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Fundamental aspects of phase formation in WC-based cemented carbides containing FeMn-based binders Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-21 R. de Oro Calderon, M. Lunzer, I. Wodak, R. Steinlechner
The hardmetal industry is continuously seeking for (Co, Ni)-free binder alternatives. Several attempts have been made to use FeMn binders, Mn being a very effective austenite stabilizer. Substitution of Co binders for FeMn based binders comes along with many challenges such as: narrow carbon windows, evaporation of Mn during sintering or the formation of stable Mn-oxides. This work presents an overview
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Effect of nitrogen–hydrogen co-doping on diamond growth Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-19 Hongyu Zhao, Bowei Li, Zhiwen Wang, Yang Liu, Qianyu Guo, Shengxue Wang, Yu Teng, Liangchao Chen, Hongan Ma, Xiaopeng Jia
Nitrogen and hydrogen impurities play a vital role in the growth of diamonds. A series of nitrogen–hydrogen co-doped diamonds was synthesized through the temperature gradient growth method using melamine (C3H6N6) and ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2) as nitrogen and hydrogen sources at 6.0 GPa and 1368–1384 °C. NiMnCo alloy was used to catalyze the synthesis of the diamond, and Ni was used as a hydrogen storage
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An excellent synergy in yield strength and plasticity of NbTiZrTa0.25Cr0.4 refractory high entropy alloy through the regulation of cooling rates Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-18 Feng Jiang, Jiarui Wang, Qingwei Jiang, Gongji Yang, Mingqin Xu, Wanqiang Xu, Chunguang Tang, Jiaojiao Yi
The solidification process often determines the microstructure of alloys from the atomic scale to the macroscopic scale, which distinguishes the performance of one alloy from another. Among all modification measures, the cooling rate plays a vital role in the solidification process. Hereinto, to thoroughly investigate the cooling rate effects on phase components, microstructures and mechanical properties
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First principles calculation of interfacial stability, electronic and mechanical properties of WC-304 cemented carbides Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-16 Kejun Wu, Zhanzhan Zhang, Haiyang Liao, Xiao Sun, Liu Yu
Based on first-principles Density functional theory (DFT), the binding work, interface energy, electronic structure and interface bonding mechanism of WC-304 stainless steel with Fe-Cr-Ni cemented carbides were calculated. The results show that the interface between Fe (100) and WC (100) C-teminations has the lowest interface distance and the highest binding work when it is constructed with MT position
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The microstructure and deformation behavior of W-SiC composites via spark plasma sintering Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-19 Congcong Zhao, Dabiao Xia, Guangmeng Yang, Na Wang, Chuanyu Cui, Qi Lu, Haowei Deng
In this paper, 0.5 wt% SiC nano particles and pure tungsten powders were thoroughly mixed using ball milling, followed by sintering the mixture using Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) to obtain the W-0.5SiC composite material block. Then, the effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of W-0.5SiC composite was investigated. It was found that the tungsten carbide (W2C)
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Studies towards activation of cobalt in W-Mo-Cu alloy sintered via large current electric field Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-13 Jinwen Cai, Keqin Feng, Yanfang Liu
W-Mo-Cu alloy is a novel, potential pseudo-alloy but demand efficient and reliable manufacturing approaches. In this study, W-Mo-Cu alloys with (1–5 wt%) Co additives were fabricated using large current electric field sintering at a pressure of 25 MPa and a low temperature of 950 °C. The effects of Co on the microstructure and properties of the W-Mo-Cu alloys were investigated. The results revealed
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High-pressure sintering of full-dense B6O ceramic with excellent hardness and fracture toughness Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-12 Bin Zhang, Rongxin Sun, Pan Ying, Penghui Li, Zihe Li, Yufei Gao, Mengdong Ma, Chao Liu
B6O is an extremely prospective hard material for industrial applications. Herein, the densification behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of high-pressure sintered B6O ceramics at 6 GPa are investigated. The sintered B6O ceramics exhibit enhanced densification as the sintering temperature increases, and the ceramic sintered at 1700 °C possesses nearly full-dense characteristics with strong
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Influence of Re addition amount on structure, mechanical, oxidation as well as corrosion behaviors of WC-15Co cemented carbide Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-16 Huajin Li, Shufang Zhang, Shuilin Ouyang, Cheng Cheng, Nei Chen, Yuwei Ye, Fan Zhang, Lianchang Qiu, Shengda Guo, Hao Chen
Various contents of rhenium (Re) were successfully doped into WC-15Co hard alloys. After that, some professional analytical instruments such as SEM, XRD, hardness tester, muffle furnace, and electrochemical workstation were chosen to appraise their microstructures and properties. By comparison, rhenium doping could greatly change the high-temperature hardness and high-temperature antioxidant capacity
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Effect of Cu and CeO2 additives on structure and performance of WC-10Co cemented carbides Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-09 Cheng Cheng, Huajin Li, Yuwei Ye, Xianhui Zhang, Yan Wen, Shuilin Ouyang, Shengda Guo, Fan Zhang, Hao Chen
WC-10Co cemented carbide containing CeO2 and Cu additives was prepared by powder metallurgy. The effect of Cu and CeO2 additives on microstructure and performances of WC-10Co cemented carbide was studied by XRD, SEM, EDS, Vickers hardness tester, and wear-test machines. Compared to WC-10Co-0.4CeO2, the average grain size of WC-10Co-0.4CeO2–0.4Cu decreased from 410 ± 12 to 360 ± 8 nm. The hardness and
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Boron-doped diamond growth and characteristics in a Ni-based alloy catalyst system at HPHT conditions Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-09 Zhiwen Wang, Yang Liu, Hongyu Zhao, Bowei Li, Qianyu Guo, Hongan Ma, Xiaopeng Jia
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) single crystals were synthesized with different boron additions using the temperature gradient method (TGM) in the pressure and temperature ranges of 5.6–6.0 GPa and 1360–1410 °C, respectively. The samples were characterized in terms of morphology, crystal quality and performance. The boron addition to the diamond gradually changed the crystal color from yellow-green to opaque
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Sintering window and sintering mechanism for diamond Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-10 Randall M. German
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Study on the electrical properties of Cu-based ECMs prepared by TiBN powder instead of W Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-06 Liu Shuangyu, Liu Mengran, Lu Ping, Zhang Fulong, Hong Juan, Wang Liyan
In this work, TiBN and W were used as reinforced phases for Cu-based electrical contact materials. The microstructure, resistivity and arc corrosion resistance of Cu/TiBN and Cu/W alloys were investigated to understand the effect of TiBN and W doping on Cu/TiBN and Cu/W electrical contacts, respectively. Significant improvement in electrical conductivity, oxidation resistance and arc corrosion resistance
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Preparation of spherical tungsten powder with uniform distribution of lanthania by plasma spheroidization Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-08 Dongxiang Wang, Zhenhua Hao, Pei Wang, Rulong Ma, Yongchun Shu, Jilin He
The high ductile-brittle transition temperature of tungsten (W) makes it prone to crack during additive manufacturing. Incorporating lanthania (La2O3) to tungsten had been proven to be an efficient way to solve the cracking problem. However, the current incorporation methods are often accompanied by problems such as uneven dispersion of lanthania. In this study, W-La2O3 spherical powder with uniform
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Joining C/C composite in a few seconds using refectory high entropy alloy fillers via spark plasma sintering Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Xincheng Wang, Li Fu
C/C composites were flash joined with ZrHfNbTa and TiZrHfTa refectory high entropy alloy fillers using spark plasma sintering within a short time frame of 16 s. The influence of different fillers on the joint morphology, shear strength at room temperature, and fracture behavior was investigated. The results indicated that the ZrHfNbTa filler completely transformed into carbide after flash SPS joining
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Adhesive and tensile properties of diamond(001)/TiC(111) interfaces: A first-principles investigation Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Jiahe Zhou, Weijian Chen, Xiaosong Shi, Shuting Li, Yafei Li, Chuanyang Lu, Huaxin Li, Yuwen Cheng, Jianguo Yang, Hai Zou, Yanming He
Since a nanometer-thick carbide layer will be indispensably produced on diamond to ensure wettability with metallic parts, the interfacial properties of diamond/carbide directly affect the service performance of diamond devices. Herein, first-principles calculations were performed to investigate the interfacial properties and tensile responses of diamond(001)/TiC(111) interfaces. Taking into account
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Mechanical behaviors and microstructure evolution of NiW medium heavy alloy at various strain rates under uniaxial tension Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-03 Haijun Wu, Kehui Wang, Jian Duan, Ming Li, Xianghui Dai, Gang Zhou, Cunxian Wang, Feng Zhao, Qingming Zhang
In this study, a novel medium-heavy alloy (MHA) of 56Ni-38 W-5Co-1Ta was prepared using conventional casting and forging methods. This novel NiW alloy exhibits a unique combination of medium density, high strength and ductility under quasi-static loading conditions. In this study, the dynamic mechanical behaviors and deformation mechanisms of this novel NiW alloy were systematically investigated. The
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Long-term salt spray corrosion behaviors of HVOF-sprayed WC-Cr3C2-Ni coatings before and after vacuum sealing with silicone resin Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 Ziyu Wei, Jiyue Qin, Kailin Wang, Sheng Hong
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Synthesis and characterization of environment-friendly spherical cubic boron nitride magnetic abrasives by plasma molten metal powders bonding with hard materials Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Guangxin Liu, Yugang Zhao, Zhihao Li, Hanlin Yu, Jianbing Meng, Chen Cao, Chuang Zhao, Haiyun Zhang
In this investigation, globular cubic boron nitride magnetic abrasive powders (cBN-MAPs) were synthesized with additive-free via plasma molten metal powders bonding with hard materials (PM2BH) for finishing hard and brittle materials. Experiments were carried out with cBN powder flow rates of 60–300 g/min, which significantly affected the performance and microstructure of the composites. It illustrates
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Effect of Ni content on the microstructure and properties of WCoB-TiC cermets Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-26 Xingyu Zhu, Yingjun Pan, Hao Zhang, Deqing Ke
To expand the applications of WCoB ternary borides in industry, the effect of Ni addition to WCoB-TiC cermets on their microstructures and properties was investigated in this study. Most of the Ni added was in the binder phase, forming a solid solution with Co. Although traces of Ni were dissolved in the hard phase, no new hard phase was generated. The thickness of the elongated hard phase increased
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Effect of Ti on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al0.8Nb0.5TixV2Zr0.5 refractory complex concentrated alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Tiantian Wang, Wentao Jiang, Xiaohong Wang, Bo Jiang, Ye Wang, Dongdong Zhu, Maoliang Hu
In this study, lightweight Al0.8Nb0.5TixV2Zr0.5 refractory complex concentrated alloys with different Ti contents (x = 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6) are fabricated via vacuum arc melting. The effects of Ti on microstructurale evolution, density, and mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures are investigated. The Al0.8Nb0.5TixV2Zr0.5 alloys are composed of a BCC solid solution matrix and a C14-Laves
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Mechanical behaviors of hot-pressed 4TaC–1ZrC ceramics with and without Y2O3 and La2O3 additives Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Shuqi Guo, Gaku Okuma, Kimiyoshi Naito, Hideki Kakisawa
4TaC–1ZrC ceramics with and without Y2O3 and La2O3 additives were prepared via hot-pressing at the temperatures ranging from 1650 °C to 1950 °C. Approximately 98% relative densities were obtained at or above 1900 °C for 4TaC–1ZrC ceramics with and without Y2O3 additive. Exceeding 99% relative density was obtained at 1700 °C for 4TaC–1ZrC ceramic with La2O3 additive. The elastic properties, electrical
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Exploring interpretable features of hardness for intermetallic compounds prepared by spark plasma sintering Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Xiangyue Li, Dexin Zhu, Kunming Pan, Hong-Hui Wu, Yongpeng Ren, Can Hu, Shuaikai Zhao
Intermetallic compounds, known for their excellent hardness, conductivity, and strength, have significant applications in aerospace and automotive industries. Hardness is a crucial mechanical property in the development and optimization of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), and meanwhile, spark plasma sintering (SPS) serves as a prevalent technique for preparing IMCs. In this study, a dataset of Vickers
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Study on tribology and cutting performance of boron doped diamond composite coated tool Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 Zhiqiang Zhang, Daohui Xiang, Zhipeng Zhang, Yu Zhang, Bo Zhao
Microcrystalline diamond (MCD), nanocrystalline diamond (NCD), boron doped microcrystalline diamond (BDMCD), and boron doped microcrystalline-nanocrystalline diamond (BDM-NCD) films were prepared by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and Rockwell indention testes were used to characterize the microstructure and properties
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Solute-induced grain refinement and defect suppression in boron-modified molybdenum manufactured via laser powder-bed fusion Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 L. Kaserer, D. Brennsteiner, J. Braun, V. Goettgens, I. Letofsky-Papst, P. Singer, H. Kestler, W. Schafbauer, G. Leichtfried
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Deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of TZM alloy with 1.0 wt%ZrO2 under high temperature compression Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Gaolong Tian, Liujie Xu, Hong Fang, Zhou Li, Xiuqing Li, Yuchen Zhou, Shizhong Wei
The hot deformation behavior of TZM-1.0 wt% ZrO2 alloy in the temperature range of 1000–1600 °C and strain rate range of 0.005–1 s−1 was studied by hot compression method. The constitutive equation and hot working diagram were established, and the microstructure evolution was emphatically analyzed by SEM and EBSD. The results indicate that the flow stress decreases with the increase of temperature
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The analysis of the effect of the pressurization block on diamond synthesis cavity by finite element method Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Shengxue Wang, Yu Teng, Hongan Ma, Xiaopeng Jia
The cubic press is a common high-pressure equipment, used in scientific research and industrial production of diamonds because of its large sample cavity, simple operation, low cost, and high production efficiency. However, the ultimate pressure of the cubic press is low, which can be increased by adding the pressurization block (PB) to the assembly. In this paper, the pressurization effect of differently-shaped
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Densification mechanism, and microstructural evolution of W-Si-C composite consolidated via field assisted sintering Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-21 Chuanbin Wang, Yongxin Cheng, Sumeng Hu, Kejia Kang, Yuzhe Han, Xudan Zhang, Xiangping Dai, Guoqiang Luo
Tungsten (W)-based composites with 1 wt% SiC were consolidated via field assisted sintering (FAST). FAST was conducted at temperatures ranging from 1000 °C to 1700 °C with holding times of 1–10 min under a pressure of 50 MPa. The densification and grain growth mechanisms were investigated using a creep deformation model and the grain growth power law. Various densification and grain growth mechanisms
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Mechanism and kinetics of hydrogen reduction of ultrafine MoO2 for preparing ultrafine Mo powder Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Xiao-Hui Yang, Peng-Fa Feng, Na Wang, Jing Li, Yu-Qing Wang, Guo-Hua Zhang, Kuo-Chih Chou
In this study, ultrafine Mo powder was synthesized via hydrogen reduction of MoO2 at various temperatures for different durations. The outcomes indicated that the higher temperature (in the range of 650–900 °C) could effectively enhance the reaction rate, leading to a substantial reduction in the time needed to complete the reduction reaction. Nevertheless, the obtained ultrafine Mo powder exhibited
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Synergistic fractural features observed in Ti-B-Si-C hard coatings on enhancing the sharpness of nano indenters Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-19 R. Dash, Kushal Bhattacharyya, A.S. Bhattacharyya
The multicomponent Ti-B-Si-C hard coatings consisting of different hard phases have varied uses in tool, heavy duty as well as microelectronic industries, The fractural features related to the toughness of Ti-B-Si-C coatings by pyramidal indenters of two different geometry (Berkovich and cube corner) were investigated. The differences in stress distribution beneath the indentation region were studied
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Effect of particle size and sintering additive on densification and mechanical properties of titanium diboride (TIB2) ceramic Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Manish Patel, Vajinder Singh, Deepak Kumar
This research paper investigates the impact of particle size on the densification and mechanical properties of TiB2 ceramics. The study compares the behavior of as-received TiB2 powder with a particle size of 6.5 ± 3.5 μm to ball-milled TiB2 powder with a particle size of 1.1 ± 0.6 μm. The addition of a B4C sintering additive was employed to enhance densification. The results reveal that full densification
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WC-Ni cemented carbides prepared from Ni nano-dot coated powders Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Paul H. Gruber, Sarmad Naim Katea, Gunnar Westin, Farid Akhtar
This study presents a novel approach for the synthesis of WC-Ni cemented carbides with enhanced mechanical properties. A low-cost solution-based route was used to coat WC powders with well-distributed metallic nickel dots measuring between 17 nm and 39 nm in diameter. Varying compositions with loadings of 2, 6, and 14 vol% Ni were consolidated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1350 °C under 50 MPa
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Oxygen-induced brittle cracking and low steady stress in Mo10Nb alloy during hot deformation Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-21 Chengduo Wang, Pengzhan Ding, Fujie Ren, Qingkui Li, Jilin He, Benshuang Sun
Mo10Nb alloy is susceptible to brittle cracking during hot deformation due to a small amount of oxygen. In order to find out the mechanism of oxygen-induced cracking and low steady stress, here we investigate the influence of oxygen on the microstructure and hot deformation of Mo10Nb. Results show that the high chemical affinity with Nb makes the O atoms tend to dissolve inside the grains of Mo10Nb
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Damage characterisation of tantalum ion source electrodes and reconditioning by wire- and powder-based laser metal deposition Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Tobia Romano, Dagnija Kroģere, Andris Ratkus, Hannes Lauer, Franz Marquardt, Maurizio Vedani, Diego Obradors, Markus Weinmann, Toms Torims
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Surface treatments and substrate-coating interface effects on damage accumulation kinetics in hard-coated WC-Co hardmetals under cyclic multi-axial high-temperature loading Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-19 K. Maier, T. Klünsner, L. Walch, M. Krobath, S. Marsoner, C. Czettl, W. Ecker
Coated hardmetals are commonly used tool materials for metal cutting applications. For these applications, the substrate- and the coating surface qualities are improved by grinding, polishing, or blasting. The focus of the current work was to study the influence of different combinations of substrate-coating surface processing techniques on the induced damage in Al2O3/TiCN hard-coated WC-12 wt% hardmetal
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High-temperature mechanical behaviors of a WTaRe refractory alloy manufactured by selective electron beam melting Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-15 Bang Xiao, Wenpeng Jia, Jian Wang, Lian Zhou
Refractory alloys with their brilliant high-temperature tolerance earn a place for applications in extremely harsh environments. Recent development in additive manufacturing technologies speeds up these alloys' design and forming processes before entering the market. However, the desire for better microstructures and superior high-temperature mechanical behaviors has never been fed up. As was wished
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Microstructure and mechanical properties of tungsten fiber reinforced tungsten composites prepared by Fe activated sintering Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 Shuai Chen, Zhizhong Jiang, Jian Yang, Zheng Ye, Jihua Huang
Tungsten fiber reinforced tungsten composites were fabricated by Fe activated sintering. The effect of Fe content (0.5% ∼ 1.0%(wt%)) and original fiber volume fraction (10% ∼ 50%(vol%)) on relative density, microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The interaction between the Fe and tungsten fiber was analyzed. The fracture behavior as well as the strengthening and toughening mechanisms
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Strong yet ductile self-passivating W-10Cr alloy by laser powder bed fusion Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-12 Zhengang Xiong, Wenyou Ma, Zhaoyang Deng, Dongdong Dong
Compared to pure tungsten, self-passivating tungsten alloys (SPTAs) for the future nuclear fusion armour are expected to offer a major safety guarantee in a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) event. Here we used laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) to print a self-passivating W-10Cr system. The main challenges for processing W-10Cr alloys are balling phenomena and chromium loss due to their melting point differences
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Characteristic and tribological behavior of amorphous carbon–containing CrAlCN coating by cathodic arc ion plating Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-16 Lu Yuling, Li Dayu, Kong Dejun
Amorphous carbon–containing CrAlCN coating was deposited on Cr12MoV steel by cathodic arc ion plating. The effect of amorphous carbon on the tribological performance of obtained coating under the different normal loads was investigated using a ball–on–disc tester, and the lubrication and wear mechanisms of amorphous carbon were discussed in detail. The results show that the CrAlCN coating is composed
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Effect of different working conditions on tribological behaviors of PcBN/440c stainless steel in vacuum environment Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-12 Yi Li, Dezhong Meng, Zhihao Feng, Dingshun She, Wen Yue
Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN) is a widely used tool material for cutting hard materials under high-speed and heavy-duty cutting conditions. As the need for in-orbit manufacturing and service in vacuum environment of outer space grows, understanding the tribological behavior of PcBN tools during vacuum operation becomes increasingly important. This study investigates the effect of different
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Development and performance evaluation of self-lubricating cemented carbide Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-15 W. Albano, S.M. Alves, M. Filgueira
Nowadays, there is a trend in the industry to reduce or even eliminate the use of cutting fluid in machining operations. The high costs of purchasing, using, and disposing of fluids and problems related to environmental pollution and operator health favor the dry-cutting technique. However, in some machining processes, lubrication is required. In this cases, solid lubrication may be a solution. The
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High compression strength pure tungsten fabricated by plasma arc additive manufacturing Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 Chan Wang, Xue Ling, Yinan Cui, Fuyou Bai, Changmeng Liu
Pure W were fabricated by wire plasma arc additive manufacturing technology (WPAAM) and systematically investigated in terms of the microstructure and mechanical property. The as-fabricated W exhibits large-size columnar grains along the deposition direction, and it has extremely few microcracks, compared with that fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The compression strength and compressive
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Strain hardening rate and strain rate sensitivity behavior of bcc/fcc-dual-phase tungsten heavy alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-09 Jingxuan Sun, Lei Zhang, Yufeng Huang, Baishan Chen, Jiatao Zhou, Wensheng Liu, Yunzhu Ma
90W-7Ni-3Fe alloy is a heterogeneous biphasic alloy, and it is essential to investigate the impact of the biphasic microstructure on key mechanical properties at varying strain rates. To address this issue, the quasi-static and dynamic compressive mechanical properties of dual-phase 90W-7Ni-3Fe alloy, single-phase pure W, and single-phase NiFe alloy were comparatively analyzed in conjunction with characterization
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Analysis of wear mechanism and sawing performance of carbide and PCD circular saw blades in machining hard aluminum alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-09 Jinyou Kang, Jinsheng Zhang, Kaida Wang, Dongfang Zhang, Tianyu Bai, Heng Zhang, Weiye Song
High-efficiency sawing is widely applied in primary and secondary machining sectors, but it faces limitations due to saw tooth life and manufacturing constraints. This research investigates the wear mechanism, wear characteristics, and sawing performance of carbide and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) saw teeth when machining hard aluminum alloy. The results show that the sawing forces with PCD saw teeth
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Dramatic improvement of the strength of laser welded joints of Nb521 to GH3128 by adding pure copper as an interlayer Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-12 Feipeng An, Xiwang Liu, Linjie Zhang, Jie Ning, Gang Zhao, Shurong Li, Suck Joo Na
Weld cracks and low weld strength of Nb521 to GH3128 dissimilar metal welded joint are key factors influencing their weldability. To obtain favorable crack-free laser welded joints, this research adopted copper as an interlayer to research the microstructure and properties of laser direct welded and laser offset welded joints of Nb521 to GH3128 superalloy. Compared to previous research results, the
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Processing of W and W - Ta alloys via laser powder feed directed energy deposition Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-11 Venkata Satya Surya Amaranth Karra, Bryan A. Webler
The microstructure, porosity and Vickers hardness of pure W, W - 15% Ta and W - 21% Ta fabricated by Laser Powder Feed Directed Energy Deposition (LPF-DED) in ambient air and inert build environments were studied in this work. Severe microcracking and porosity were observed in all samples when building in ambient air and Ta was selectively oxidized. Under inert atmospheres, pure W was manufactured
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Mechanical and corrosion properties of biomedical (TiZr)90-xNbxTa5Mo5 medium entropy alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-07 Shikun Lin, Weiji Lai, Florian Vogel, Xin Tong, Deqiang You, Wei Li, Xiaojian Wang
High- or medium-entropy alloys with single phase body centered cubic (BCC) structure have attracted significant scientific interests recently, due to their great potentials for biomedical applications. However, BCC high entropy alloys generally do not have good tensile ductility at room temperature. Herein, we utilize the valence electron concentration (VEC) theory to design three (TiZr)90-xNbxTa5Mo5
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Microstructural and mechanical properties at the submicrometric length scale under service-like working conditions on ground WC-Co grades Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-07 G. Riu, M.A. Monclús, S. Slawik, N. Cinca, E. Tarrés, F. Mücklich, L. Llanes, J.M. Molina-Aldareguia, M.A. Guitar, J.J. Roa
The unique combination of hardness, toughness, and wear resistance exhibited by heterogeneous hard materials, particularly cemented carbides (WC-Co), has made them preeminent material choices for extremely demanding applications, such as metal cutting/forming tools. The grinding post-processing of WC-Co induces changes in their surface integrity by modifying both constitutive phases through cracking
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Preparation, properties and microstructure of high hardness WC-Co cemented carbide tool materials for ultra-precision machining Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-07 Xiongqiu Tang, Zhenhua Wang, Lei Huang, Xinzheng Wang, Tianxiao Chang, Peng Huang, Zhiwei Zhu
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Preparation of ultrafine Mo powder by the H2 reduction of MoO2: Parameter optimization, reaction kinetic, and its reduction mechanism Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-03 Meng-Chao Li, Lu Wang, Zheng-Liang Xue
The influences of different parameters, such as reaction temperature, yttrium (Y) content, and H2 concentration, on the particle size and morphological structure of Mo powder prepared via the H2 reduction of MoO2, were investigated in the work. TG, XRD, FE-SEM, laser particle size analysis, model fitting, and orthogonal design experiment methods were adopted to analyze the reaction kinetic and reduction
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Enhanced high temperature mechanical properties of WC-Co cemented carbides by VC addition Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Xiangkun Li, Lu Wang, Ying Liu, Jinwen Ye
WC-Co cemented carbide are widely used in industries for cutting tool due to their excellent hardness, fracture strength and wear resistance, but the high temperature mechanical properties and thermal conductivity limits their application under harsh service conditions. In this research, the effect of VC on microstructure, high-temperature mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity of WC-10Co-0
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Microstructural evolution during low-temperature brazing of WC-Co cemented carbide to AISI 4140 steel using a silver-based filler alloy Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Farzad Habibi, Ahad Samadi, Mohammad Nouri
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Effect of Cr ion etching on the structure and properties of TiAlN-coated cemented carbide Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-03 Yitong Xiang, Ji Xiong, Qingzhou Xiang, Zhixing Guo, Lisheng Li, Yafen Chen
In this paper, YG8 cemented carbide substrate was treated with Cr ion etching at different bias voltages followed by deposition of TiAlN coating on it based on the cathodic arc technique. The effects of Cr ion etching at different bias voltages on morphology, roughness, elemental composition of the surface of substrate and residual stress, as well as on the growth, microstructure, adhesion and frictional
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Design and fabrication of new oblique gradient cemented carbide tool material for inhibiting the initiation of thermal crack Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-07-29 Limei Wang, Hanlian Liu, Chuanzhen Huang, Lianggang Ji, Hongtao Zhu, Peng Yao, Quanquan Han
Compacted graphite iron (CGI) is the preferred material for engines at present. However, in the process of intermittent cutting CGI, the tool is prone to produce thermal cracks, resulting in tool chipping failure. The initiation of thermal crack must be inhibited to solve this problem fundamentally. Therefore, a new idea of designing oblique gradient tool was presented, including selecting appropriate
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Interfacial evolution mechanism of W/Cu explosive welding interface affected by preheating Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Kaiyuan Liu, Pengwan Chen, Qiang Zhou, Chuan Xiao, Jianrui Feng, Yunfei Li, Jinchao Qiao, Qiang Zhou, Lei Zhu, Xin Gao
Tungsten/copper (W/Cu) laminated composites possess high application potential in electronic, aerospace, and nuclear industries by combining the advantages of W and Cu. Among various fabrication methods, the explosive welding method is regarded as one rapid and cost-effective approach to producing W/Cu laminated composites considering the huge differences in physical properties between W and Cu. However
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Microstructure and wear performance of a WC-8Co hard alloy modified using W powders doped with Y2O3 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-07-27 Yu Yang, Zhen-Yun Lu, Xiang Zan, Lai-Ma Luo, Yu-Cheng Wu
A modified WC-8Co hard alloy was prepared using W-Y2O3 powders as precursor materials. The composite powders was prepared using chemical deposition method and ball milling mixed process. The alloys was prepared using gas pressure sintering process. The microstructure of powders and alloys were characterized. Hardness, toughness and wearing behaviors were tested. The microstructure, composition and
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Oxide dispersion strengthening mediated ultra-high strength at wide temperature range in NbTaTiV refractory high-entropy alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-07-30 Xin Zhang, Tiejun Li, Yuankui Cao, Tao Liao, Zhonghao Xie, Ao Fu, Jia Li, Qihong Fang, Zhen He, Bin Liu
The NbTaTiV-based refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) show promising high-temperature properties and excellent processability. However, achieving ultra-strong strengths while maintaining room-temperature processability is still a challenge. In this work, a new ultra-strong NbTaTiV RHEA reinforced with 0.35 wt% Al2O3 was successfully designed and synthesized. The characteristics of oxides and their
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High-temperature mechanical performance of Ru doped cermets Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-07-24 Lei Luo, Hao Lu, Xuemei Liu, Haibin Wang, Huasheng Lei, Zhiyang Yu, Chao Liu, Xiao Wen, Chaoying Fan, Xiaoyan Song
The mechanical properties degradation of cermets under high temperatures greatly limits their applications. In this paper, the compressive yield strength of WC-Co based cermets at high temperatures was significantly improved by the addition of Ru. Based on the detailed microstructure analyses, the contribution of Ru to the plastic deformation of the cermets was disclosed. The addition of Ru would stabilize
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Carbide-reinforced Re0.1Hf0.25NbTaW0.4 refractory high-entropy alloy with excellent room and elevated temperature mechanical properties Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-07-26 H.T. He, J.X. Fang, J.X. Wang, T. Sun, Z. Yang, B. Ma, H.T. Chen, M. Wen
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Compatibility of molybdenum with high temperature hydrogen Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-07-24 Taylor G. Duffin, Kelsa B. Palomares, Steven J. Zinkle
Arc-cast Molybdenum samples were exposed to a high temperature (2200–2630 K) hydrogen (H2) environment at ∼1 atm to evaluate their chemical compatibility under extreme temperature conditions; this compatibility information is useful to examining the potential application of Mo-matrix cermets for nuclear thermal propulsion applications. Subscale samples were exposed to 1–2 L/min of flowing H2 with hold
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Effect of swaging on microstructure and mechanical properties of W-Ni-Co alloys Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. (IF 3.6) Pub Date : 2023-07-26 U. Ravi Kiran, B. Rajavardhan, A. Kumari, A. Panchal, G.V.S. Nageswara Rao, T.K. Nandy
The effect of deformation during warm swaging on mechanical properties of W-Ni-Co alloys was investigated. The alloys, based on 92%W with Ni/Co ratio of 7/3 and 8/2, were processed through liquid phase sintering followed by heat treatment and swaging. Multistep swaging deformation at 400 °C leads to increase in strength at the expense of ductility. For a given deformation, the alloy with 7/3 NiCo shows