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A comprehensive study on the surface chemistry of particulate matter collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

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Abstract

In this work, the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) technique is utilized to analyze the surface chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) which was collected from various locations at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The main elements found on the surface of PM are carbon (C), oxygen (O) and silicon (Si) with combined percentage of 89.4–94.9 while traces of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mg), and sulfur (S) were also present. The analyzed XPS chemical state of C, O and Si was further used to determine their bonding with other elements occurring over the surface of PM. Carbon was found in the form of carbides (18.86%), fluorides (2.39%) and carbonates (78.75%); oxygen was observed as oxides (21.05%) and hydroxides (73.42%) of other metals; and silicon was detected as silicones (12.16%), nitrides (82.53%) and silicates (5.25%). The particle size of a PM is also of great concern for health issues, and thus has been investigated by the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was employed for cross verification of detected elements by XPS.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence Scheme (Project Number: R.J090301.7846.4 J201), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia under the Research University Grant Tier 1 (Project number: Q.J130000.2546.12H25) and Nippon Sheet Glass Foundation for Materials Science and Engineering under Overseas Research Grant Scheme (Project number:R.J130000.7346.4B218). The authors would also like to thank Research Management Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the technical support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    Asim Jilani, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman & Imran Ullah Khan

  2. Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Asim Jilani, Javed Iqbal & Ahmed Alshahrie

  3. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), DHA, Lahore Cantt, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan

    Syed Zajif Hussain & Usama Zulfiqar

  4. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Muhammad Bilal Shakoor

  5. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Attieh A. Al-Ghamdi

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  1. Asim Jilani
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Correspondence to Syed Zajif Hussain.

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Jilani, A., Hussain, S.Z., Othman, M.H.D. et al. A comprehensive study on the surface chemistry of particulate matter collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Atmos Chem 75, 271–283 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9376-1

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