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Intergenerational music teaching and learning among preservice music teachers and senior adult musicians Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-04-19 Samuel Tsugawa
The purpose of this study was to examine the intergenerational interactions between preservice music teachers and senior adult musicians engaged in music teaching and learning in a New Horizons ensemble within one university’s music teacher preparation program. This intrinsic qualitative case study included written reflections and observational data of 16 current undergraduate music education students
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Musical skills, or attitude and dress style? Meaning-making when assessing admission tests for Swedish specialist music teacher education Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-04-19 Ragnhild Sandberg-Jurström, Monica Lindgren, Olle Zandén
Although entrance test criteria seem decisive for accessing higher music education programmes, and problems and challenges with the assessment process are reported, the area is largely unexplored. This article concerns how entrance auditions, specifically primary instrument auditions for Swedish specialist music teacher programmes, are examined and discussed. The data comprise video-documented auditions
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Perceptions of intercultural religious music and intercultural competence in a Southern U.S. public middle school eighth grade women’s choir: A case study Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-04-08 Emily M Mercado
The purpose of this case study was to examine the researcher’s perceptions of student participants’ intercultural competence during rehearsals, focus groups, and interviews and the perceived benefits and challenges when implementing a researcher-designed curricular unit titled Religious Choral Music from the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Worlds in one eighth grade middle school women’s choir. Using
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Free improvisation in choral settings: An ecological perspective Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-03-24 Eeva Siljamäki
This instrumental case study explores and theorizes on the educational potential and value of free collaborative vocal improvisation, a process that enables equal access to music regardless of musical skills. The focus of the article is on the musical activities of an adult choir in Finland that applied tenets from improvisational theatre to facilitate the social and musical processes of free improvisation
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The charmed dyad: Multimodal music lessons for pupils with severe or multiple disabilities Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-03-24 Melissa Bremmer, Carolien Hermans, Vincent Lamers
This multiple-case-studies research explored a multimodal approach to teaching music to pupils (from 4 to 18 years old) with severe or multiple disabilities. By combining music with, for example, tactile stimulation, movement, or visuals, meaning-making processes in music of these pupils was stimulated, helping them to understand the internal structures and expressive qualities of music. Three music
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Freedom as a trigger for musical creativity Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-03-24 Luciano da Costa Nazario
This article presents the results of a qualitative study that explored how freedom in music can stimulate creative development in students. A series of musical and pedagogical activities, called Creative Freedom, which involved favourable conditions for autonomy and creative agency, was developed. This study was conducted between 2013 and 2018 in two different universities and involved a total of 72
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“Play with me”: Student perspectives on collaborative chamber music instruction Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-03-23 Katie Zhukov, Jon Helge Sætre
This article reports on a pilot project conducted in Australia and Norway evaluating new approaches to collaborative chamber music instruction in higher education settings. Following suggestions from the literature on collaborative and group learning in music, chamber music tuition was chosen as a suitable context to examine the possibility of teaching-through-playing and the impact of such an approach
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Students’ motivation to engage in music lessons: The Cypriot context Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-03-19 Chryso Hadjikou
Students’ motivation has often been the subject of discussion in the field of music education. This article reports on an exploration of students’ motivation during their first year of attending music lessons in Cypriot lower secondary schools (Year 7). This study was a longitudinal study tracking the students (N = 170) over one academic year. The first questionnaire was completed as students entered
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First-person, video-stimulated recall method for studying musical improvisation strategies Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-02-24 Jean-Philippe Després
Accessing the strategies implemented during real-time musical creative processes represents a challenge for researchers. Retrospective verbal protocol with subjective aided recall (RVPwSAR), where a first-person video is used as an aid to elicit feedback from a subject, has shown great potential for the study of real-time decision-making in sport, therapy, emergency situations, and consumer behavior
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Indigenous music learning in contemporary contexts: Nurturing learner identity, agency, and passion Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2021-02-20 James Isabirye
I studied the revival project that involved teaching and (re)learning of a nearly extinct music tradition of the Basoga people from Uganda, to find out what might be learnt about and from those learning processes, and insights that might be applicable in formal educational settings. The revival project activities were documented (with participants’ permission) and publicized through a large number
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Narratives of versatility: Approaching multi-instrumentalist music teacher identities Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-12-29 Erkki Huovinen, Cecilia Frostenson Lööv
Multi-instrumental musicianship appears in various musical traditions, also frequently figuring in systems of music teacher education. Multi-instrumentalism covers forms of musical creativity and versatile professionalism that differ from ideologies of specialization often emphasized in instrumental music education. Thus, it is relevant to ask whether and how multi-instrumentalism might also shape
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Towards relational music teacher professionalism: Exploring intercultural competence through the experiences of two music teacher educators in Finland and Israel Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-12-18 Laura Miettinen
This study explores the complexities that are involved in the development of intercultural competence in music teacher education by examining the accounts of two music teacher educators from Finland and Israel who work extensively in culturally diverse contexts. A semi-structured interview method was used in conducting the interviews. Deardorff’s categorisation of the process model for intercultural
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Inclusion of a music learner with ASD through play-full intersubjectivity Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-12-06 Lauri A Hogle
Through a case study of Jad (pseudonym), a music learner with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), I sought to understand his experiences as he engaged in peer scaffolding activities of a choral ensemble. The study illuminated the role of intersubjectivity (or shared understanding) in socially mediated music learning within an environment of inclusion. Through inclusive, play-full, intersubjective attunement
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When youth musicking is play Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-11-18 Leslie Stewart Rose, June Countryman
Wondering if there is more to learn from youth’s descriptions of the importance of music in their lives, the authors interviewed 35 youth (aged 12–22 years) using a constructivist grounded theory approach. The data analysis process led to the realization that youth were often describing episodes of play. The researchers synthesized essential characteristics of play from the scholarly play literature
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‘Just notes’: Young musicians’ perspectives on learning expressive performance Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-09-30 Henrique Meissner, Renee Timmers, Stephanie E Pitts
Expressiveness is an important aspect of an excellent music performance as it adds quality and interest to the playing and listening experience. Although several studies have investigated tertiary students’ learning of expressiveness, little is known about effective approaches for teaching children to perform expressively. In the present project, 16 young musicians (aged 9–16, with performance levels
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Developing agency through music and movement Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-09-26 Katja Sutela, Juha Ojala, Marko Kielinen
This ethnographic study examines the development of agency in students with special needs during an experiment of classroom music teaching in a special school. The experiment took place from August 2015 to March 2016 and was based on Emile Jaques-Dalcroze’s ideas of music and movement as a means of developing competencies, skills and understanding in music and life in general. The lessons included
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Activating gender: How identity affects students’ perceptions of music activities Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-09-23 Jamey Kelley
In adolescence, many students align their music participation choices with the expectations for their gender group. While cultural norms may explain gender disparities in music activities, there is no empirical evidence of how gender salience may influence students’ perceptions of music activities. The purpose of this study was to experimentally test the influence of gender salience on adolescents’
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Contesting music education policies through the concept of reasonable accommodation: Teacher autonomy and equity enactment in Finnish music education Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-09-12 Sanna Kivijärvi, Pauli Rautiainen
This theoretical article focuses on reasonable accommodation in education by offering conceptual tools that could prove beneficial in resolving policy concerns for equity in music education. Providing reasonable accommodation entails making necessary and appropriate modifications that may include depending on the circumstances, physical or interaction-related changes. From the perspective of teacher
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Rhythm pattern discrimination by primary school students Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-09-12 Jorge Antonio Durá, Jesús Tejada
Ascertaining the most effective modes of presenting rhythmic information to students is extremely important in order to facilitate rhythm training. This study examines the effects of different bimodal presentations of rhythmic information on the discrimination of rhythm patterns by primary school students. A 2 × 2 factorial design was conducted with two variables – audiovisual and audio-textual – each
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Fostering singing agency through emotional differentiation in an inclusive singing environment Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-08-25 Lauri A Hogle
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain insight into experiences of adults who expressed personal discomfort with singing, either alone or when others might hear them. Singing agency in music learning, one’s belief in one’s own capacity to sing aloud, served as the guiding lens for the study. Narrative analysis of interview data, from 15 adults who self-identified as non-singers, provided
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Spontaneous singing in early childhood: An examination of young children’s singing at home Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-08-25 Bronya Dean
Spontaneous singing is widely acknowledged as an important part of young children’s everyday musical experience. However, its fleeting and often private nature makes it difficult to study. Research into young children’s singing at home frequently relies on data gathered through parental reporting, and studies are often limited to small sample sizes. In this article, I explore the nature, extent and
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‘Turn up the volume and listen to my voice’: Students’ perceptions of Music in school Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-08-25 Natassa Economidou Stavrou, Ioulia Papageorgi
Music teachers are often faced with students’ negative attitudes towards Music as a school subject, and dilemmas of what would be most important to teach and at the same time interesting, useful and relevant to students. Looking at music teaching and learning through the eyes of students can play a key role in re-shaping the condition of learning and promoting a positive and motivating musical learning
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“I did not know what to expect”: Music as a means to achieving work-life balance Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-08-24 Dawn Joseph
Work–life balance has become a buzzword in many corporate settings. This study situates itself at a higher education institute in Melbourne (Australia) where African music (singing and drumming) was used as a lever for faculty staff to “break from work” and “learn about a new music and culture”. Drawing on email communication, questionnaire data, and anecdotal feedback, a phenomenological approach
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Learning and music composition: An analysis of composers’ testimonies Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-06-22 António M Duarte, Niki P Constantinidi
This article reports part of the results of a larger study, where the goal was to explore music composer’s representations of music composition. Previously published interviews of 57 established vanguard contemporary music composers (based across continents) were subject to a thematic analysis, validated by an independent analysis of a percentage of those interviews. The analysis revealed two overarching
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Social awareness and engagement in undergraduate music students: Generating a foundation for curriculum decisions Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-05-06 Catherine Grant, Samantha Low-Choy
Tertiary music institutions, like universities generally, are increasingly recognising the value and importance of a curriculum that fosters social awareness and social engagement in students. This article reports on a mixed-methods research project that investigated the nature and extent of social awareness and engagement among undergraduate students at one Australian tertiary music institution. Through
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Emotion-related words and emotional analogies as teaching strategies for expressivity Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-05-06 Ricieri Carlini Zorzal
This study was designed to investigate the effect of student performance level on teachers’ expressive-emotional discourse in musical instrument classes, the possible loci of emotions present in teachers’ discourse and the existence of a tradition of expressive factors in the interpretation of certain musical works. Forty-seven guitar master classes were recorded, and students’ performance levels were
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‘Take a back seat’: White music teachers engaging Hip-Hop in the classroom Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-04-28 Adam J Kruse
With the purpose of exploring how engaging with Hip-Hop might contribute toward decentering Whiteness in US music education, this research aims to understand the perceptions of three White music educators in the United States teaching Hip-Hop in their classrooms comprising majority students of color. The study explores participants’ past experiences with Hip-Hop, their current teaching practices, and
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Performers’ discourses on listening to recordings Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-04-17 Georgia Volioti, Aaron Williamon
How we listen to music and respond to its media and contexts has changed significantly since the invention of sound recording. Today’s musicians have countless opportunities to listen to others’ interpretations given the vast availability of past and contemporary repertories through the global reach of recordings. This study investigated the extent to which the growing archive of recordings provides
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Choral conducting education: The lifelong entanglement of competence, identity and meaning Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-04-08 Dag Jansson, Anne Haugland Balsnes
Choral singing is one of the most widespread musical activities, and choral conductors work in a variety of social settings that involve every imaginable type of choir and musical genre. The conduc...
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Differentiating between teaching experience and expertise in the music studio: A pilot study Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-04-01 Jennifer Blackwell
The purpose of this study was to develop a measure to investigate studio teacher’s observational skill as a function of the observer’s ability to identify effective pedagogical practices. A seconda...
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A lifelong perspective for growing music teacher identity Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-01-27 Siew Ling Chua, Graham F Welch
The article discusses a lifelong perspective for growing music teacher identity, particularly related to the in-service development of music teachers. It presents a theoretical framework which is developed from literature reviews on teacher identity development and construction and from case studies of the transformative learning journeys of serving music teachers in Singapore. Seven themes – personal
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Piano-accompanied solfège reading experiences of preservice music teachers Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-01-13 Elif Guven
This study examines how piano-accompanied solfege reading practices of preservice music teachers (N = 28) affect their performance on their musical hearing, reading, and writing (MHRW) classes. A p...
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Beyond the workshop: An interpretive case study of the professional learning of three elementary music teachers Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-01-08 Jody Stark
This article outlines the methodology and findings from an interpretive collective case study exploring the professional learning of three elementary music teachers. Participants were purposefully ...
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Complicating factors in studio teaching dynamics: Dyad dissolution in post-secondary music studios Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2020-01-06 Gina Ryan
Relationship dynamics between students and teachers are an essential element of one-on-one teaching and learning in music schools. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors leading to st...
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Evaluating the psychometric qualities of the edTPA in the context of pre-service music teachers Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-11-12 Dorothy J Musselwhite, Brian C Wesolowski
The Educative Teacher Performance Assessment (edTPA) is a widely implemented performance assessment in the United States used to indicate the readiness of pre-service teachers to enter the classroo...
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Self-reported mental health and mental illness among university music students in the United States Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-11-06 Lisa Huisman Koops, Christa R Kuebel
The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the self-reported mental health state of US music majors. The participants (n = 252) completed a researcher-designed online survey, includin...
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A matter of race and gender: An examination of an undergraduate music program through the lens of feminist pedagogy and Black feminist pedagogy Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-11-01 Paula A Grissom-Broughton
Feminist pedagogy, originating in social constructivism and critical theory, offers an instructional approach for a more democratic and diverse curriculum and pedagogy. Extending from feminist pedagogy is Black feminist pedagogy, which offers a more specialized instructional approach for underrepresented populations in education. Both feminist pedagogy and Black feminist pedagogy foster a unique intersection
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Pre-service music teacher perceptions of peer feedback Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-10-29 Roy M Legette, Johanna Royo
The purpose of this case study was to examine pre-service music teachers’ perceptions of peer feedback from two different vantage points (giving and receiving). Music education majors (N = 4) enrol...
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A Framework for Mediating Medical and Social Models of Disability in Instrumental Teaching for Children with Down Syndrome Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-08-05 Beth Pickard
This article reflects upon the potential mediation of medical and social interpretations of disability through informing instrumental tuition with the strengths recognised in the learning profile o...
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Teacher agency and teacher improvisation: A study of experienced teachers and student teachers in music classrooms Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-08-05 Åsmund Espeland, Synnøve Kvile, Kari Holdhus
In teaching situations, teachers constantly have to make spontaneous and more or less planned choices based on input from pupils, adapted to the specific school setting and within society’s social ...
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Discourses of diversity in music education: The curriculum framework of the Norwegian Schools of Music and Performing Arts as a case Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-07-15 Live Weider Ellefsen, Sidsel Karlsen
In this article, we enquire into the language of diversity as it is currently in use in the field of music education, by way of exploring the social and educational ambitions of the Norwegian system of extra-curricular, Schools of Music and Performing Arts. We take as our case the recently launched governing document of this particular educational system, named Curriculum framework for schools of music
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Mapping visions of improvisation pedagogy in music education research Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-07-09 Eeva Siljamäki, Panagiotis A. Kanellopoulos
This systematic literature review aims to identify and critically examine the prevailing general trends of music education research that addresses issues of improvisation from 1985 to 2015. The study examined the main features of studies with impact that focus on musical improvisation and have been published in peer-reviewed music education journals. Data were organised on the basis of the following:
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Latent structure of gestures in orchestra conducting students under self-observation conditions Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-07-01 Margarita Lorenzo de Reizábal, Manuel Benito Gómez
Self-observation has proven to be a powerful medium for personal and professional growth and development. This research makes use of self-observation through video to determine the latent structure...
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Listen to the tastemakers: Building an urban arts high school music curriculum Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-06-29 Nathan Gage, Bronwen Low, Francisco Luis Reyes
In partnership with academics from McGill University and community arts partners, a high school in Montreal faced with significant challenges became an “urban arts school,” offering music and visual art programs centered in youth culture, as well as integrating arts into several academic subjects. The initiative was inspired by the school’s popular extra-curricular activities, which included a Hip
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Supplying social capital through music education: A study on interaction in special educational needs students’ concerts Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-06-29 Sanna Kivijärvi, Ari Poutiainen
While the interest in understanding how music affects an individual’s development is growing, the significance of music education for a more equal society has also been frequently discussed. In this study, we pay special attention to the potential for social capital that music learning, making, and experiencing offer. We report upon the reactions and feedback from the audience and performers in attendance
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Interaction affordances in traditional instruments and tablet computers: A study of children’s musical group creativity Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-06-29 Erkki Huovinen, Heli Rautanen
In order to promote children’s collaborative musical creativity in new digital environments, we need a better understanding not only of the sound production capabilities provided by the new digital tools, but also of the interaction affordances involved. This study focuses on the interactional patterns emerging in children’s musical creativity, comparing creative group processes on iPad tablet computers
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Choral conducting competences: Perceptions and priorities Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-06-29 Dag Jansson, Beate Elstad, Erik Døving
Choral conducting is a complex and multi-faceted leader role. Leading music is a particular kind of leadership through the prominence of gestural communication, and it is a ubiquitous phenomenon ac...
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Music in our lives: Using the concept of “Bildung” to understand the role of music education policy in England Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-06-28 Egil Bjørnsen, Jane Woddis
This article considers whether the German concept of “Bildung”, meaning human personal growth—a term not often used in English debates about culture or education—can help in understanding differing pedagogical and philosophical approaches to recent music education policy in England. It explores connections between two conceptions of Bildung: “object-oriented” and “subject-oriented”; two key approaches
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Music as a pedagogic tool and co-teacher in African dances: Dissecting the reflections and practices of teachers of cultural heritage dances in Uganda Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-06-28 Alfdaniels Mabingo
The subject of the inseparability of music and dance in African artistic experiences has preoccupied scholars and researchers in the field of ethnomusicology, ethnochoreology, and musicology. Commonly, music is conceptualized as an accompaniment to dance. Moreover, the existing literary perspectives frame the inseparability of music and dance in African communities in aesthetical, structural, functional
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Socially inclusive practices in the music classroom: The impact of music education used as a vehicle to engage refugee background students Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-06-28 Renée Crawford
As schools become increasingly culturally diverse, globalisation and cross-cultural exchange challenge teachers in complex but exciting ways. This article reports on the impact of music education for students in a secondary school in Victoria, Australia. Socially inclusive practices were a focus of the study as the school has a high percentage of young people with a refugee background. A number of
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Decolonizing music education research and the (im)possibility of methodological responsibility Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-06-27 Alexis Anja Kallio
Whilst increasing attention is paid to decolonizing music education practice in the classroom, the research processes by which scholars identify, understand, and evaluate anti-colonial or decolonizing work are often entrenched in colonial logics themselves. The politics of knowledge and knowledge production between indigenous epistemes and the Academy thus raise questions as to the methodological responsibility
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“Because I’m a girl”: Troubling shared visions for music education Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-06-27 Danielle Shannon Treacy
In light of recent discussions on the importance of shared visions in teacher education, this inquiry raises necessary questions as to whose visions shape unified and shared visions, and whose remain absent, unspoken, or silenced in the margins. The starting point for this inquiry was a set of visions for music education in Nepal that were co-constructed with over 50 musician-teachers working in the
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The psychometric evaluation of a wind band performance rubric using the Multifaceted Rasch Partial Credit Measurement Model Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-04-24 Andrew S. Edwards, Kinsey E. Edwards, Brian C. Wesolowski
The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable rubric to be used for the evaluation of large ensemble wind band performances. The guiding questions for this study were: (a) what are the psychometric qualities (i.e., reliability and validity) of the scale developed to assess wind band ensemble performance at the high school level? (b) how do the items fit the model and vary in difficulty
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The interaction of repetition and difficulty for working memory in melodic dictation tasks Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-04-22 Nathan Cornelius, Jenine L. Brown
This research examines the effect of repetition on melodic dictation tasks in an undergraduate ear-training class. A pilot group of freshman music majors (n = 17) were asked to notate four melodies, of which two were slightly more difficult since they contained more melodic leaps. Participants heard two melodies repeated three times and two other melodies six times. An analysis of variance (ANOVA)
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Seeing the invisible: Theorising connections between informal and formal musical knowledge Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-03-28 Christine Leanne Carroll
This article explores the perceived disconnect between informal and formal musical knowledge, through a focused case study which aligned students’ informal knowledge with aspects of the formal curriculum. The upper high school or senior secondary student participants had a background in the creation and performance of popular and contemporary music, and already possessed well-developed informal and
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Music education through the lens of ITERS-R: Discussing results from 206 toddler day care groups Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-03-27 Torill Vist, Ellen Os
This article presents results from a large-scale Norwegian study that examines the quality of early childhood education and care, using the research tool ITERS-R. Although ITERS-R consists of 39 items, this article focuses solely on results within music education in Item 18. Music and movement. According to ITERS-R, results from 206 toddler day care groups reveal that the quality of music education
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Confronting the challenge: The impact of whole-school primary music on generalist teachers’ motivation and engagement Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-03-27 Bethan Garrett
The motivation of teachers represents an emergent area of research within psychology, where the complex and fluid nature of practitioner engagement is increasingly recognised. Underpinned by psycho-social theories, this article explores the potential of socially-situated structures and processes to develop and maintain generalist teachers’ personal involvement with music. Data is utilised from a broad
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“Give me actual music stuff!”: The nature of feedback in a collegiate songwriting class Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-03-27 Stuart Chapman Hill
This study aimed to understand the nature of feedback that students and teacher exchanged in a workshop-based collegiate songwriting course. Two research questions guided the study: (1) What kinds of feedback do students and teacher give as they respond to each other’s work? and (2) What factors contribute to the culture of feedback in this class? Data sources included field notes from class observations
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Pre-performance emotions and music performance anxiety beliefs in young musicians Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-03-27 Julia Kaleńska-Rodzaj
The aim of this study is to investigate the structure and complexity of emotional states experienced by young musicians before entering the stage and to explain the influence of emotional beliefs on their pre-performance emotions. Emotions were elicited with a guided imagery induction, where 222 students aged 9- to 12-years-old recalled their most recent concert memory. They described their emotions
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Musical communication in scaffolding young learners’ expressive agency Research Studies in Music Education Pub Date : 2019-03-27 Shinko Kondo
In a qualitative study of the nature of musical communication during scaffolding music learning, the most important themes to emerge reflected the role of musical communication in blossoming young learners’ expressive agency. The study focused on two different groups of young piano learners (aged 4–9) during collaborative (listening, creating, and performing) problem-solving experiences. Working as
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