In this work, the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) technique is utilized to analyze the surface chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) which was collected from various locations at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The main elements found on the surface of PM are carbon (C), oxygen (O) and silicon (Si) with combined percentage of 89.4–94.9 while traces of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mg), and sulfur (S) were also present. The analyzed XPS chemical state of C, O and Si was further used to determine their bonding with other elements occurring over the surface of PM. Carbon was found in the form of carbides (18.86%), fluorides (2.39%) and carbonates (78.75%); oxygen was observed as oxides (21.05%) and hydroxides (73.42%) of other metals; and silicon was detected as silicones (12.16%), nitrides (82.53%) and silicates (5.25%). The particle size of a PM is also of great concern for health issues, and thus has been investigated by the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was employed for cross verification of detected elements by XPS.

中文翻译：

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从沙特阿拉伯吉达收集的颗粒物表面化学的综合研究

在这项工作中，X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 技术用于分析从沙特阿拉伯吉达不同地点收集的颗粒物 (PM) 的表面化学成分。PM 表面发现的主要元素是碳 (C)、氧 (O) 和硅 (Si)，总百分比为 89.4–94.9，而微量的氮 (N)、钙 (Ca)、铝 (Al)、钠(Na)、氯 (Cl)、锰 (Mg) 和硫 (S) 也存在。分析的 C、O 和 Si 的 XPS 化学状态进一步用于确定它们与 PM 表面上发生的其他元素的结合。碳以碳化物 (18.86%)、氟化物 (2.39%) 和碳酸盐 (78.75%) 的形式存在；氧被观察到作为其他金属的氧化物 (21.05%) 和氢氧化物 (73.42%)；硅被检测为有机硅（12.16%），氮化物 (82.53%) 和硅酸盐 (5.25%)。PM 的粒径也与健康问题密切相关，因此已通过场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM) 进行了研究。能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDS) 被用于 XPS 检测元素的交叉验证。