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Controlled synthesis of tantalum-based solid solution and exploration of electrochemical properties as soluble anode for molten salt electrolysis Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-09-13 Xuena Men, Zepeng Lv, Shaolong Li, Jilin He, Jianxun Song
Metal oxycarbide solid solution possesses an extensive potential applications due to its remarkable physical features. In this paper, TaCO solid solution is successively and controllably synthesized by carbothermal reduction of TaO. Based on the thermodynamic calculation, the possible reactions under different conditions in the carbothermal reduction process were analyzed, which provides theoretical
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Rare earth-doped ceramic coatings: Analysis of microstructure, mechanical properties, and slurry Erosion resistance using high pressure-high velocity oxy-liquid fuel deposition Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-09-13 Mohit Vishnoi, Qasim Murtaza, Paras Kumar, Anuj Bansal, Vikrant Singh
The high pressure-high velocity oxy liquid fuel (HP-HVOLF) is a current industry-adopted thermal spraying technique for developing high melting point powder coating over surfaces. In the current manuscript, the rare earth (LaO/CeO/ErO–0.3 wt%. each) doped and without rare earth doped carbide (WC-10Co-4Cr) coatings have been deployed on stainless steel (SS410) via HP-HVOLF process. The comparison among
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Enhancing strength-conductivity synergy in an ultrathin lamellar-structured W[sbnd]Cu composite prepared by freeze-casting and infiltration Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-09-12 Zheng Chen, Yilei Gao, Bin Yang, Qiao Zhang, Nan Deng, Shuhua Liang
One of the key strategies to enhance the performance of composites is the implementation of a lamellar structure, which has demonstrated remarkable success. In this study, an ultrathin lamellar WCu composite was fabricated using a combination of freeze-casting and infiltration techniques. Compared to the homogeneous WCu composite, the aligned structure in this composite provides continuous conductive
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Negative effect of lanthanum tungstate on the mechanical properties of W-La2O3 alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-09-10 Dezhi Wang, Yanzhen Lu, Ye Gao, Shuai Ma, Xin Li, Zhuangzhi Wu
With the rapid development of the photovoltaic industry, tungsten alloys have been selected to replace the high‑carbon steel to fabricate the busbars for diamond wire saws due to their superior mechanical properties, and the LaO doped tungsten alloy has been widely used. However, the yield of eligible W alloy wires is not very high due to serious wire breakage problems during the production process
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Crack suppression in directed energy deposition of molybdenum Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-09-07 M.C. Niezgoda, X.X. Yu, L.D. Marks, J.H. Perepezko, D.J. Thoma
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a valuable tool for the fabrication and repair of refractory parts such as molybdenum alloys. Cracking is a common defect encountered during AM processing of refractory parts, that is generally associated with the segregation of light elements to grain boundaries which affect grain boundary cohesion and, ultimately, affect the final performance of the part. Similarly
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The corrosion performance for ultrafine WC-12Co processed by heat treatments in different pH solutions Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-09-06 Yiqi Zhou, Yikun Liu, Shuoyang Wang, Zhansu Yue, Yucheng Ji, Wentao Qin, Decheng Kong, Xiang Wu, Jiang Liu, Wei Huang, Chaofang Dong
The corrosion performance of WC-12Co after different post heat treatments (1100 °C, 1100 °C + 400 °C, 1100 °C + 500 °C, 1100 °C + 600 °C), were tested in 0.05 M HSO, 0.1 M NaSO, and 0.1 M NaOH. Heat treatments influence the corrosion performance of WC-12Co in acidic and neutral environments. However, the corrosion properties for WC-12CO in alkaline solutions are independent of the heat treatments.
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High-pressure high-temperature synthesis and characterization of H–S–O multi-doped type IIa diamonds Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-09-06 Hongyu Zhao, Aokai Xu, Zhiwen Wang, Bowei Li, Qianyu Guo, Shengxue Wang, Zhenze Yang, Hongan Ma, Liangchao Chen, Xiaopeng Jia
Nitrogen-valent (NV) color centers exhibit unique quantum and physical properties, making them valuable in advanced scientific research and technical fields. Type IIa diamonds are ideal carriers for NVcolor centers. Therefore, the development of methods for incorporating these centers into diamonds is a key research focus. To enhance the preparation techniques, this study introduces a donor impurity
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Influence of laser beam shaping on the cracking behavior of tungsten at single weld lines Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-09-05 Thomas Stoll, Maximilian Schmitt, Lukas Lohr, Robert Lürbke, Alexander v Müller, Tatu Pinomaa, Jonas Grünewald, Anssi Laukkanen, Katrin Wudy, Rudolf Neu
In the state of-the art, Tungsten (W) as a crack prone material in laser processing is being investigated with different approaches that influence the cooling behavior and thermomechanical conditions during processing. Investigations in the present paper analyze the application of laser beam shaping and, therefore, the adjustment and homogenization of the laser intensity input at single weld lines
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The impact of BBr3/TiCl4 ratios on the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of TiBN coatings deposited using a pulsed-PACVD technique Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Meisam Mahdavi, Amir Abdollah-Zadeh, Hassan Elmkhah
This study aimed to investigate the impact of precursor ratios on both the microstructural and tribological characteristics of TiBN coatings. Using the PACVD process, TiN, TiB, and three variations of TiBN coatings with adjusted BBr/TiCl ratios were applied onto H13 substrates. The coatings were characterized using XRD, FESEM, TEM, AFM, nanoindentation, and nanoscratch methods to analyze their microstructural
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Effect of ultra-high temperature treatment on the rolled pure molybdenum for nuclear thermal propulsion Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-31 Lihua Guo, Linyuan Lu, Guoqiang Wang, Jinpeng Zhang
Molybdenum (Mo)-based uranium dioxide (UO) fuel is considered one of the most promising fuel forms for deep-space exploration. The rolling process has been proposed for the preparation of Mo matrix due to its excellent performance. However, there has been limited research on the ultra-high temperature stability of Mo matrix used in nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP). Therefore, in this study, annealing
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Evolution of NbC during laser welding and its impacts on the performance of molybdenum alloy joint Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-31 Miaoxia Xie, Xintao Ren, Long Zhang, Chengyu Xiang, Linjie Zhang
Influences of addition of niobium carbide (NbC) in the fusion zone (FZ) on room-temperature and high-temperature mechanical properties of laser-welded joints of molybdenum (Mo) alloys were studied. Results show that after adding NbC powder, the average Vickers microhardness in the upper part of the FZ increases from 183.0 HV to 712.3 HV; the room-temperature tensile strength grows from 33.9 MPa to
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A new type of high thermal shock resistance tool for inhibiting thermal crack Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-30 Limei Wang, Hanlian Liu, Chuanzhen Huang, Xiangyu Wang, Yang Qiao, Xiuli Fu, Jintao Niu
Due to the periodic alternation of hot and cold in the cutting process, cutting tools often fail owing to thermal cracks, making it difficult to intermittently cutting materials. Therefore, in order to suppress the initiation of thermal cracks in cutting tools, a new type of high thermal shock resistance oblique gradient cutting tool (marked as TDZ-X) has been fabricated. The material system of the
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Microstructure evolution and property characteristics in hot-pressed Mo-W-Cu refractory functional alloys with varying tungsten content Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-30 Qilong Liu, Bingbo Niu, Lingge Liu, Runze Ren, Jinbo Ni, Ning Luo, Qingkui Li, Jilin He
Mo-W-Cu refractory functional alloys (RFAs), combining property advantages of MoCu and WCu alloys, have great application potential in microelectronics, aerospace technology, and military equipment due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and high-temperature properties. W content in the alloy is a key factor influencing these properties. However
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Effects of raw materials on microstructure and mechanical properties of second phase particles reinforced W[sbnd]Re composites Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-28 L.H. Lou, L. Gao, R. Li, J.P. Song, P. Chen, B.Z. Sun, Y.L. Liu, Y. Qi
Combined strengthening of micron and nanoscale second phase particles is of great significance for improving the comprehensive properties of tungsten (W) based refractory alloys. In this work, with the addition of raw HfC, HfH and carbon powders, three types of W-3 wt%Re-0.3 wt%HfC (WRH) composites were fabricated by powder metallurgy and rotary swaging. The microstructure and mechanical properties
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Effect of Fe2O3 addition on synthesis of diamond single crystal under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-24 Qianyu Guo, Bowei Li, Zhiwen Wang, Hongyu Zhao, Shengxue Wang, Ziqi Wang, Aokai Xu, Liangchao Chen, Hongan Ma, Xiaopeng Jia
The influence of FeO addition on the growth characteristics of synthetic diamonds under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions was systematically investigated in this work. Utilizing FeO as an oxygen source within the Fe-Ni-C-O system, oxygen-containing diamond single crystals were synthesized. The role of the oxygen atoms during the growth of large-sized diamonds with the {111} face as the
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Effect of Cr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MoNbVTa0.5Crx refractory high-entropy alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-24 Mingyi Guo, Liujie Xu, Lin Qi, Yunchao Zhao, Zhou Li, Shizhong Wei
To increase strength and decrease density of traditional refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs), the MoNbVTaCr RHEAs were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effect of Cr content on microstructure and mechanical properties of the MoNbVTaCr RHEAs was systematically studied. The results showed the addition of Cr could refine the microstructure, decrease density
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Ultra-high hard and fracture-resistant multi-phase nanocrystalline AlCrFeMoNbNi multi-principal element alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 V. Madhu Babu, Deekshith G. Kalali, P. Sai Karthik, P. Sudharshan Phani, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, Koteswararao V. Rajulapati
Multi-phase nanocrystalline AlCrFeMoNbNi multi-principal element alloy was developed using mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering. Mechanical alloying resulted in a two-phase microstructure (BCC and FCC), whereas subsequent sintering resulted in a multi-phase microstructure consisting of FCC, Rhombohedral and B2 phases. Extremely high hardness values in the range of 35.79–16.05 GPa
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Relationship between sintering pressure and leach rate of polycrystalline diamond compacts (PDCs) using central composite design (CCD) modelling Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 A. Ndlovu, L.A. Cornish, H.S.L. Sithebe
The effect of sintering pressure on the microstructure, wear resistance and leachability of polycrystalline diamond (PDC) was studied using central composite design (CCD) modelling. Pressure and leachability had an inverse relationship due to reduced cobalt pool size and increased diamond contiguity with higher pressures. X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence confirmed the selective removal of cobalt
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Effect of oxygen doping on cutting performance of CVD diamond coated milling cutters in zirconia ceramics machining Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Yu Gu, Erqing Zhang, Jiachen Wang, Hongtao Shen, Xuelin Lei
Diamond thin films were deposited on WC-Co tools using the hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique at varying pressures and oxygen doping levels. As the oxygen doping content increased, the purity of the diamond phase improved, and the density of the <111> crystal plane on the film's surface increased. The growth rate of diamond films initially increased and then decreased under low
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Structural, mechanical, and oxidation resistance properties of double glow plasma Ta[sbnd]W alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Dongying Zhang, Lei Huang, Kai Yang, Juntang Yuan, Zhimeng Ma
To enhance the performance of surface coatings on weaponry, TaW alloy layers with various W contents (7, 11.5, 13, 14, 14.5 and 16 at. %) were prepared on the surface of a PCrNi3MoVA gun steel substrate using double-glow plasma surface metallurgy technology. Mechanical properties, friction wear, and oxidation resistance were studied using scratch, hardness, and tribometer testers. The mechanical properties
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Dynamic constitutive relation and macro/micro failure mechanism of fine-grained WC-Co composite Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-21 Yubo Gao, Kunxuan Wang, Wei Huang, Huying Deng
As the core of an armour-piercing projectile, it is crucial to provide a microscopic perspective to elucidate the macroscopic mechanical responses of fine-grained WC-Co composite under dynamic loadings. This study investigated the dynamic constitutive relation and macro/micro failure mechanisms of fine-grained WC-Co composite. Results showed that the compressive and tensile strengths increase with
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Analyzing point defect polarization in tungsten and tungsten carbide under high gamma irradiation for radiation shielding applications Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-17 E.P. Popov, A.A. Donkov, N.V.M. Trung, S.F. Samadov, A.A. Sidorin, O.S. Orlov, H.M. Mahmudov, L.H. Khiem, O.A. Samedov, H.J. Huseynov, D.M. Mirzayeva, S. Opakhai, E. Demir, M.N. Mirzayev
In this study, polycrystalline tungsten and tungsten carbide samples were irradiated with gamma rays at energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV, respectively. The irradiation was performed using an “MRX-γ-25 M” radiation camera with an activity of approximately 6.54 Gy/s. Doppler positron spectroscopy (DPS) and positron lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) were utilized to investigate the mechanisms of defect formation
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Transient liquid phase sintering in spark plasma sintered tungsten heavy alloys with Nb and Mo additives Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Indeevar Singh, Vikram V. Dabhade
In the present investigation spark plasma sintered tungsten heavy alloys of composition 90W-7Ni-3Fe, 84W-7Ni-3Fe-6Mo, and 84W-7Ni-3Fe-6Nb were analyzed to determine the effect of Mo and Nb addition on microstructure and phase formation. The alloys were sintered at temperatures ranging from 1150 °C to 1275 °C and at a fixed sintering pressure of 30 MPa. Nb added alloy exhibited a maximum relative density
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Preparation and cutting performance of (W,Ti,Ta)C/CaF2 nano-self-lubricating cermet tool material via spark plasma sintering Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Mingdong Yi, Yansong Yu, Zhihui Zhang, Ting Shan, Yunchu Bao, Jingjie Zhang, Hui Chen, Zhaoqiang Chen, Guangchun Xiao, Chonghai Xu
To improve the machining surface integrity of HT250 gray cast iron, (W,Ti,Ta)C based nano-self-lubricating cermet tools containing nano CaF were successfully prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). When the content of nano CaF was 5 vol%, the flexural strength, hardness, and fracture toughness of (W,Ti,Ta)C/CaF nano-self-lubricating cermet tool were 1134 ± 39 MPa, 18.97 ± 0.22 GPa and 8.52 ± 0.33 MPa·m
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Fabrication of controllable porous tungsten tips for indium FEEP by dynamic reciprocating electrochemical etching combined with ultrasonic cleaning method Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-14 Yiming Sun, Long Cheng, Hanwen Deng, Xiaoming Kang
The porous tungsten emitter is a core component of field emission electric propulsion (FEEP). It combines the advantages of sharp tip and internal propellant transport. The emission performance of a FEEP thruster is highly depended on the emitter's tip apex radius. Traditional processing methods for solid tungsten tips are unsuitable for porous tungsten due to its unique structure and electrochemical
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Decarburization control and performance enhancement: Optimizing HVOF sprayed submicron WC-12Co coating with additives Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-14 Jian Yao, Feng Liu, Liming Tan, Lan Huang, Yong Liu
This study explored enhancing WC-12Co coatings' performance and preventing decarburization by adding Cr, CrC, and VC. Coatings were prepared using HVOF technology, and their microstructure, mechanical properties, wear behavior, and corrosion resistance were analyzed. Results indicated that VC and CrC add-ins effectively prevented decarburization, with T2 coatings (WC-12Co-2VC-2CrC) showing lower porosity
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Parameter optimization of ultrafine molybdenum powder during hydrogen reduction of MoO2 based on central composite design method Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-13 Xiao Liu, Lu Wang, Zheng-Liang Xue
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Cermet microstructure and mechanical properties: Influence of metallic additives (Mo, Si, Ti, V) in WC-5wt%co composites fabricated via spark plasma sintering Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-10 Ehsan Ghasali, Saleem Raza, Andrii Babenko, Masoud Alizadeh, Touradj Ebadzadeh, Li Jie, Yasin Orooji
This study examined the impact of metallic additives (Mo, Si, Ti, and V) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-5wt%Co cermets prepared via spark plasma sintering. Four different batches of WC-5 wt% Co each supplemented with 5 wt% metallic additive powders were mixed through a high-energy mixing/short-time process to obtain a uniform distribution of the binder phase and each of the additives
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Enhancing surface properties of electric discharge coating using a Ti6Al4V powder 3DPE method on tungsten substrate Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-09 Jung-Chou Hung, Siddanna Awarasang
This research evaluates the use of novel 3D-printed titanium alloy electrodes (3DPEs) as electrical discharge coating (EDC) on tungsten surfaces. Characterization through experimental analyses revealed that 3DPEs provide significant improvements in coating thickness and titanium content when compared to conventional EDC techniques. At suitable parameters, the 3DPE coatings achieved a thickness of 119
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A comprehensive constitutive equation for the hot deformation of WC-Co Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Verónica Collado Ciprés, José García, José María Cabrera, Luis Llanes
Hot deformation of five microstructurally different sintered WC-Co cemented carbides during hot compression testing was investigated in the temperature range of 700–1000 °C and at strain rates ranging from 0.0005 to 0.1 s. The stress-strain flow curves of the studied materials exhibited a peak followed by a fast drop in stress or sudden failure. A higher peak stress was achieved by decreasing the testing
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Study of difference in reaction and properties of molybdenum powders along hydrogen flow in hydrogen reduction of molybdenum oxides process Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Jun Fei, Tianchen Li, Ruifang Wang, Xiangnan Sheng, Yuzhuo Wei, Shiming Zhang, Yusi Che, Jilin He
This study investigated the effect of water vapor partial pressure variations along the hydrogen flow direction on the phase transformation of molybdenum oxide (MoO) and the properties of resulting molybdenum (Mo) powder. The results indicated that the reduction process of MoO → MoO → Mo exhibited variations in particle size, oxygen content, and morphology along the hydrogen flow directions. In both
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The electrochemical and tribological behavior of carbide and carbonitride films in bio-simulated fluid Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-07 Aysenur Keles Dayauc
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Experimental study on damage mechanism and surface quality optimization of WC-Co by in-situ laser-assisted turning Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-06 Deshi Kong, Guangfeng Shi, Siwei Meng, Ziwei Jiang, Chunyang Zou
Tungsten carbide (WC-Co) is a material that is frequently employed in the field of optical mold forming. However, the high hardness of WC-Co presents a challenge in machining. In-situ laser-assisted machining (in-situ LAM) has been demonstrated to yield superior outcomes in the machining of WC-Co. In this study, the effect of temperature increase on the removal mode of brittle-plastic transition of
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Understanding the wettability and solubility properties of TiCx-steel systems Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-06 Wen Gao, Yang Zhou, Songze Wu, Wenqing Wei, Chunpeng Zhang
Dense non-stoichiometric TiC ceramics (TiC, TiC, TiC and TiC) had been fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at elevated temperature and pressure. High temperature contact angle tests were performed on TiC-45 steel/brake disc (BD) materials using a sessile drop technique. The influence of temperature, ceramic and steel composition on wetting behavior was examined, and the interfacial reactions
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Evaluation of the microstructure and friction properties of coated cemented carbide with CoCrMoW high entropy alloy binder Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-06 Qianbing You, Yongyan Wang, Xudong Liu, Chen Tang, Lingfeng Huang, Dongfang Ou
In the paper, the effect of CoCrMoW high entropy alloy (HEA) binder in cemented carbide on the microstructure and wear-resistant and oxidation-resistant properties of the coating is investigated to provide reference for the exploration and development of new wear resistance and oxidation-resistant materials. The results indicate that the coated WC-HEA has a dense coating structure and possesses excellent
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Annealing characteristics and mechanism interpretation of high-performance swaged W-Y2O3 alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-05 Guoqing Wei, Shihao Li, Yudie Chen, Yifan Zhang, Xuan Meng, Laima Luo, Yucheng Wu
The evolution of the internal microstructure of tungsten (W) alloys during thermal mechanical processing and annealing is complex. This study employs systematic annealing experiments, tensile tests, and microstructural characterization to scientifically analyze a high-performance W-YO (WYO) alloy post-swaging. The aim is to gain a thorough understanding of the microstructural basis of the material's
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Mechanical behaviors of tantalum scaffolds with node optimization fabricated by laser powder bed fusion Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-05 Jiaqi Zhang, Chao Chen, Guohua Wang, Zhaowen Geng, Dan Li, Yiping Wu, Kechao Zhou
Tantalum scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion are promising load-bearing orthopedic implant materials because of their superior corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, the stress concentration harms the mechanical performance and service life of the biomaterials. To alleviate this deficiency, dodecahedron porous tantalum scaffolds with various optimized radii were designed
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Designing cobalt-free face-centered cubic high-entropy alloys: A strategy using d-orbital energy level Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-05 Yulin Li, Artur Olejarz, Łukasz Kurpaska, Eryang Lu, Mikko J. Alava, Hyoung Seop Kim, Wenyi Huo
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are promising materials for high-temperature structural applications such as nuclear reactors due to their outstanding mechanical properties and thermal stability. Instead of the trial-and-error method, it is efficient to design and prepare single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) structured HEAs using semi-empirical phase formation rules. However, almost all of phase formation
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Synergistic effect of Zr and Ti on microstructure and properties for Nb[sbnd]Si based in-situ composites Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-05 Qi Wang, Xiaowei Wang, Ruirun Chen, Xu Wang, Yanqing Su, Hengzhi Fu
To reduce the adverse effects of highly active titanium elements in NbSi alloy, a series of high content of Zr and Zr for Ti substitution in NbSi based alloys are studied. The results show that the addition of Zr changes the solidification path from hypoeutectic to eutectic. The fracture toughness significantly enhances in 24Ti-Zr ( = 0, 4, 8, 16) alloys, owing to the increase of Nbss phases and microstructure
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Mechanical properties of high-entropy carbides prepared by high-pressure sintering: Role of carbon stoichiometry Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-05 Bin Du, Haowei Deng, Linwei Guo, Mengdong Ma, Yihui Yang, Tao Zhang
The scarcity of carbon in high-entropy carbides is widely recognized to significantly affect their fabrication and performance. However, achieving both high hardness and plasticity in these carbides remains a formidable challenge. This study investigates the impact of carbon vacancies on the phase structure and mechanical properties of high-entropy carbides, particularly (HfZrNbTa)C (x = 1, 0.8, 0
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Low-temperature oxidation behavior and mechanism of hot-dip Al and Al[sbnd]Si coatings on Mo substrate at 600 °C in static air Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-05 Tao Fu, Zhichen Han, Yingyi Zhang, Shuren Zhan, Luyu Chen, Junjie Zhu
The hot-dip Al and AlSi coatings are synthesized on Mo substrate at different temperatures. The microstructure and low-temperature oxidation behavior both of the coatings are investigated. The results indicate that hot-dip Al coating is mainly made up of an AlMo outer layer and an AlMo interface layer, while the hot-dip AlSi coating is consists of a Mo(Si, Al) inner layer and AlSi alloy outer layer
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Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of TiB2-7.5 wt.% WC-based cermets sintered at different temperatures Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-05 Ning Wu, Fengdan Xue, Meng Fan, Meiyao Liu, Kuangxin Luo, Fenghua Luo
The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of TiB–7.5 wt% WC-based cermets sintered at different temperatures were investigated. The results showed that eutectic liquid phase appeared at around 1335 °C, indicating that solid-phase sintering occurred below that temperature, while liquid-phase sintering occurred above that temperature. TiB, WCoB, WB and CoNi phases were detected in the
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A comparative study on the oxidation behaviour of NbC-Ni, WC-Co, and high entropy carbide-Ni based cermets Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-03 Zahid Anwer, C. Liu, B.L. Liu, R.M. Genga, Jef Vleugels, Shuigen Huang
The oxidation behaviour of NbC-13.5(wt%)Ni, NbC-5.7MoC-13.3Ni and WC-12Co was compared to that of equimolar quinary (TiVNbTaW)C-10Ni and non-equimolar senary (TiVNbTaMoW)C-10Ni high entropy carbide (HEC)-Ni cermets. Isothermal oxidation experiments were performed at 700 °C, whereas non-isothermal calorimetric experiments were conducted to determine the onset temperature of oxidation. HEC-based cermets
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Balling behavior and diamond graphitization of metal-matrix diamond composites by selective laser melting: A quantitative investigation Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-03 Yingbo Peng, Yong Wang, Jiawei Ding, Yasong Shi, Taitong Jin, Wei Zhang
Selective laser melting (SLM) is an effective and potential technology to prepare metal-matrix diamond composites (MDC). In this study, balling phenomenon and graphitization of diamond of CuSn10-diamond composites by SLM were investigated. By univariate analysis of laser power and scanning speed on the morphology of single track, the balling phenomenon is directly affected by the flowability and wettability
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The phase and morphology evolution of Y-Zr-O complex oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) Mo powders during mechanical alloying and annealing Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-08-03 Liying Yao, Yimin Gao, Peng Xiao, Rui Li, Jiachen Zhang, Juan Wang, Caixia Wang, Guojun Zhang
Nanostructural Y-Zr-O complex oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) Mo alloys are designed for accident-tolerant fuel cladding. The phase and morphology evolution of ODS Mo powders during mechanical alloying (MA) and annealing were studied. The dissolution and reprecipitation mechanisms were revealed by quantitative calculation of dissolved Y and Zr amounts, thermodynamics and dynamics analysis, and
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Environment-friendly process to net-shape tungsten carbide-cobalt components of precise and complex geometry Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-31 Poly Rose, Jeevan Kumar Pallagani, Seshu Bai Vummethala, Rajasekharan Thankappan Pillai
Complex shapes of tungsten carbide with 10 wt% cobalt content were fabricated using a water-based gelcasting process combined with rapid prototyping (RPGC process). A free-flowing slurry of the powder is allowed to solidify inside the moulds printed from the fused filament fabrication technique. Two types of gelling systems, one based on acrylamide and another non-toxic, called Isobam, were used for
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A novel plasma-facing NdB6 particulate reinforced W1Ni matrix composite: Powder metallurgical fabrication, microstructural and mechanical characterization Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-31 Burçak Boztemur, Ammar Alkraidi, Yue Xu, Laima Luo, M. Lütfi Öveçoğlu, Duygu Ağaoğulları
Tungsten (W) is one of best candidate metal for plasma-facing materials (PFM), especially due to its high melting temperature and neutron absorption capability. However, converting W into bulk PFM is hard because of its high melting point. This problem can be solved by adding metallic sintering aids with low melting points. In this study, W matrix with 1 wt% Ni aid was reinforced by adding NdB particles
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Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modelling of WC-Fe-Ni-Co-Cr cemented carbides Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-31 Tomás Soria-Biurrun, Soumya Sridar, Karin Frisk, Wei Xiong, José M. Sánchez-Moreno
This work investigates the effect of Cr addition into the FeCoNi binder phase of the cemented carbides (WC-FeCoNi) using experimental and computational techniques. Liquid phase formation temperatures and C contents of WC-Fe-Ni-Co-Cr alloys were used as experimental results. Based on this, a thermodynamic modelling was conducted on the W-C-Fe-Ni-Co-Cr system using the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams)
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Synergistical improvement in toughness and strength of multi-doped W-Hf-Y2O3 alloy via formation of complex oxide particles Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-31 Maolin Sun, Man Wang, Xiaoli Xi, Zuoren Nie
As the primary candidate material for plasma facing components (PFCs) in fusion reactor, the serious brittleness of tungsten has become an urgent issue to be solved. In this work, a multi-doped W-Hf-YO alloy was prepared by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering, aiming at improving its toughness through formation of complex oxide particles. Complex YHfO with pyrochlore structure were
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Microstructure and mechanical properties of cellular (Ti,M)(C,N)-based cermets fabricated by pre-granulation and subsequent vacuum sintering Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-31 Zhiyi Jiang, Yong Zheng, Wei Zhou, Xiangyu Xu, Bo Li, Min Yang, Hao Wu
Cellular (Ti,M)(C,N)-based cermets were fabricated through pre-granulation followed by vacuum sintering. In this study, (Ti,Mo)(C,N) and (Ti,W,Ta)(C,N) solid solutions were utilized as hard phase components in agglomerates. The effects of the (Ti,M)(C,N) powders on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cellular cermets were studied. Cermet A, incorporating (Ti,Mo)(C,N) in the agglomerates
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The effect of diamond grain size on the formability and mechanical property of 3D-printed diamond tool Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-31 Chenchen Tian, Ying Tang, Yujin Zou, Yi Wan, Xuekun Li
Because of the flexibility of structure design and material design, 3D-printed metal-bonded diamond tool is expected to be the next generation of diamond tools. In this paper, the selective laser melting process is utilized to fabricate the metal-bonded diamond tool based on the mixed powders consisted of AlSi10Mg powder and diamond powder. Relative density, material characterization and mechanical
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High temperature oxidation behavior of Mo-Zr alloys in pure oxygen condition Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-25 Shuwen Jiang, Xuezhen Che, Junkun Huang, Dandan Huang
In the current study, alloys of Mo-95Zr, Mo-80Zr, Mo-50Zr, Mo-35Zr, Mo-20Zr and Mo-3Zr (at. %) were prepared to investigate the microstructure and oxidation behaviors of the whole composition range of Mo-Zr as-cast alloys. Laves, (Zr) and/or (Mo) intermetallic phases were presented in the primary dendrite, eutectic or peritectic structures in the prepared alloys. The isothermal oxidation process was
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Effect of post-annealing on the thermal stability and residual stresses in CVD (Al,Ti)N coatings investigated by in situ synchrotron diffraction Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-24 Kristine Bakken, Olof Bäcke, Samik Roy Moulik, Andreas Stark, Thorsten Manns, Dirk Stiens, Mats Halvarsson, Magnus Hörnqvist Colliander
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Aspects of room temperature compression tests for WC/Co Hardmetals Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-24 B. Roebuck, K.P. Mingard, M.G. Gee
Hard materials, particularly tooling compositions based on WC/Co structures, are predominantly designed for applications that take advantage of their extremely good properties in compression. There is a standard test method for obtaining compression properties (strength and ductility), ISO 4506:1979, but it is rather expensive to use, needing high capacity testing machines and, in some cases, quite
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Numerical simulation and properties analysis of Ta10W alloy joints prepared by electron beam welding Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-24 Haiqing Xia, Yi Xu, Yingjie Yu, Xingyun Duan, Shuai Zhu, Yaping Lei, Ao Wang, Pengfei Shi, Meibing Feng, Fang Zhu, Tengfei Nie, Jiancheng Tang
Vacuum electron beam welding has the characteristics of concentrated energy, controllable heat input, almost no pollution, and a small heat-affected zone. In this study, the Ta10W alloy was successfully connected by electron beam welding (EBW), and numerical simulations were employed to examine the distribution of temperature and stress fields throughout the welding process. Additionally, the influence
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On the wear mechanisms of uncoated and coated carbide tools in milling titanium alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-22 Rebecka Lindvall, Juan Manuel Bello Bermejo, Axel Bjerke, Jon M. Andersson, Elias Vikenadler, Rachid M'Saoubi, Volodymyr Bushlya
Titanium alloys are known for being difficult to machine. Within the groups of Ti alloys, the machinability is reduced when going from the α-alloys, to α + β, and finally to near-β or β-alloys. Uncoated cemented carbide is traditionally used for machining these alloys and finding a suitable coating to improve the performance is a challenge due to the high strength of Ti alloys and the high chemical
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HPHT sintering and performance investigation of PDC with high stacking density by dual particle size diamond formulations Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-20 Jianbo Tu, Xueqi Wang, Baochang Liu
The particle size and particle size ratio of the raw diamond powder have a great influence on the stacking density, which is critical to the performance of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC). In this study, diamond powders with five different particle size of 1 μm, 4 μm, 12 μm, 20 μm and 27 μm were selected. High stacking density diamond powder formulations with three filler particle ratios of 10 wt%
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Microstructural stability of cemented carbides at high temperatures: Modeling the effect on the hot hardness Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-19 V. Lamelas, M. Bonvalet Rolland, M. Walbrühl, A. Borgenstam
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Microstructure and thermal property of W/Cu multilayer composites Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-19 Y. Chen, C. Chen, Q.Q. Shi, J. Wang, S. Wang, Y.R. Mao, L.M. Luo, Y.C. Wu
In this study, a series of W/Cu multilayer composites were prepared by W and Cu foils bonded at temperatures ranging from 700 to 900 °C through field assisted sintering technique. The microstructure, bending property, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the W/Cu multilayer composites were investigated. The microstructure in the W layer is similar and the grains grow larger in the Cu layer
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Effects of sintering method and Al2O3 content on microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-10Co cemented carbide Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-07-19 Xiao-Chun Deng, Guo-Hua Zhang
Ultra-high toughness and ultra-high hardness WC-10Co-AlO cemented carbides were successfully prepared by vacuum liquid phase sintering (VS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) using ultrafine WC and commercial Co powders as raw materials, respectively. The effects of nano-AlO content and sintering process on the relative density, average grain size, microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-10Co