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Sensory integration of food and population density during the diapause exit decision involves insulin-like signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Mark G. Zhang, Maedeh Seyedolmohadesin, Soraya Hawk Mercado, Arnaud Tauffenberger, Heenam Park, Nerissa Finnen, Frank C. Schroeder, Vivek Venkatachalam, Paul W. Sternberg
Decisions made over long time scales, such as life cycle decisions, require coordinated interplay between sensory perception and sustained gene expression. The Caenorhabditis elegans dauer (or diapause) exit developmental decision requires sensory integration of population density and food availability to induce an all-or-nothing organismal-wide response, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains
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Asymmetric fluid flow in helical pipes inspired by shark intestines Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Ido Levin, Naroa Sadaba, Alshakim Nelson, Sarah L. Keller
Unlike human intestines, which are long, hollow tubes, the intestines of sharks and rays contain interior helical structures surrounding a cylindrical hole. One function of these structures may be to create asymmetric flow, favoring passage of fluid down the digestive tract, from anterior to posterior. Here, we design and 3D print biomimetic models of shark intestines, in both rigid and deformable
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Local cryptic diversity in salinity adaptation mechanisms in the wild outcrossing Brassica fruticulosa Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Silvia Busoms, Ana C. da Silva, Glòria Escolà, Raziyeh Abdilzadeh, Emma Curran, Anita Bollmann-Giolai, Sian Bray, Michael Wilson, Charlotte Poschenrieder, Levi Yant
It is normally supposed that populations of the same species should evolve shared mechanisms of adaptation to common stressors due to evolutionary constraint. Here, we describe a system of within-species local adaptation to coastal habitats, Brassica fruticulosa, and detail surprising strategic variability in adaptive responses to high salinity. These different adaptive responses in neighboring populations
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Long-term exposure to wildland fire smoke PM 2.5 and mortality in the contiguous United States Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Yiqun Ma, Emma Zang, Yang Liu, Jing Wei, Yuan Lu, Harlan M. Krumholz, Michelle L. Bell, Kai Chen
Despite the substantial evidence on the health effects of short-term exposure to ambient fine particles (PM 2.5 ), including increasing studies focusing on those from wildland fire smoke, the impacts of long-term wildland fire smoke PM 2.5 exposure remain unclear. We investigated the association between long-term exposure to wildland fire smoke PM 2.5 and nonaccidental mortality and mortality from
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Repetition dynamically and rapidly increases cortical, but not hippocampal, offline reactivation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Wangjing Yu, Asieh Zadbood, Avi J. H. Chanales, Lila Davachi
No sooner is an experience over than its neural representation begins to be transformed through memory reactivation during offline periods. The lion’s share of prior research has focused on understanding offline reactivation within the hippocampus. However, it is hypothesized that consolidation processes involve offline reactivation in cortical regions as well as coordinated reactivation in the hippocampus
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Innate face-selectivity in the brain of young domestic chicks Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Dmitry Kobylkov, Orsola Rosa-Salva, Mirko Zanon, Giorgio Vallortigara
Shortly after birth, both naïve animals and newborn babies exhibit a spontaneous attraction to faces and face-like stimuli. While neurons selectively responding to faces have been found in the inferotemporal cortex of adult primates, face-selective domains in the brains of young monkeys seem to develop only later in life after exposure to faces. This has fueled a debate on the role of experience in
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Monitoring surgical nociception using multisensor physiological models Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Sandya Subramanian, Bryan Tseng, Marcela del Carmen, Annekathryn Goodman, Douglas M. Dahl, Riccardo Barbieri, Emery N. Brown
Monitoring nociception, the flow of information associated with harmful stimuli through the nervous system even during unconsciousness, is critical for proper anesthesia care during surgery. Currently, this is done by tracking heart rate and blood pressure by eye. Monitoring objectively a patient’s nociceptive state remains a challenge, causing drugs to often be over- or underdosed intraoperatively
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Inverse modeling of 2010–2022 satellite observations shows that inundation of the wet tropics drove the 2020–2022 methane surge Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Zhen Qu, Daniel J. Jacob, A. Anthony Bloom, John R. Worden, Robert J. Parker, Hartmut Boesch
Atmospheric methane concentrations rose rapidly over the past decade and surged in 2020–2022 but the causes have been unclear. We find from inverse analysis of GOSAT satellite observations that emissions from the wet tropics drove the 2010–2019 increase and the subsequent 2020–2022 surge, while emissions from northern mid-latitudes decreased. The 2020–2022 surge is principally contributed by emissions
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RIPK4 promotes oxidative stress and ferroptotic death through the downregulation of ACSM1 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Jing Zhang, Yuehan Wei, Yangbo Yue, Huike Jiao, Yan Wu, Wan Fu, Keng-Mean Lin, Christopher Lu, Shan Mou, Qing Zhong
One of the most critical axes for cell fate determination is how cells respond to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS)—oxidative stress. Extensive lipid peroxidation commits cells to death via a distinct cell death paradigm termed ferroptosis. However, the molecular mechanism regulating cellular fates to distinct ROS remains incompletely understood. Through siRNA against human receptor-interacting
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Structural basis for adhesin secretion by the outer-membrane usher in type 1 pili Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Ryan M. Bitter, Maxwell I. Zimmerman, Brock T. Summers, Jerome S. Pinkner, Karen W. Dodson, Scott J. Hultgren, Peng Yuan
Gram-negative bacteria produce chaperone–usher pathway pili, which are extracellular protein fibers tipped with an adhesive protein that binds to a receptor with stereochemical specificity to determine host and tissue tropism. The outer-membrane usher protein, together with a periplasmic chaperone, assembles thousands of pilin subunits into a highly ordered pilus fiber. The tip adhesin in complex with
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An explanation for the prevalence of XY over ZW sex determination in species derived from hermaphroditism Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Thomas Lesaffre, John R. Pannell, Charles Mullon
The many independent transitions from hermaphroditism to separate sexes (dioecy) in flowering plants and some animal clades must often have involved the emergence of a heterogametic sex-determining locus, the basis of XY and ZW sex determination (i.e., male and female heterogamety). Current estimates indicate that XY sex determination is much more frequent than ZW, but the reasons for this asymmetry
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Hypernetwork modeling and topology of high-order interactions for complex systems Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Li Feng, Huiying Gong, Shen Zhang, Xiang Liu, Yu Wang, Jincan Che, Ang Dong, Christopher H. Griffin, Claudia Gragnoli, Jie Wu, Shing-Tung Yau, Rongling Wu
Interactions among the underlying agents of a complex system are not only limited to dyads but can also occur in larger groups. Currently, no generic model has been developed to capture high-order interactions (HOI), which, along with pairwise interactions, portray a detailed landscape of complex systems. Here, we integrate evolutionary game theory and behavioral ecology into a unified statistical
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Modulation of m 6 A RNA modification by DAP3 in cancer cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Jian Han, Yangyang Song, Jinghe Xie, Vincent Tano, Haoqing Shen, Wei Liang Gan, Larry Ng, Bryan Yik Loong Ng, Vanessa Hui En Ng, Xiaohui Sui, Sze Jing Tang, Leilei Chen
N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) RNA methylation is a prevalent RNA modification that significantly impacts RNA metabolism and cancer development. Maintaining the global m 6 A levels in cancer cells relies on RNA accessibility to methyltransferases and the availability of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Here, we reveal that death associated protein 3 (DAP3) plays a crucial role in preserving
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Migratory birds modulate niche tradeoffs in rhythm with seasons and life history. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Scott W Yanco,Ruth Y Oliver,Fabiola Iannarilli,Ben S Carlson,Georg Heine,Uschi Mueller,Nina Richter,Bernd Vorneweg,Yuriy Andryushchenko,Nyambayar Batbayar,Mindaugas Dagys,Mark Desholm,Batbayar Galtbalt,Andrey E Gavrilov,Oleg A Goroshko,Elena I Ilyashenko,Valentin Yu Ilyashenko,Johan Månsson,Elena A Mudrik,Tseveenmyadag Natsagdorj,Lovisa Nilsson,Sherub Sherub,Henrik Skov,Tuvshintugs Sukhbaatar,Ramunas
Movement is a key means by which animals cope with variable environments. As they move, animals construct individual niches composed of the environmental conditions they experience. Niche axes may vary over time and covary with one another as animals make tradeoffs between competing needs. Seasonal migration is expected to produce substantial niche variation as animals move to keep pace with major
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Snowmelt duration controls red algal blooms in the snow of the European Alps. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Léon Roussel,Marie Dumont,Simon Gascoin,Diego Monteiro,Mathias Bavay,Pierre Nabat,Jade Abdellatif Ezzedine,Mathieu Fructus,Matthieu Lafaysse,Samuel Morin,Eric Maréchal
Algae populate multiple habitats, including snow and ice, where they can form red blooms. These decrease snow albedo, accelerating snowmelt and potentially feeding back on snow and glacier decline caused by climate change. Quantifying this feedback requires the understanding of bloom evolution with climate change. Little, however, is known about the drivers of red snow blooms. Here, we develop an algorithm
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Toward defining the Anthropocene onset using a rapid increase in anthropogenic fingerprints in global geological archives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Michinobu Kuwae,Yusuke Yokoyama,Stephen Tims,Michaela Froehlich,L Keith Fifield,Takahiro Aze,Narumi Tsugeki,Hideyuki Doi,Yoshiki Saito
One of the remaining issues regarding the Anthropocene is the lack of stratigraphic evidence indicating when the cumulative human pressure from the early Holocene began to fundamentally change the Earth system. Herein, we compile anthropogenic fingerprints from various high-precision-dated proxy records for 137 global sites to determine the age of the unprecedented surge in these records over the last
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PUFAs regulate SREBP1c through phosphorylation of Insig2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Xu Xiao,Peter Tontonoz
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Secret code: Encoding promoters by synonymous codons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Lieve Tchebotarev,Lydia Herzel
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Reply to Wang et al.: Body size and composition are the primary contributors to human thermoregulatory variation by sex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Robert J Brychta,Samuel R LaMunion,Amber B Courville,Marc L Reitman,Aaron M Cypess,Kong Y Chen
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Earlier vasoconstriction in females than males with matched body size and composition in neutral-cool conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Faming Wang,Lijuan Wang,Tze-Huan Lei
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Reply to Yu et al.: Atmospheric circulation changes are more important in shaping the aerosol-induced Northeast Pacific warming pattern. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Hai Wang,Xiao-Tong Zheng,Wenju Cai
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Less anthropogenic aerosol indirect effects are a potential cause for Northeast Pacific warm blob events. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Ningning Yao,Zhe Song,Lang Chen,Yuhai Sun,Boqiong Jiang,Pengfei Li,Jinsheng Chen,Shaocai Yu
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AI-accelerated Nazca survey nearly doubles the number of known figurative geoglyphs and sheds light on their purpose Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Masato Sakai, Akihisa Sakurai, Siyuan Lu, Jorge Olano, Conrad M. Albrecht, Hendrik F. Hamann, Marcus Freitag
It took nearly a century to discover a total of 430 figurative Nazca geoglyphs, which offer significant insights into the ancient cultures at the Nazca Pampa. Here, we report the deployment of an AI system to the entire Nazca region, a UNESCO World Heritage site, leading to the discovery of 303 new figurative geoglyphs within only 6 mo of field survey, nearly doubling the number of known figurative
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Spaceflight-induced contractile and mitochondrial dysfunction in an automated heart-on-a-chip platform Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Devin B. Mair, Jonathan H. Tsui, Ty Higashi, Paul Koenig, Zhipeng Dong, Jeffrey F. Chen, Jessica U. Meir, Alec S. T. Smith, Peter H. U. Lee, Eun Hyun Ahn, Stefanie Countryman, Nathan J. Sniadecki, Deok-Ho Kim
With current plans for manned missions to Mars and beyond, the need to better understand, prevent, and counteract the harmful effects of long-duration spaceflight on the body is becoming increasingly important. In this study, an automated heart-on-a-chip platform was flown to the International Space Station on a 1-mo mission during which contractile cardiac function was monitored in real-time. Upon
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Accelerating transmission capacity expansion by using advanced conductors in existing right-of-way Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Emilia Chojkiewicz, Umed Paliwal, Nikit Abhyankar, Casey Baker, Ric O’Connell, Duncan Callaway, Amol Phadke
As countries pursue decarbonization goals, the rapid expansion of transmission capacity for renewable energy (RE) integration poses a significant challenge due to hurdles such as permitting and cost allocation. However, we find that large-scale reconductoring with advanced composite-core conductors can cost-effectively double transmission capacity within existing right-of-way, with limited additional
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A molecular switch from tumor suppressor to oncogene in ER+ve breast cancer: Role of androgen receptor, JAK-STAT, and lineage plasticity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Sarah Asemota, Wendy Effah, Jeremiah Holt, Daniel Johnson, Linnea Cripe, Suriyan Ponnusamy, Thirumagal Thiyagarajan, Yekta Khosrosereshki, Dong-Jin Hwang, Yali He, Brandy Grimes, Martin D. Fleming, Frances E. Pritchard, Ashley Hendrix, Meiyun Fan, Abhinav Jain, Hyo Young Choi, Liza Makowski, D. Neil Hayes, Duane D. Miller, Lawrence M. Pfeffer, Balaji Santhanam, Ramesh Narayanan
Cancers develop resistance to inhibitors of oncogenes mainly due to target-centric mechanisms such as mutations and splicing. While inhibitors or antagonists force targets to unnatural conformation contributing to protein instability and resistance, activating tumor suppressors may maintain the protein in an agonistic conformation to elicit sustainable growth inhibition. Due to the lack of tumor suppressor
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Alveolar macrophage function is impaired following inhalation of berry e-cigarette vapor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Amelia Kulle, Ziyi Li, Ashley Kwak, Mathieu Mancini, Daniel Young, Daina Zofija Avizonis, Marc Groleau, Carolyn J. Baglole, Marcel A. Behr, Irah L. King, Maziar Divangahi, David Langlais, Jing Wang, Julianna Blagih, Erika Penz, Antoine Dufour, Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
In the lower respiratory tract, the alveolar spaces are divided from the bloodstream and the external environment by only a few microns of interstitial tissue. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) defend this delicate mucosal surface from invading infections by regularly patrolling the site. AMs have three behavior modalities to achieve this goal: extending cell protrusions to probe and sample surrounding areas
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Investigating the cis- regulatory basis of C 3 and C 4 photosynthesis in grasses at single-cell resolution Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 John Pablo Mendieta, Xiaoyu Tu, Daiquan Jiang, Haidong Yan, Xuan Zhang, Alexandre P. Marand, Silin Zhong, Robert J. Schmitz
While considerable knowledge exists about the enzymes pivotal for C 4 photosynthesis, much less is known about the cis- regulation important for specifying their expression in distinct cell types. Here, we use single-cell-indexed ATAC-seq to identify cell-type-specific accessible chromatin regions (ACRs) associated with C 4 enzymes for five different grass species. This study spans four C 4 species
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Nr2f1 enhancers have distinct functions in controlling Nr2f1 expression during cortical development Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Zhidong Liu, Athéna R. Ypsilanti, Eirene Markenscoff-Papadimitriou, Diane E. Dickel, Stephan J. Sanders, Shan Dong, Len A. Pennacchio, Axel Visel, John L. Rubenstein
There is evidence that transcription factor (TF) encoding genes, which temporally control development in multiple cell types, can have tens of enhancers that regulate their expression. The NR2F1 TF developmentally promotes caudal and ventral cortical regional fates. Here, we epigenomically compared the activity of Nr2f1’s enhancers during mouse cortical development with their activity in a transgenic
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Enhanced metamorphic CO 2 release on the Proterozoic Earth Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 E. M. Stewart, Donald E. Penman
Rock metamorphism releases substantial CO 2 over geologic timescales (>1 My), potentially driving long-term planetary climate trends. The nature of carbonate sediments and crustal thermal regimes exert a strong control on the efficiency of metamorphic CO 2 release; thus, it is likely that metamorphic CO 2 degassing has not been constant throughout time. The Proterozoic Earth was characterized by a
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Global fishing patterns amplify human exposures to methylmercury Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Mi-Ling Li, Colin P. Thackray, Vicky W. Y. Lam, William W. L. Cheung, Elsie M. Sunderland
Global pollution has exacerbated accumulation of toxicants like methylmercury (MeHg) in seafood. Human exposure to MeHg has been associated with long-term neurodevelopmental delays and impaired cardiovascular health, while many micronutrients in seafood are beneficial to health. The largest MeHg exposure source for many general populations originates from marine fish that are harvested from the global
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Septo-dentate gyrus cholinergic circuits modulate function and morphogenesis of adult neural stem cells through granule cell intermediaries Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Ze-Ka Chen, Luis Quintanilla, Yijing Su, Ryan N. Sheehy, Jeremy M. Simon, Yan-Jia Luo, Ya-Dong Li, Zhe Chen, Brent Asrican, Dalton S. Tart, W. Todd Farmer, Guo-Li Ming, Hongjun Song, Juan Song
Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain play a crucial role in regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). However, the circuit and molecular mechanisms underlying cholinergic modulation of AHN, especially the initial stages of this process related to the generation of newborn progeny from quiescent radial neural stem cells (rNSCs), remain unclear. Here, we report that stimulation of the cholinergic
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Soul is a master control gene governing the development of the Drosophila prothoracic gland Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Wen Liu, Minyi Yan, Kirst King-Jones
The prothoracic gland (PG) is a major insect endocrine organ. It is the principal source of insect steroid hormones, and critical for key developmental events such as the molts, the establishment of critical weight (CW), pupation, and sexual maturation. However, little is known about the developmental processes that regulate PG morphology. In this study, we identified soul , which encodes a PG-specific
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Male crickets in poor condition engage in less same-sex sexual behavior Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Jon Richardson, Isabelle P. Hoversten, Marlene Zuk
Same-sex sexual behavior (SSB) is widespread among animals and is often treated as an evolutionary anomaly or mistake. An alternative view is that SSB occurs because individuals have broader or more permissive “mating filters.” A broader filter means directing courtship toward anything that resembles a potential mate, while a narrower filter means having stricter criteria about when to court. Broader
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A sensitive assay for measuring whole-blood responses to type I IFNs Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Adrian Gervais, Corentin Le Floc’h, Tom Le Voyer, Lucy Bizien, Jonathan Bohlen, Fatih Celmeli, Fahd Al Qureshah, Cécile Masson, Jérémie Rosain, Marwa Chbihi, Romain Lévy, Riccardo Castagnoli, Anya Rothenbuhler, Emmanuelle Jouanguy, Qian Zhang, Shen-Ying Zhang, Vivien Béziat, Jacinta Bustamante, Anne Puel, Paul Bastard, Jean-Laurent Casanova
Human inborn errors of the type I IFN response pathway and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α, -β, and/or -ω can underlie severe viral illnesses. We report a simple assay for the detection of both types of condition. We stimulate whole blood from healthy individuals and patients with either inborn errors of type I IFN immunity or auto-Abs against type I IFNs with glycosylated human IFN-α2, -β, or -ω. As controls
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Cell-type-specific enhancement of deviance detection by synaptic zinc in the mouse auditory cortex Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Mason McCollum, Abbey Manning, Philip T. R. Bender, Benjamin Z. Mendelson, Charles T. Anderson
Stimulus-specific adaptation is a hallmark of sensory processing in which a repeated stimulus results in diminished successive neuronal responses, but a deviant stimulus will still elicit robust responses from the same neurons. Recent work has established that synaptically released zinc is an endogenous mechanism that shapes neuronal responses to sounds in the auditory cortex. Here, to understand the
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Ion sensors based on organic semiconductors acting as quasi-reference electrodes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Yu Yamashita, Harumi Hayakawa, Pushi Wang, Tatsuyuki Makita, Shohei Kumagai, Shun Watanabe, Jun Takeya
Thin-film devices that transduce the chemical activity of ions into electronic signals are essential components in various applications, including healthcare diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Combinations of organic semiconductors (OSCs) and ion-selective materials have been explored for developing solution-processable ion sensors. However, the necessity of reference electrodes (REs) and operational
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Engineered CD4 T cells for in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-23 Harikrishnan Radhakrishnan, Sherri L. Newmyer, Harold S. Javitz, Parijat Bhatnagar
The CD4 T cell, when engineered with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing specific intracellular domains, has been transformed into a zero-order drug-delivery platform. This introduces the capability of prolonged, disease-specific engineered protein biologics production, at the disease site. Experimental findings demonstrate that CD4 T cells offer a solution when modified with a CAR that includes
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Integer partitions detect the primes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 William Craig, Jan-Willem van Ittersum, Ken Ono
We show that integer partitions, the fundamental building blocks in additive number theory, detect prime numbers in an unexpected way. Answering a question of Schneider, we show that the primes are the solutions to special equations in partition functions. For example, an integer n ≥ 2 is prime if and only if ( 3 n 3 − 13 n 2 + 18 n − 8 ) M 1 ( n ) + ( 12 n 2 − 120 n + 212 ) M 2 ( n ) − 960 M 3 ( n
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The battle of the sexes in humans is highly polygenic Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Jared M. Cole, Carly B. Scott, Mackenzie M. Johnson, Peter R. Golightly, Jedidiah Carlson, Matthew J. Ming, Arbel Harpak, Mark Kirkpatrick
Sex-differential selection (SDS), which occurs when the fitness effects of alleles differ between males and females, can have profound impacts on the maintenance of genetic variation, disease risk, and other key aspects of natural populations. Because the sexes mix their autosomal genomes each generation, quantifying SDS is not possible using conventional population genetic approaches. Here, we introduce
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Alternating access of a bacterial homolog of neurotransmitter: sodium symporters determined from AlphaFold2 ensembles and DEER spectroscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Alexandra C Schwartz,Richard A Stein,Eva Gil-Iturbe,Matthias Quick,Hassane S Mchaourab
Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSSs) play critical roles in neural signaling by regulating neurotransmitter uptake into cells powered by sodium electrochemical gradients. Bacterial NSSs orthologs, including MhsT from Bacillus halodurans, have emerged as model systems to understand the structural motifs of alternating access in NSSs and the extent of conservation of these motifs across the family
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QnAs with Scott E. Heatwole and Robert F. Pfaff. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Matthew Hardcastle
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Current usage of sounding rockets to study the upper atmosphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Scott E Heatwole
Sounding rockets have played and continue to play a key role in the modeling of the upper atmosphere and predicting weather. Goddard's insight into the usefulness of rockets for this application came at a time when measurements had not been made above the troposphere. Present-day developments in sounding rockets have allowed more elaborate experiments to make measurements with multiple rockets and
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Beyond Neyman–Pearson: E-values enable hypothesis testing with a data-driven alpha Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Peter D. Grünwald
A standard practice in statistical hypothesis testing is to mention the P -value alongside the accept/reject decision. We show the advantages of mentioning an e-value instead. With P -values, it is not clear how to use an extreme observation (e.g. P ≪ α ) for getting better frequentist decisions. With e-values it is straightforward, since they provide Type-I risk control in a generalized Neyman–Pearson
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Enhanced effects of species richness on resistance and resilience of global tree growth to prolonged drought Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Yun-Hao Bai, Zhiyao Tang
The increasing duration of drought induced by global climate change has reduced forest productivity. Biodiversity is believed to mitigate the effects of drought, thereby enhancing the stability of tree growth. However, the effects of species richness on tree growth stability under droughts with different durations remain uncertain. Here, we used tree ring data from 4,072 sites globally, combined with
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Genome of Halimeda opuntia reveals differentiation of subgenomes and molecular bases of multinucleation and calcification in algae Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Hao Zhang, Xin Wang, Meng Qu, Haiyan Yu, Jianping Yin, Xiaochuan Liu, Yuhong Liu, Bo Zhang, Yanhong Zhang, Zhangliang Wei, Fangfang Yang, Jingtian Wang, Chengcheng Shi, Guangyi Fan, Jun Sun, Lijuan Long, David A. Hutchins, Chris Bowler, Senjie Lin, Dazhi Wang, Qiang Lin
Algae mostly occur either as unicellular (microalgae) or multicellular (macroalgae) species, both being uninucleate. There are important exceptions, however, as some unicellular algae are multinucleate and macroscopic, some of which inhabit tropical seas and contribute to biocalcification and coral reef robustness. The evolutionary mechanisms and ecological significance of multinucleation and associated
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Genetic variation drives cancer cell adaptation to ECM stiffness Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Ting-Ching Wang, Suchitaa Sawhney, Daylin Morgan, Richard L. Bennett, Richa Rashmi, Marcos R. Estecio, Amy Brock, Irtisha Singh, Charles F. Baer, Jonathan D. Licht, Tanmay P. Lele
The progression of many solid tumors is accompanied by temporal and spatial changes in the stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer cells adapt to soft and stiff ECM through mechanisms that are not fully understood. It is well known that there is significant genetic heterogeneity from cell to cell in tumors, but how ECM stiffness as a parameter might interact with that genetic variation
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Humans flexibly integrate social information despite interindividual differences in reward Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Alexandra Witt, Wataru Toyokawa, Kevin N. Lala, Wolfgang Gaissmaier, Charley M. Wu
There has been much progress in understanding human social learning, including recent studies integrating social information into the reinforcement learning framework. Yet previous studies often assume identical payoffs between observer and demonstrator, overlooking the diversity of social information in real-world interactions. We address this gap by introducing a socially correlated bandit task that
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Physical extraction of antigen and information Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-20 Hongda Jiang, Shenshen Wang
To respond and adapt, cells use surface receptors to sense environmental cues. While biochemical signal processing inside the cell is studied in depth, less is known about how physical processes during cell–cell contact impact signal acquisition. New experiments found that fast-evolving immune B cells in germinal centers (GCs) apply force to acquire antigen clusters prior to internalization, suggesting
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QnAs with Zhijian "James" Chen: Winner of the 2024 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Matthew Hardcastle
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QnAs with Quarraisha Abdool Karim and Salim Abdool Karim: Winners of the 2024 Lasker~Bloomberg Public Service Award. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Tinsley H Davis
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QnAs with Svetlana Mojsov, Joel Habener, and Lotte Bjerre Knudsen: Winners of the 2024 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Prashant Nair
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The boogie-woogie approach to creativity in art and science. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Joseph L Goldstein
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Nuclear dualism without extensive DNA elimination in the ciliate Loxodes magnus Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Brandon K. B. Seah, Aditi Singh, David E. Vetter, Christiane Emmerich, Moritz Peters, Volker Soltys, Bruno Huettel, Estienne C. Swart
Most eukaryotes have one nucleus and nuclear genome per cell. Ciliates have instead evolved distinct nuclei that coexist in each cell: a silent germline vs. transcriptionally active somatic nuclei. In the best-studied model species, both nuclei can divide asexually, but only germline nuclei undergo meiosis and karyogamy during sex. Thereafter, thousands of DNA segments, called internally eliminated
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Unraveling the genomic diversity and admixture history of captive tigers in the United States Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Ellie E. Armstrong, Jazlyn A. Mooney, Katherine A. Solari, Bernard Y. Kim, Gregory S. Barsh, Victoria B. Grant, Gili Greenbaum, Christopher B. Kaelin, Katya Panchenko, Joseph K. Pickrell, Noah Rosenberg, Oliver A. Ryder, Tsuya Yokoyama, Uma Ramakrishnan, Dmitri A. Petrov, Elizabeth A. Hadly
Genomic studies of endangered species have primarily focused on describing diversity patterns and resolving phylogenetic relationships, with the overarching goal of informing conservation efforts. However, few studies have investigated genomic diversity housed in captive populations. For tigers ( Panthera tigris ), captive individuals vastly outnumber those in the wild, but their diversity remains
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The discovery and development of GLP-1 based drugs that have revolutionized the treatment of obesity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Jeffrey M. Friedman
The 2024 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award has been given to Joel Habener and Svetlana Mojsov for their discovery of a new hormone GLP-1(7-37) and to Lotte Knudsen for her role in developing sustained acting versions of this hormone as a treatment for obesity. Each of the three had a distinct set of skills that made this advance possible; Habener is an endocrinologist and molecular biologist
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Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate restores DNA repair activity of PNKP and ameliorates neurodegenerative symptoms in Huntington’s disease Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Anirban Chakraborty, Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy, Wyatt Miller, Weihan Huai, Tapan Biswas, Santi Mohan Mandal, Lisardo Boscá, Balaji Krishnan, Gourisankar Ghosh, Tapas Hazra
Huntington’s disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) are the two most prevalent polyglutamine (polyQ) neurodegenerative diseases, caused by CAG (encoding glutamine) repeat expansion in the coding region of the huntingtin (HTT) and ataxin-3 (ATXN3) proteins, respectively. We have earlier reported that the activity, but not the protein level, of an essential DNA repair enzyme, polynucleotide
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Meandering conduction channels and the tunable nature of quantized charge transport Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (IF 9.4) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Benoit Douçot, Dmitry Kovrizhin, Roderich Moessner
The discovery of the quantum Hall effect has established the foundation of the field of topological condensed matter physics. An amazingly accurate quantization of the Hall conductance, now enshrined in quantum metrology, is stable against any reasonable perturbation due to its topological protection. Conversely, the latter implies a form of censorship by concealing any local information from the observer