Assessing posttranslational modification (PTM) patterns within protein molecules and reading their functional implications present grand challenges for plant biology. We combine four perspectives on PTMs and their roles by considering five classes of PTMs as examples of the broader context of PTMs. These include modifications of the N terminus, glycosylation, phosphorylation, oxidation, and N-terminal and protein modifiers linked to protein degradation. We consider the spatial distribution of PTMs, the subcellular distribution of modifying enzymes, and their targets throughout the cell, and we outline the complexity of compartmentation in understanding of PTM function. We also consider PTMs temporally in the context of the lifetime of a protein molecule and the need for different PTMs for assembly, localization, function, and degradation. Finally, we consider the combined action of PTMs on the same proteins, their interactions, and the challenge ahead of integrating PTMs into an understanding of protein function in plants.

中文翻译：

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翻译后蛋白质修饰的范围、功能和动力学

评估蛋白质分子内的翻译后修饰 (PTM) 模式并解读其功能意义对植物生物学提出了巨大挑战。我们通过将五类 PTM 作为更广泛的 PTM 背景示例，结合了关于 PTM 及其作用的四种观点。这些包括 N 末端修饰、糖基化、磷酸化、氧化以及与蛋白质降解相关的 N 末端和蛋白质修饰剂。我们考虑了 PTM 的空间分布、修饰酶的亚细胞分布及其在整个细胞中的靶标，并概述了区室化在理解 PTM 功能方面的复杂性。我们还在蛋白质分子的生命周期和组装、定位、功能和降解需要不同 PTM 的背景下临时考虑 PTM。最后，