Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as additive manufacturing, permits the fabrication of fully customized objects with a high level of geometrical complexity at reduced fabrication time and cost. Besides metals and ceramics, polymers have become a widely researched class of materials for applications in AM. The synthetic versatility and adaptability, as well as the wide range of properties that can be achieved using polymer materials, have rendered polymers the most widely employed class of materials for AM methodologies. In this review, the basic principles, considering the printing mechanism as well as the advantages and disadvantages, of the most relevant polymer AM technologies are described. The particular features, properties and limitations of currently employed polymer systems in the various AM technology areas are presented and analyzed. Subsequently, 4D printing, that is the fabrication of 3D printed structures that are cabable to change with time, is discussed. A brief description of the polymeric materials and technologies under development for 4D printed structures as well as the different shape changes explored are presented. Finally, based on the characteristics of the polymers employed for each technology illustrative examples of the principal applications are discussed.

增材制造（AM），也称为增材制造，允许以减少的制造时间和成本制造具有高度几何复杂度的完全定制的对象。除了金属和陶瓷之外，聚合物已成为AM中应用广泛的材料研究类别。合成的多功能性和适应性，以及使用聚合物材料可以实现的广泛性能，已使聚合物成为AM方法学中使用最广泛的材料类别。在这篇综述中，描述了最相关的聚合物增材制造技术的基本原理，其中考虑了打印机理以及优缺点。特殊功能 介绍并分析了各种增材制造技术领域中当前使用的聚合物系统的性能和局限性。随后，讨论了4D打印，即可以随时间变化的3D打印结构的制造。简要介绍了正在开发的用于4D打印结构的聚合物材料和技术以及所探索的不同形状变化。最后，基于每种技术所用聚合物的特性，讨论了主要应用的示例性例子。简要介绍了正在开发的用于4D打印结构的聚合物材料和技术以及所探索的不同形状变化。最后，基于每种技术所用聚合物的特性，讨论了主要应用的示例性例子。简要介绍了正在开发的用于4D打印结构的聚合物材料和技术以及所探索的不同形状变化。最后，基于每种技术所用聚合物的特性，讨论了主要应用的示例性例子。