Electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters provide insight into the dynamics of neurotransmission. In this review, we describe the development of electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters and how they started with extrasynaptic measurements but now are pushing toward synaptic measurements. Traditionally, biosensors or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry have monitored extrasynaptic levels of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, glutamate, and acetylcholine. Amperometry and electrochemical cytometry techniques have revealed mechanisms of exocytosis, suggesting partial release. Advances in nanoelectrodes now allow spatially resolved, electrochemical measurements in a synapse, which is only 20-100 nm wide. Synaptic measurements of dopamine and acetylcholine have been made. In this article, electrochemical measurements are also compared to optical imaging and mass spectrometry measurements, and while these other techniques provide enhanced spatial or chemical information, electrochemistry is best at monitoring real-time neurotransmission. Future challenges include combining electrochemistry with these other techniques in order to facilitate multisite and multianalyte monitoring.

中文翻译：

---

突触处的电化学。

神经递质的电化学测量提供了对神经传递动力学的洞察力。在这篇综述中，我们描述了神经递质的电化学测量的发展以及它们如何从突触外测量开始，但现在正朝着突触测量发展。传统上，生物传感器或快速扫描循环伏安法已监测神经递质（如多巴胺，5-羟色胺，腺苷，谷氨酸和乙酰胆碱）的突触外水平。安培法和电化学细胞术技术已经揭示了胞吐作用的机制，表明部分释放。纳米电极的发展现在可以实现空间分辨的，仅20-100 nm宽的突触中的电化学测量。已经进行了多巴胺和乙酰胆碱的突触测量。在本文中，电化学测量结果也与光学成像和质谱测量结果进行了比较，尽管这些其他技术提供了增强的空间或化学信息，但电化学方法最适合监测实时神经传递。未来的挑战包括将电化学与其他技术相结合，以促进多位点和多分析物的监测。