Predicting the influence of material composition on the printability of highly filled metal powder-polymer systems present a significant challenge in metal fused filament fabrication (MF3). The current work presents an approach to evaluate new material compositions used to fabricate filaments for their printability. In this study, filaments with 59 vol% (87 wt%) of Ti-6Al-4 V powder with two particle

Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr metastable beta titanium alloy was prepared by rapid thermomechanical powder consolidation approach from blended elemental powder mixture. Allotropic phase transformation and high-temperature tensile behaviour of the consolidated powder metallurgy Ti-5553 alloy were investigated in this work. The studied alloy has a high β phase transformation temperature of 975 °C±5 °C, which is

In this research, various amounts of nano-sized tungsten carbide (WCn: 0, 1.5, and 3 wt%) were added to TiC-10 vol% SiCw system. All samples were sintered at 1900 °C under an external pressure of 40 MPa for 7 min by spark plasma sintering (SPS) procedure. Microstructural, thermodynamical, and XRD evaluations revealed the formation of non-stoichiometric TiCx, in-situ TiC, SiC, and WSi2. The carbon exited

In this study, a broad range of parameter combinations (laser power: 100–400 W; scanning speed: 10–90 mm/s) were used to fabricate Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy at the layer thickness of 100 μm by selective laser melting (SLM). The preparation of the TiAl-single track by SLM was prone not only to balling and irregularity but also to cracking. Although the optimized process parameters were used to fabricate

In this study the low-cost Ti5Fe alloy was fabricated by means of the press and sinter powder metallurgy route considering two particle sizes and alternative processing techniques. The primary aim is to reduce the high costs associated with the production of Ti alloys. Thermomechanical processing by means of forging in the β region was also analysed aiming to enhance the mechanical behaviour. The effect

High-temperature internal friction in a pure tungsten single crystal, polycrystals with different grain sizes, and mechanically alloyed tungsten polycrystals was studied. Positron annihilation spectroscopy was used to prove that all studied materials contain a detectable amount of dislocations. Then, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy was applied to determine the internal friction evolution with temperature

In this research, the effect of adding 2.5, 5.0 and 10 wt% niobium (Nb) as a binding agent was investigated for High Pressure-High Temperature (HPHT) sintering of polycrystalline diamond (PCD). Samples were sintered at 1750 °C and 7.7 GPa. Detailed characterization of the as-sintered materials revealed a uniform dispersion of the Nb additives in the diamond matrix and no interfacial cracking was observed

The high-density Ti3SiC2-SiC composites with different SiC volume contents were fabricated by hot pressing technique under 35 MPa in a vacuum atmosphere at 1550 °C for 30 min. Microstructural observation showed that the distribution of SiC particulates in the Ti3SiC2 matrix was uniform which improved the hardness of Ti3SiC2–20 vol% SiC sample (13.9 GPa), compared to monolithic Ti3SiC2 (7.1 GPa). The

Reducing porosity can effectively improve the mechanical properties of an as-sintered material or part. An alternative is to tailor the size, distribution and morphology of the residual pores without having to reduce porosity. This study investigates the sintering of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) in a flowing argon (Ar) atmosphere and compares it with sintering in a vacuum of 10−2 Pa. The CP Ti

Titanium-based metal-metal composites show promises in many applications. In this work, iron-containing titanium-based composites were fabricated by using powder metallurgy method and rotary swaging process. Titanium-based composites with steel addition were sintered at temperature below TiFe eutectic temperature. Increase of the steel addition to 23% resulted in formation of TiFe intermetallic and

90 W–Ni–Cu–Sn alloy/steel composite structure has been fabricated by co–sintering process at temperature as low as 1200 °C for 3 h using hot isotactic pressing (HIP). Microstructural studies revealed that a rich Ni, Cu and Sn transition layer was formed at the co–sintering interface due to the liquid γ–(Ni, Cu, Sn) migration, and no intermetallic compounds or other brittle phases were found at the

Knowledge of mechanical properties of the tungsten surface region is extremely important for its application as first wall materials in plasma-facing components for nuclear fusion devices (e.g. ITER). Since tungsten is intrinsically brittle at room temperature, characterization of its ductile properties is possible only above the so-called ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), which is

Two Nb-Mo-Ti alloys were modified by additions of 2 at.% Fe. These small additions of Fe did not form secondary phases but noticeably increased the strength of the Nb-Mo-Ti alloys in the temperature range of 25 to 1200 °C due to solid solution strengthening effect. The oxidation resistance at 1200 °C in air was also improved considering both oxidation kinetics and the fraction of retained, un-oxidized

The sintering densification trajectory for titanium powder is identified in terms of the interaction between mass transport processes and microstructure evolution. During initial heating, as surface oxides dissolve, surface diffusion forms bonds between contacting particles without densification. Grain boundaries form in the bonds due to random crystal orientations at the contacts. Except for mixed

In order to improve the rock-breaking efficiency in hard rock formations, this paper presents an impregnated diamond bit with a special matrix structure. The grid-shaped matrix is designed to achieve large volume breakage so that the rock breaking efficiency can be greatly improved. The calculated specific pressure on the bottom surface lip of the newly proposed bit increased by 67%, from 68 kgf/cm2

Production and supply of tungsten for the first wall fusion application is becoming an important aspect given the progress of ITER construction. Exploration of advanced routes alternative to the conventional powder metallurgy is currently undertaken. In this work we have assessed a potential of the spark plasma sintering (SPS) production route to deliver well controlled microstructure, chemistry and

This study provides a proportioning design method for the polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN) composite based on dense packing theory with the use of the Horsfield dense filling theory and Dinger–Funk equation. Subsequently, three proportioning schemes of the cBN–TiN system were designed with different titanium nitride content. The samples were analysed through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron

Diamond/WC-Fe-Ni composite is a potential composition for impregnated diamond drill bits. It is necessary to avoid the graphitization of the diamond from Fe and Ni under the powder metallurgy process. Boron carbide (B4C) was coated on diamond, and diamond/WC-Fe-Ni composites were consolidated by hot pressing at different temperatures. The influences of sintering temperature and interfacial structure

The effect of micro-blasting on the tribological properties of TiN/MT-TiCN/Al2O3/TiCNO coatings was studied. The multilayer coatings were deposited on cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition. The microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nano-mechanical testing system, scratch tester and reciprocating

The effects of Ni content and maceration metal on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the WC based diamond composites were investigated in an attempt to seek optimal Ni addition concentration and alloy type. The results indicate that the Cu-10Ni-5Mn-29Zn alloy is more suitable to be used as the matrix maceration metal of WC matrix materials. The bending strength of matrix samples increased

Three Mo-Si-B based alloys (Mo-12Si-10B, Mo-12Si-10B-1Zr and Mo-12Si-10B-1Zr-0.3Y (at.%)) were fabricated to study the effects of Zr and especially further addition of Y on the oxidation behaviors of alloys at 1250 °C. Mo-12Si-10B alloy shows good oxidation resistance due to the formation of a protective SiO2 layer. However, as the result of the phase transformation of ZrO2, triggering the breaking

Present work describes flow and work hardening behavior of Tungsten Heavy Alloy 92W-5.5Ni-2.5Fe (wt%) in heat treated and swaged conditions. The morphology of W-grains in heat treated and swaged materials is equiaxed and elongated in longitudinal direction with same volume fraction, respectively. The swaged material depicts different contiguity values along transverse and longitudinal directions. The

High-density WC-FeNi ceramic-metal (cermet) composites were fabricated using liquid-phase spark plasma sintering/field-assisted sintering technology (SPS/FAST) with in-situ formation of metal binder phase. The precursor materials were micron-sized powders of WC, Fe, Ni, and C. A low melting point from a eutectic reaction of the powders enabled the in-situ formation of FeNi alloy and facilitates liquid-phase

The binder phase of WC based cemented carbides has been alloyed by adding two different aluminium compounds, AlN and TiAl3, to mixtures comprised of WC, Ni, Co and Cr3C2 powders. A more efficient alloying effect is obtained by TiAl3 additions likely due to its higher dissolution rate during liquid phase sintering. Shrinkage and melting phenomena are strongly affected by the energy of the milling process

NbMoTa refractory medium-entropy alloy (MEA) was fabricated by laser metal deposition (LMD) and vacuum arc melting (VAM) respectively. The crystal structures of NbMoTa MEA under two processes are all single-phase solid solution of BCC structure. Compared with the MEA formed by VAM, the NbMoTa MEA formed by LMD has smaller grain size and component microscopic segregation. Due to the difference in cooling

WC-Co coating, which is a subcategory of Tungsten Carbide-based coatings, is prominent among a variety of industries. However, because of its expense, poisoning, and low corrosion resistance of Cobalt in acidic environments, alternative compositions have been designed. One of these alternatives is the Iron Aluminide intermetallic compound which can replace Cobalt. This study investigates laser cladding

Thermal shock damage of tungsten as a plasma facing material (PFM) depends on thermal shock power density level, duration and repeated time, and microstructure of the sample. The recrystallization process will degrade the mechanical property of material and thus change the its thermal shock resistance. The effects of recrystallization volume fraction on thermal shock response of W-Y2O3 under different

The shrinkages presented in sintering process of tungsten alloys are extremely detrimental to their practical applications in fusion reactors. Positively in this work, we effectively reduced the shrinkages via synergistically applying Ti-doping and annealing process on tungsten‑potassium (WK) alloys. This shrinkage-fill effect only works in the one with trace amount of titanium doping, such as 0.05

Using AlN as nitrogen source, the gradient cemented carbide with β-phase free surface layer was fabricated in situ by one-step vacuum sintering. The β-phase free layer was explored by phase characterization, elemental-distribution analysis, microstructure and fracture observation. The results indicated that it was feasible to obtain β-phase free layer when utilizing AlN as the nitrogen source. The

The aim of the present study is to fabricate a highly wear resistant WC-10Co-4Cr cladding on AISI 304 using the TIG welding process. The effect of current and speed on the microstructure, hardness, and abrasive wear of cladding was investigated. Tribological behaviour of the claddings slided against SiC emery paper was examined using pin-on-disc tribometer. FESEM, XRD and EDS spectrums were used to

In this paper, high quality Mo-(10–40) wt% Cu and W-(10–40) wt% Cu alloys were prepared by powder metallurgy using the ultrafine molybdenum and tungsten powders as raw materials. The molybdenum powder with the size of 100–200 nm and tungsten powder with the size of 50–100 nm were prepared by a two-step reduction-process composed of an insufficient carbothermal reduction reaction and the following deep

In this paper, a new route is introduced to fabricate parts with increased wear and impact resistance for use in tunneling and mining applications. A combination of selective laser melting (SLM) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) to 3D print functionally graded lattices (FGL) that are later filled with metal-diamond composites was used. It was demonstrated that a cellular lattice plays an important role

Despite the fact that Fe, Co, and Ni catalyze the phase transition of diamond into graphite, the question of the applicability of diamond as a functional coating of a metal-cutting tool is still open. For this reason, our work contains investigation of wear and friction of heavily boron doped diamond films against steel at elevated temperature, as well as influence of boron concentration on diamond

Various material properties, like oxidation, depend on the surface orientation of crystals. Most evaluations are focused on a few crystal orientations or using single crystals. A software tool written in python is introduced to correlate the thickness of the tungsten (W) oxide layer, i.e., the oxidation rate, and the individual single crystal grains with their surface orientation of polycrystalline

The phase and chemical composition of an MoSi system alloy with a silicon content of 25 at.% was investigated via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction. The samples were obtained by both sintering and melting of the components. The synthesis of Mo3Si from elemental Mo and Si via a sintering process at ≤1480 °C was significantly less complete than the synthesis of

Ceramic coatings on niobium substrates are fabricated by hot-pressing the niobium with cast iron at 1100 °C. The interstitial carbon atoms diffuse into the niobium, and NbC and Nb2C precipitate in the surface, forming a ceramic coating. The total volume fraction of the ceramic phases in the coating reaches 92%, and the grain size is in the range of 170–1000 nm. Both the volume fraction and the grain

The optimization of the tribological properties of the surfaces by means of hardfacing techniques has made great progress in the metallurgical field in recent times. Alloys of the Fe-Cr-C and Fe-C-B type present excellent wear performance under severe conditions, where the incorporation of Nb, Mo and W improves the performance of severe abrasive wear. In this context, new semi-automatic welding consumables

To explore the chemical mechanism of tungsten‑cobalt cemented carbide inserts in H2O2-based polishing fluid. Before and after the YG8 cemented carbide inserts were corroded, surface phase, element and structure were characterized by XRD and SEM/EDS. The chemical mechanism of tungsten‑cobalt carbide inserts during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) was analyzed. XPS was utilized to analyze the corrosion

In the present study, synthesis of TiC-Ni nanocomposite via magnesiothermic method was investigated. The effects of catalyst content on the mechanisms of TiO2 reduction and synthesis of TiC-Ni nanocomposite were evaluated. For this purpose, the powder mixture was milled at different NiO content. By adding 0.1–0.3 at.% NiO to the mixture and milling after combustion, it was found that the synthesis

Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cylindrical tool-bits used in oil well drilling are susceptible to fracture due to the hostile environment of randomly occurring high impact loads. These tool-bits generally comprise of a PCD layer sintered onto a Co-cemented tungsten carbide substrate. The cobalt metallic phase primarily aids the formation of the diamond to diamond bonds, however during application the

Tungsten-Copper (WCu) composites are promising materials for electrical and thermal applications. However, their fabrication remains limited using conventional techniques, such as powder metallurgy, which are not suitable for manufacturing densified complex WCu components. In this work, laser additive manufacturing (LAM) technology was introduced for fabricating W-25 wt%Cu composites. A densified WCu

Drilling is an important engineering operation with extensive application in many fields of industry including mining engineering, oil and gas exploration and exploitation, civil engineering, groundwater management, etc. Drill bits must be able to endure enormous stresses that gradually wear them down during the drilling operation. In rock drilling, wear resistance is a key determinant of the drill

Nanostructured Cr-based WC hardmetals are successfully sintered by spark plasma sintering. The wear behaviour of these Cr-based WC hardmetals with different C contents ranging from 5.57 wt% to 6.91 wt%, is evaluated performing sliding wear tests under two different wear conditions. This work analyses the influence of the C content on the wear performance through the study of the phase formation and

High-velocity-oxygen-fuel deposited WC-12wt%Co and WC-10wt%VC-12wt%Co hardmetal coatings are well anchored to the mild steel substrates, giving good mechanical integrity, as well as low porosity. The mechanical integrity has been investigated in terms of erosion performance and its influence on the residual stress state in the eroded regions. Wear slurry erosion tests reveal similar rates of erosion

Metal bond diamond abrasive tools with complex structure and high wear efficiency will be widely used in the geological drilling and mechanical processing industries, but are difficult to manufacture by traditional technology. In this paper, selective laser melting (SLM), as one of the additive manufacturing technologies, was used to fabricate Cu-Sn-Ti bonded diamond abrasive composites. Simulations

In order to optimize the process of tungsten carbide (WC)-reinforced Co50 cermet composite coating by laser cladding, Co-based coatings with 40 wt% WC were deposited on the surface of cone bit 15MnNi4Mo steel by 4 kW fiber laser. A single-factor experiment was designed to study the variation of the geometrical size, dilution rate and hardness of cladding layers with the change of various factors. Then

Tungsten cemented carbide parts have been produced by the “Solvent on Granule” 3D-Printing technique. It consists in growing layer-by-layer a green part by spreading a powder-polymer granule bed, followed by selective solvent jetting, and layer consolidation after solvent evaporation. The granules are prepared by wet blending, drying, milling and sieving to appropriate size range. The printed green

In the last years, a special interest has emerged towards the total or partial substitution of traditional cemented carbides composing elements. In this study, a systematic methodology is presented and used to design iron-based binders for WC and Ti(C,N) ceramic phases. First, metal alloy phase diagrams were simulated by means of Thermo-Calc® software, combining several alloying elements (Ni, Al, Cr

Interfaces and surfaces often play a vital role for the properties of polycrystalline materials, such as cemented carbides, and the study of these planar defects is, therefore, of great importance. Cemented carbides (or hardmetals) is a unique class of materials where hard carbide (WC) grains, usually micrometer sized, are embedded in a more ductile metal binder phase (usually Co) in order to combine

The effects of rapid pulse electric current sintering (PECS), Ni as a Co binder substitute, Mo2C additions and laser surface modification (LSM) on the microstructure, mechanical properties and machining performance during roughing and finishing turning of Ti-6Al-4 V were investigated. Additions of Mo2C reduced the carbide grain size from 0.65 ± 0.01 μm to 0.5 ± 0.01 μm in liquid phase sintered (LPS)

The effects of rapid pulse electric current sintering (PECS), substitution of WC by NbC and Co by Ni, and carbide additives (TiC and Mo2C) on the microstructure, elastic modulus, B3B transverse rupture strength (TRS) and high temperature sliding wear on WC-Co, WC-Ni, NbC-Co and NbC-Ni cermets were studied. Additions of x% Mo2C and y% TiC (where x and y were <10 wt%), coupled with PECS, significantly

Plasma Electrolytic Nitriding (PEN) is a cathodic atmospheric plasma process which has shown a promising deposition of metal coatings that exhibits a significant adhesion to the substrate as well as high deposition rates. The structure of tantalum alloy, microhardness and corrosion resistance behavior after cathodic plasma electrolytic nitriding (PEN) in electrolyte containing urea and distilled water

The examined samples were W-Re and Mo-Re thin alloy layers with high content of Rhenium, applied in industry as protective coatings. The 550 nm of W-50.4%Re and 580 nm of Mo-39.5%Re alloys were deposited on crystalline silicon and amorphous silica substrates by magnetron sputtering method. For thermal characterization of investigated layers the scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) and high frequency

Tungsten‑rhenium wire is used in thermocouple and lamp filament manufacturing due to its good thermal sensitivity and high temperature plasticity, and many waste wires are generated in processing and after use. This work focuses on the efficient recovery of high value rhenium from tungsten‑rhenium wire waste with a mass composition represented by W95Re5. The main steps for recovery include alkali fusion