulation is inversely proportional to the presence of semantic information. The present study explores the recoverability of the voice
-
Underlying representation of [w]-final words in Brazilian Portuguese: Evidence from morphological derivation Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-24 Luiz Carlos Schwindt
AbstractThis paper deals with the underlying representation of [w]-final words in Brazilian Portuguese, usually spelled with and pronounced as [w] and occasionally as [ɫ] (e.g., papel / [paˈpɛw] ~ [paˈpɛɫ] ‘paper’). It focuses on non-verbs derived by a vowel-initial suffix preceded by [l] (e.g., papel+eiro ‘paper+suffix’ / [papeˈlejɾʊ] ‘papermaker’; cliente+ismo ‘client+suffix’ / [kliẽnteˈlizmʊ] ‘patronage’)
-
Morphology-phonology interplay in lexical stress assignment: Ichishkiin Sɨnwit Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-24 Ksenia Bogomolets
AbstractThis paper presents a novel analysis of the stress system of Ichishkiin Sɨnwit (Sahaptian). Ichishkiin Sɨnwit has been previously analyzed as a unique example of a stress system requiring a ranking of the Affix Faithfulness constraints over the Root Faithfulness constraints. I argue, however, that such idiosyncratic stress mechanisms are not necessary. Instead, I propose that accent assignment
-
Deriving Level 1/Level 2 affix classes in English: Floating vowels, cyclic syntax Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-24 Heather Newell
AbstractThis article accounts for the traditionally-labelled Level 1/Level 2 affix distinction in English by combining the predictions of floating segmental structure (e.g. Rubach 1996) and cyclic spell-out by phase (Chomsky 1999; Marantz 2007). It offers insight not only into the different phonological patterns these affixes trigger, but importantly, explains when the same affix will trigger distinct
-
The syntax of numeral-noun constructions: A view from Polish Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Nathaniel Torres
-
NPs, not DPs: The NP vs. DP debate in the context of dependency grammar Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-03-24 Timothy Osborne
AbstractThis paper considers the NP vs. DP debate from the perspective of dependency grammar (DG). The message is delivered that given DG assumptions about sentence structure, the traditional NP-analysis of nominal groups is preferable over the DP-analysis. The debate is also considered from the perspective of phrase structure grammar (PSG). While many of the issues discussed here do not directly support
-
The clausal organization of Tuparí, an indigenous Brazilian language Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-12 Adam Roth Singerman
AbstractThis paper provides a detailed description and analysis of the clausal organization of Tuparí, a Tupían language that is spoken by approximately 350 people in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. The paper focuses on several interrelated issues that have broader comparative and typological importance, including (a) the distribution of head-initial and head-final phrase structure, (b) the diverse
-
Chuvash Historical Phonetics. An areal linguistic study. With an Appendix on the Role of Proto-Mari in the History of Chuvash Vocalism Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-12 István Zimonyi
-
What determines the varying relation of case and agreement? Evidence from the Ugric languages Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-01-12 Katalin É. Kiss
AbstractAgreement and case assignment can be interdependent, partially independent, or independent of each other (Baker & Vinokurova 2010; Baker 2014, 2015). These parametric options appear to have random distribution across languages. This paper claims on the basis of the comparison of the Ugric languages (Mansi, Khanty, and Hungarian) that the correlation of case and agreement or the lack of it may
-
Dative antecedents for reflexives and pronouns Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-10-10 Jacek Witkoś,Paulina Łęska
AbstractThis paper aims to advance a comprehensive theory of binding, which can account for all binding patterns found in Polish, some of which are particularly puzzling for traditional and novel formulations of Binding Theory. Namely, Polish reflexive pronouns/possessives are typically (nominative) subject oriented but they can also have dative Object Experiencers, OEs, as antecedents. Yet, OEs are
-
Current Approaches to Syntax. A Comparative Handbook Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-10-10 György Rákosi
-
Back to restitutives (again): A syntactic account of restitutive and counterdirectional verbal particles in Hungarian Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-10-10 Veronika Hegedűs
AbstractThis paper discusses two Hungarian verbal particles that belong to the semantic group of repetitive elements. The main focus is on the verbal particle újra ‘again’, which has primarily been discussed as an adverb with repetitive and restitutive meanings (with the exception of Csirmaz 2015) but can be a verbal particle, which is distinct both from the adverb and from most other verbal particles
-
Initial geminations as non-actual surface forms in Qassimi Arabic Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-10-10 Mufleh Salem M. Alqahtani
AbstractThis paper sheds light on the treatment of initial gemination in Qassimi Arabic (QA), a Najdi dialect spoken in the Al-Qassim region in central Saudi Arabia, within the framework of Parallelism, an Optimality Theory (OT) model. The study concludes that initial geminates, which are non-actual surface forms in QA, result from the assimilation of the prefix /t-/ to stem-initial consonants of Arabic
-
A unified analysis of two reduplication processes in Saraiki Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-10-10 Jeroen van de Weijer,Firdos Atta
AbstractWe analyse two reduplication processes in Saraiki, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan. The two processes are only minimally different: the first type involves total reduplication and the second type involves overwriting with an initial consonant (“fixed segment reduplication”). The goal of the paper is to expose the difficulties of analysing both processes in a single grammar, i.e. with
-
Current Approaches to Syntax. A Comparative Handbook Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-10-10 Csaba Pléh,Magdalena Roszkowski
-
Erratum: Back to restitutives (again): A syntactic account of restitutive and counterdirectional verbal particles in Hungarian Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-10-10 Veronika Hegedűs
-
Book review of “Person, Case, and Agreement: The Morphosyntax of Inverse Agreement and Global Case Splits” by András Bárány Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Dalina Kallulli
-
Looking for the Kennformen of the Italian verb paradigm. An experimental study Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Pier Marco Bertinetto,Chiara Finocchiaro,Clara Rastelli
AbstractIt is generally assumed that, within an inflectional paradigm, some forms are cognitively more salient than others. Although this effect is the result of various concomitant factors to which all forms of the given paradigm concur, the existence of salient forms is crucial to assist the speaker in predicting the remaining forms of the paradigm. The notion of ‘salient form(s)’ was implicit in
-
An Optimality Theoretic account of verbal pattern-root consonant assimilation in Modern Standard Arabic Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Hamed Aljeradaat
AbstractThe goal of this study is to propose an Optimality-Theoretic (OT) account of the assimilation that arises from adjacency between root and pattern consonants in the two verbal patterns “ɪn-a-a-” and “ɪ-ta-a” in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). As for the pattern of “ɪn-a-a-”, ranking syntagmatic constraints higher than the faithfulness constraint of the root explains why the nasal /n/ agrees with
-
On some problems of rule ordering in Finnish grammar Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Pauli Brattico
AbstractFinnish wh-movement exhibits internal roll-up movement with pied-piping and is therefore overtly successive-cyclic. On the other hand, its morphosyntax is nonlocal, suggesting countercyclic behavior. The existence of overtly cyclic computations and nonlocal agreement penetrating nearly every cyclic domain constitutes a near contradiction in this language. A solution is proposed which partially
-
The inflection of Tigre weak-final and strong verbs Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Noam Faust
AbstractThis paper provides a complete, exclusively phonological account of the alternations in the paradigms of the two largest verbal types in the Ethio-Semitic language Tigre. It is proposed that “weakfinal” verbs are constructed using the same templates and vocalizations as “strong” verbs. All of the differences between the two inflectional paradigms follow from weak-final verbs involving a vowel
-
A note on the strength of vowels Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Guillaume Enguehard,Xiaoliang Luo
AbstractThis paper is a modest contribution to the understanding of vocalic strength. Our aim is to show that the strength of consonants and the strength of vowels can be unified. For this, we propose that the only factor of strength is length. More precisely: branching segments are stronger and segments sharing their positions with other segments are weaker. We discuss several examples of phenomena
-
Lexicalising phonological structure in morphemes Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Kuniya Nasukawa
AbstractBy comparing different theoretical models of phonological representation, this paper considers (i) what kinds of properties are lexically specified in morpheme-internal phonological structure, and (ii) how this morpheme-internal phonological structure is constructed before being stored in the mental lexicon. The aim is to contribute to the ongoing development of a model which can characterize
-
Segment–zero alternations in Galician definite article allomorphy Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Shanti Ulfsbjorninn
AbstractGalician presents an intriguing case of opaque phonologically-conditioned definite article allomorphy (PCA). Though Galician features in the general literature on PCA (Nevins 2011), there is a surprising lack of synchronic theoretical discussion of this specific pattern. The data appears to require allomorph selection arranged in a system of Priority (Mascaró 2005; Bonet et al. 2003; 2007)
-
Representation-based models in the current landscape of phonological theory Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Katalin Balogné Bérces,Patrick Honeybone
AbstractWe place the healthy diversity of current (i.e., early 21st-century) phonological theory under scrutiny, and identify the four fundamental approaches that make it up: Rule-Based Phonology, Representation-Based Phonology, Constraint-Based Phonology, and Usage-Based Phonology. We then focus on the key aspects of and recent developments in Representation-Based Phonology: we separate out hybrid
-
The English “Arab Rule” without feet Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Quentin Dabouis, Guillaume Enguehard, Jean-Michel Fournier, Nicola Lampitelli
This paper deals with English vowel reduction and focuses on what is generally referred to as the Arab Rule (Ross 1972 i.a.). Vowels tend to reduce if the preceding syllable is light, whereas they do not reduce if the preceding syllable is heavy. Our purpose is twofold: first, based on the scrutiny of Wells (2008), we evaluate the efficiency of the Arab Rule and show that is empirically verified. Second
-
Harry van der Hulst: Asymmetries in vowel harmony: A representational account. With assistance from Jeroen van de Weijer Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-12-01 Péter Siptár
-
The semantics of weak imperatives revisited: Evidence from free-choice item licensing Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-12-01 Tamás Halm
Abstract This paper provides a new analysis for the semantics and pragmatics of weak (permission/acquiescence) imperatives. In a significant modification to the To-Do-List (or minimal semantics – s...
-
Frequency and prototypicality determine variation in the Hungarian verbal 1 SG.INDEF Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-12-01 Péter Rácz
Abstract I provide a synchronic account of the variation between the marked and unmarked forms of the 1SG.INDEF of Hungarian (-ik) verbs; verbs that end in (-ik) in the 3SG.INDEF. I use a generalis...
-
Hungarian particle reduplication as local doubling Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-12-01 Anikó Lipták, Andrés Saab
This paper provides a morphosyntactic account of particle reduplication in Hungarian, a case of reduplication whose function is to express repetition of events. The most conspicuous property of this process is that it can only apply when the particle is strictly left adjacent to an overt verb. We develop an analysis in terms of a syntactic process that yields a string of doubled particles that do not
-
Situation aspectual properties of creation/consumption predicates Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-12-01 Éva Kardos
Abstract This paper is concerned with the situation aspectual properties of creation and consumption verbs. More specifically, it aims to explore how telic interpretations arise in this verbal doma...
-
The inspirational role of Chomsky in the cognitive turn of psychology Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Csaba Pléh
-
Norbert Hornstein, Howard Lasnik, Pritty Patel-Grosz and Charles Yang (eds.):Syntactic Structuresafter 60 years. The impact of the Chomskyan revolution in linguistics Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Marcel den Dikken
-
Guest Editor's Note: Chomsky 90 Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Éva Dékány
-
The impact of generative linguistics on psychology: Language acquisition, a paradigm example Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Caterina Marino, Judit Gervain
Noam Chomsky's early work was at the core of the “cognitive revolution” in the 1950s-60s, leading to a paradigm shift from a behavioralist to a mentalistic approach to human psychology. Central to ...
-
Chomsky's I-languages: Rethinking catastrophic changes Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-09-01 David W. Lightfoot
Languages sometimes undergo major shifts, when multiple phenomena change together, often called catastrophes, phase transitions, or saltations. Recently Emonds and Faarlund (2014) argued for a majo...
-
Karen Grainger and Sara Mills: Directness and indirectness across cultures Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 Han Dan
-
Emancipating (im)politeness research and increasing its impact Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 Wei Ren
Abstract This paper explores how the authors to the papers in this special issue of Acta Linguistica Academica (2019/2) understand the performance and evaluation of (im)politeness in various types ...
-
Ritual public humiliation Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 Dániel Z. Kádár, Puyu Ning
Abstract This paper investigates cases in which people who are perceived to have violated a major communal and/or social norm are humiliated in public in a ritual way. As a case study we examine on...
-
The practice and perception of unexpected topic switching in Mandarin Chinese Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 Weihua Zhu
Abstract In this paper, I combine a model of context, practice, and perception with a discursive-interactional approach to investigate the moral order of the practice and perception of unexpected t...
-
(Im)politeness and alignment Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 Dániel Z. Kádár, Sen Zhang
Abstract This paper aims to examine the role of (im)politeness and alignment in public monologues. Linguistic politeness theory has predominantly focused on the interpersonal aspect of (im)politene...
-
Introduction: Advancing linguistic politeness theory by using Chinese data Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 Dániel Z. Kádár
Abstract The present introduction provides an overview of the field of linguistic politeness research. Since Acta Linguistica Academica has diverse scope of inquiries, and linguistic pragmatics has...
-
The movement to SpecFinP in Finnish Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 Saara Huhmarniemi
Abstract This paper investigates the hypothesis that movement to SpecFinP in Finnish is an instance of discourse neutral EPP movement that obeys a locality condition. It is proposed that the subject argument in the specifier of vP is the closest potential goal for the EPP and therefore the “default” element to move to SpecFinP. The other elements, such as the object argument, have to first reach the
-
Analytical issues in the study of verb–noun compounds: How does Akan fit in? Acta Linguistica Academica (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 Clement Kwamina Insaidoo Appah
Abstract This paper highlights three issues in the study of verb–noun compounding and shows how data from Akan (Niger-Congo, Kwa, Ghana) help answer the relevant questions for the language. The issues, which mainly concern the exocentric subtype, are: one, the syntactic category of the left-hand constituent and that of the whole compound; two, whether the formation of verb–noun compounds is a matter